Search

Language:

Chinese

Local scripture:

春榆

Ulmus davidiana var. japonica (Rehder) Nakai © Flora of China

Ulmus davidiana var. japonica (Rehder) Nakai © CFH Nature Museum

Botanical classification

Ulmus davidiana var. japonica (Rehder) Nakai

Order:

Rosales

Family:

Ulmaceae

Synonyms:

Ulmus campestris L. var. japonica Rehder

Ulmus davidiana fo. suberosa Nakai

Ulmus davidiana var. levigata (C. K. Schneid.) Nakai

Ulmus japonica (Rehder) Sarg.

Ulmus japonica var. levigata C. K. Schneid.

Ulmus propinqua Koidz.

Ulmus wilsoniana C. K. Schneid.

Ulmus wilsoniana var. psilophylla C.K. Schneid.

Plant growing area

Endemic to much of continental north-east Asia.

China (Anhui, Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, East Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Zhejiang), Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu), Korea, Mongolia, Russia (Far East, East Siberia).

Grows on slopes in wetlands, near streams, in valleys, below 2300 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Ulmus davidiana is a deciduous tree, 20 to 35 meters high. It blooms and bears fruits from February to May; the yellow-green flowers appear before the leaves.

It adapts to a wide variety of soil and pH types, but this affects its growth. It prefers a sunny exposure.
It is mostly used as ornamental tree, for timber, for heating and in violin making.

The bark has anti-inflammatory medicinal properties.

Leaves and fruits are edible. The inner bark, dried and reduced to powder, is used as a thickener in soups in Asia.

The mucilage, present in the bark, is also employed in the cosmetics industry. It serves as formation aid in forming paper sheets. This mucilage is also used as formation aid in paper making. This viscous material is added to the pulp to increase its viscosity and thus delay the settling of fibers in the tank. In addition, the mucilage allows a better dispersion of the long fibers.

The bark is also used to produce threads which will give a coarse woven fabric.

Korea:

The bark is used in traditional medicine. It has been used to produce formation aid in Korea until mid 19th century.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Formation aid

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

ハルニレ

Synonym:

春楡

Botanical classification

Ulmus davidiana var. japonica (Rehder) Nakai

Order:

Rosales

Family:

Ulmaceae

Synonyms:

Ulmus campestris L. var. japonica Rehder

Ulmus davidiana fo. suberosa Nakai

Ulmus davidiana var. levigata (C. K. Schneid.) Nakai

Ulmus japonica (Rehder) Sarg.

Ulmus japonica var. levigata C. K. Schneid.

Ulmus propinqua Koidz.

Ulmus wilsoniana C. K. Schneid.

Ulmus wilsoniana var. psilophylla C.K. Schneid.

Plant growing area

Endemic to much of continental north-east Asia.

Grows on slopes in wetlands, near streams, in valleys, below 2300 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Ulmus davidiana is a deciduous tree, 20 to 35 meters high. It blooms and bears fruits from February to May; the yellow-green flowers appear before the leaves.

It adapts to a wide variety of soil and pH types, but this affects its growth. It prefers a sunny exposure.
It is mostly used as ornamental tree, for timber, for heating and in violin making.

The bark has anti-inflammatory medicinal properties.

Leaves and fruits are edible. The inner bark, dried and reduced to powder, is used as a thickener in soups in Asia.

The bark is also used to produce threads which will give a coarse woven fabric.

Korea:

The bark is used in traditional medicine. It has been used to produce formation aid in Korea until mid 19th century.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Formation aid

Language:

Chinese

Local scripture:

金梅草

Deinanthe Bifida Maxim. © Flora of China

Botanical classification

Deinanthe Bifida Maxim.

Order:

Cornales

Family:

Hydrangeaceae

Synonyms:

Deinanthe caerulea Stapf

Plant growing area

China (West Hubei).

Grows in moist forests in valleys at altitude 700-1600 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

Deinanthe bifida is an herb 30-50 cm tall.

A mucilage is extracted from the roots which is used as formation aid in paper making. This viscous material is added to the pulp to increase its viscosity and thus delay the settling of fibers in the tank. In addition, the mucilage allows a better dispersion of the long fibers.

Japan:

The mucilage derived from Ginbaiso is used during the hot season since it looses its properties less rapidly than Tororo Aioi.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Use for paper making:

Formation aid

Language:

Coréen

Local scripture:

오미자

Botanical classification

Kadsura japonica (L.) Dunal

Order:

Austrobaileyales

Family:

Schisandraceae

Synonyms:

Uvaria japonica L.

Kadsura matsudae Hayata

Plant growing area

China (Fujian), Corée, Japon, Taiwan.

Pousse en Asie tropicale et tempérée, en forêt, souvent près des rivières, depuis le niveau de la mer jusqu’à 2000m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Chine, Corée, Japon.

Japan:

Chubu (préfecture de Aichi).

Plant cultivation and use

Kadsura Japonica est une liane persistante ligneuse. La floraison a lieu de juin à septembre. La plante peut s’adapter à divers types de sols ; elle préfère une exposition en demi-ombre.

Les fruits sont comestibles. Ils sont utilisés dans la pharmacopée.

Kadzura japonica est utilisé à la fois comme agent dispersant et comme agent de teinture (fruits). Son pH acide permet de régler la couleur.

Des racines et des tiges est tiré un mucilage utilisé comme agent dispersant dans la confection des papiers. Cette matière visqueuse est adjointe à la pâte à papier pour augmenter la viscosité du milieu et retarder ainsi la décantation des fibres dans la cuve. Le mucilage permet aussi une meilleure dispersion des fibres longues.

Japan:

Il est utilisé comme agent dispersant mais a été remplacé par le tororo aoi depuis la fin de la période Meiji (1868-1912) jusqu’aux années 1990.

Le binan kazura est utilisé de préférence en été car le mucilage ne perd pas ses propriétés par forte chaleur; il est beaucoup moins utilisé que les autres plantes à Neri.

Paper names

En Asie et plus particulièrement en Chine, Corée et Japon, les papiers sont destinés à une grande variété d’usage : Papiers pour la calligraphie et les arts, Papiers pour les cérémonies, Papiers comme moyen d’échange, papier monnaie Papiers pour la confection des vêtements, de tentures murales et la literie, Papiers pour l’architecture, la décoration intérieure, Papiers pour les objets d’artisanat de diverses natures, destinés à des usages domestiques ou de loisirs. Les noms attribués aux papiers se réfèrent à diverses notions : Le matériau utilisé, Le lieu de production, La méthode de production, L’apparence, Les dimensions, L’utilisation, Le nom d’un artiste ou d’un atelier etc.

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = papier.

Au Japon les papiers de kozo sont les plus nombreux.

Used part of the plant:

Feuille

Fruit

Tige

Use for paper making:

Agent dispersant

Agent de teinture

Language:

English

Botanical classification

Ulmus davidiana var. japonica (Rehder) Nakai

Order:

Rosales

Family:

Ulmaceae

Synonyms:

Ulmus campestris L. var. japonica Rehder

Ulmus davidiana fo. suberosa Nakai

Ulmus davidiana var. levigata (C. K. Schneid.) Nakai

Ulmus japonica (Rehder) Sarg.

Ulmus japonica var. levigata C. K. Schneid.

Ulmus propinqua Koidz.

Ulmus wilsoniana C. K. Schneid.

Ulmus wilsoniana var. psilophylla C.K. Schneid.

Plant growing area

Endemic to much of continental north-east Asia.

Grows on slopes in wetlands, near streams, in valleys, below 2300 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Ulmus davidiana is a deciduous tree, 20 to 35 meters high. It blooms and bears fruits from February to May; the yellow-green flowers appear before the leaves.

It adapts to a wide variety of soil and pH types, but this affects its growth. It prefers a sunny exposure.
It is mostly used as ornamental tree, for timber, for heating and in violin making.

The bark has anti-inflammatory medicinal properties.

Leaves and fruits are edible. The inner bark, dried and reduced to powder, is used as a thickener in soups in Asia.

The bark is also used to produce threads which will give a coarse woven fabric.

Korea:

The bark is used in traditional medicine. It has been used to produce formation aid in Korea until mid 19th century.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Formation aid

Botanical classification

Deinanthe Bifida Maxim.

Order:

Cornales

Family:

Hydrangeaceae

Synonyms:

Deinanthe caerulea Stapf

Plant growing area

China (West Hubei).

Grows in moist forests in valleys at altitude 700-1600 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

Deinanthe bifida is an herb 30-50 cm tall.

Japan:

The mucilage derived from Ginbaiso is used during the hot season since it looses its properties less rapidly than Tororo Aioi.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Use for paper making:

Formation aid

Language:

Korean

Local scripture:

느릅나무

Botanical classification

Ulmus davidiana var. japonica (Rehder) Nakai

Order:

Rosales

Family:

Ulmaceae

Synonyms:

Ulmus campestris L. var. japonica Rehder

Ulmus davidiana fo. suberosa Nakai

Ulmus davidiana var. levigata (C. K. Schneid.) Nakai

Ulmus japonica (Rehder) Sarg.

Ulmus japonica var. levigata C. K. Schneid.

Ulmus propinqua Koidz.

Ulmus wilsoniana C. K. Schneid.

Ulmus wilsoniana var. psilophylla C.K. Schneid.

Plant growing area

Endemic to much of continental north-east Asia.

Grows on slopes in wetlands, near streams, in valleys, below 2300 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Ulmus davidiana is a deciduous tree, 20 to 35 meters high. It blooms and bears fruits from February to May; the yellow-green flowers appear before the leaves.

It adapts to a wide variety of soil and pH types, but this affects its growth. It prefers a sunny exposure.
It is mostly used as ornamental tree, for timber, for heating and in violin making.

The bark has anti-inflammatory medicinal properties.

Leaves and fruits are edible. The inner bark, dried and reduced to powder, is used as a thickener in soups in Asia.

The bark is also used to produce threads which will give a coarse woven fabric.

Korea:

The bark is used in traditional medicine. It has been used to produce formation aid in Korea until mid 19th century.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Formation aid

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

ギンバイソウ

Botanical classification

Deinanthe Bifida Maxim.

Order:

Cornales

Family:

Hydrangeaceae

Synonyms:

Deinanthe caerulea Stapf

Plant growing area

China (West Hubei).

Grows in moist forests in valleys at altitude 700-1600 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

Deinanthe bifida is an herb 30-50 cm tall.

Japan:

The mucilage derived from Ginbaiso is used during the hot season since it looses its properties less rapidly than Tororo Aioi.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Use for paper making:

Formation aid

Language:

Japonais

Local scripture:

さねかずら

サネカズラ

Botanical classification

Kadsura japonica (L.) Dunal

Order:

Austrobaileyales

Family:

Schisandraceae

Synonyms:

Uvaria japonica L.

Kadsura matsudae Hayata

Plant growing area

China (Fujian), Corée, Japon, Taiwan.

Pousse en Asie tropicale et tempérée, en forêt, souvent près des rivières, depuis le niveau de la mer jusqu’à 2000m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Chine, Corée, Japon.

Japan:

Chubu (préfecture de Aichi).

Plant cultivation and use

Kadsura Japonica est une liane persistante ligneuse. La floraison a lieu de juin à septembre. La plante peut s’adapter à divers types de sols ; elle préfère une exposition en demi-ombre.

Les fruits sont comestibles. Ils sont utilisés dans la pharmacopée.

Kadzura japonica est utilisé à la fois comme agent dispersant et comme agent de teinture (fruits). Son pH acide permet de régler la couleur.

Japan:

Il est utilisé comme agent dispersant mais a été remplacé par le tororo aoi depuis la fin de la période Meiji (1868-1912) jusqu’aux années 1990.

Le binan kazura est utilisé de préférence en été car le mucilage ne perd pas ses propriétés par forte chaleur; il est beaucoup moins utilisé que les autres plantes à Neri.

Paper names

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = papier.

Au Japon les papiers de kozo sont les plus nombreux.

Used part of the plant:

Feuille

Fruit

Tige

Use for paper making:

Agent dispersant

Agent de teinture

Miscanthus tinctorius (Steud.) Hack © K. Yamasaki

Miscanthus tinctorius (Steud.) Hack © Botanic

Botanical classification

Miscanthus tinctorius (Steud.) Hack

Order:

Poales

Family:

Poaceae

Synonyms:

Erianthus tinctorius Sieber

Miscanthus sieboldii Honda

Saccharum tinctorium Steud.

Plant growing area

Eastern Asia, Japan (Honshu)

Grows on the slopes of mountains, in meadows and uncultivated places.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Miscanthus tinctorius is a perennial grass up to 60-150 cm high. It flowers from August to September. The flowers form clusters and produce caryopses.

This grass prefers fresh to moist soils of loamy-sandy type and a semi-shaded exposure. They are resistant to frost.

Stems and leaves contain the dyes. The main dyes, flavones, are luteolin or luteolol and arthraxin.

Dye when fresh, can give a bright yellow; mixed with other colors, mustard yellow to moss green can be obtained. The color has a low fading resistance to light, in particular when the mordant used is alum.

China:

This dye was identified in clothing from graves in Xinjiang, dating from the 5^th BC.

Japan:

During the Nara period (710-794), Ibukiyama near Lake Biwa (Shiga Prefecture) is renowned for the quality of its karyasu thanks to favorable growing conditions.

The dye is often confused, because of the proximity of its components, with that extracted from kobunagusa (Arthraxon hispidus L.).

The use of Miscanthus tinctorius is attested in written sources until the 8th century AD. The yellow dye cited in "Ebukuryo" (Garnment code from 8th century AD) may be Karyasu but could also be Kuchinashi (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) or Kihada (Phellodendron amurense).

A recipe for preparing the dye is given in the "Engishiki" which is a collection of laws and regulations dating from the 10th century.

It seems to have been widely used for dyeing clothes of common people and clothes of Buddhist monks.

It is often used in combination with indigo especially Polygonum tinctorium to get greens.
Its use to dye thin papers is mentioned in "Makura no Soshi" or "The pillow book", treaty by Seisho Nagon from the 11th century.

It seems it would have also been used in printing prints despite its very little resistance to light.

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Harvesting takes place at the end of summer when the ears are formed. The stems are mowed and collected in stacks which are left to dry until winter. They are dried quickly before they could be stained by impurities from water or the soil.

To prepare the dye, stems and leaves are boiled. After filtration of the color, the items to be dyed are immersed in the bath and then placed in an alkaline bath (camellia ash lye in particular) to get a very intense yellow. With alum mordant color tends to be green.

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

The papers are dyed in three ways: dyeing of the pulp (Seonyeombeop), dyeing of the sheet by dipping, brushing and spraying (Huyeombeop ), combination of the both methods (Honyeombeop). Then the paper can be hammered.

Paper names

In Asia and particularly in China, Korea and Japan, the papers are intended for a wide range of use: Papers for calligraphy and art, Papers for ceremonies, Paper as a medium of exchange, money paper, Papers for making clothes, wall hangings and bedding, Papers for architecture, interior design, Papers for crafts of various kinds, for domestic purposes and leisure. The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Leaf

Use for paper making:

Dye

Primary tabs

Ulmus davidiana var. japonica (Rehder) Nakai

Ulmus davidiana var. japonica (Rehder) Nakai

Deinanthe Bifida Maxim.

Kadsura japonica (L.) Dunal

Ulmus davidiana var. japonica (Rehder) Nakai

Deinanthe Bifida Maxim.

Ulmus davidiana var. japonica (Rehder) Nakai

Deinanthe Bifida Maxim.

Kadsura japonica (L.) Dunal

Miscanthus tinctorius (Steud.) Hack

Pages

Search form

Search

Primary tabs

Ulmus davidiana var. japonica (Rehder) Nakai

Ulmus davidiana var. japonica (Rehder) Nakai

Deinanthe Bifida Maxim.

Kadsura japonica (L.) Dunal

Ulmus davidiana var. japonica (Rehder) Nakai

Deinanthe Bifida Maxim.

Ulmus davidiana var. japonica (Rehder) Nakai

Deinanthe Bifida Maxim.

Kadsura japonica (L.) Dunal

Miscanthus tinctorius (Steud.) Hack

Pages