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Identification

Fibre type	Wood fibers
Average fibre lenght	1,5 mm (0.7 – 1.8)
Average fibre width	16,5 µm (8.4 – 21)
Fibre ends	Blunt.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	No cross-marking.
Associated cells
Special features	Less prominent fiber wall.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple
Graff 'C' staining	Yellow

Botanical classification

Salix purpurea L.

Order:

Malpighiales

Family:

Salicaceae

Synonyms:

Salix caesifolia Drobow

Plant growing area

Native to most of European and western Asia countries.

Grows along rivers in sandy soils.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Salix purpurea is a deciduous small tree growing to 1-2 m and rarely to 6 m tall.Bloom ing occurs before the leaves, from March to April.

The bark and buds have medicinal properties especially antipyretic and analgesic. The use of Salix purpurea as dying and medicinal materials is very ancient in Egypt and in northern Europe.

The bark contains chalcones and leaves, flavonols and condensed tannins, and their extracts are used in the dyeing of fabrics in grey-black.

The shoots called withies are used in basketry.

Japan:

It is used for dyeing.

Korea:

From the Joseon period (1392-1910), raw materials traditionally used for paper production, mainly bark of Broussonetias begin to fail. Papermakers face a growing demand for paper stimulated by the development of publications initiated during the Goryeo period (907-1392). Other plants will be used to provide a fiber supplement such as wisteria, rice, oat and barley straws, bamboo, jute and hemp but also reeds, the bark and needles of pine, the leaves of willow. Indeed, the willow leaves seem to be used as a complementary fiber source to fibers of paper mulberry from the 15th century.
It is used also for handicrafts objects.

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Preparation for dyeing: trees that have at least 4 to 8 years are harvested in the spring. The branches are peeled, crushed into powder or chipped and are steeped in a small volume of water for several days. Water is added to obtain the necessary amount for the dyeing bath and gradually heated until boiling for 2 to 3 hours. The dye is filtered before use.

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by their small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Usually three jars of dye are prepared with decreasing concentrations. The paper is dipped in the less concentrated dye jar and oxidation occurs in the air; the paper is then soaked in the little bit more concentrated dye. After oxidation, the sheet is dipped into the third jar with the strongest concentration. The process can be repeated several times to obtain a color more or less intense. The sheet is dried by exposing the surface to air; the color changes by oxidation.

Paper names

In Asia and particularly in China, Korea and Japan, the papers are intended for a wide range of use: Papers for calligraphy and art, Papers for ceremonies, Paper as a medium of exchange, money paper, Papers for making clothes, wall hangings and bedding, Papers for architecture, interior design, Papers for crafts of various kinds, for domestic purposes and leisure. The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Leaf

Twigs

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Dye

Formation aid

Language:

English

Identification

Fibre type	Wood fibers
Average fibre lenght	1,5 mm (0.7 – 1.8)
Average fibre width	16,5 µm (8.4 – 21)
Fibre ends	Blunt.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	No cross-marking.
Associated cells
Special features	Less prominent fiber wall.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple
Graff 'C' staining	Yellow

Botanical classification

Salix purpurea L.

Order:

Malpighiales

Family:

Salicaceae

Synonyms:

Salix caesifolia Drobow

Plant growing area

Native to most of European and western Asia countries.

Grows along rivers in sandy soils.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Salix purpurea is a deciduous small tree growing to 1-2 m and rarely to 6 m tall.Bloom ing occurs before the leaves, from March to April.

The bark and buds have medicinal properties especially antipyretic and analgesic. The use of Salix purpurea as dying and medicinal materials is very ancient in Egypt and in northern Europe.

The bark contains chalcones and leaves, flavonols and condensed tannins, and their extracts are used in the dyeing of fabrics in grey-black.

The shoots called withies are used in basketry.

Japan:

It is used for dyeing.

Korea:

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by their small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Leaf

Twigs

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Dye

Formation aid

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

セイヨウコリヤナギ

Identification

Fibre type	Wood fibers
Average fibre lenght	1,5 mm (0.7 – 1.8)
Average fibre width	16,5 µm (8.4 – 21)
Fibre ends	Blunt.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	No cross-marking.
Associated cells
Special features	Less prominent fiber wall.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple
Graff 'C' staining	Yellow

Botanical classification

Salix purpurea L.

Order:

Malpighiales

Family:

Salicaceae

Synonyms:

Salix caesifolia Drobow

Plant growing area

Native to most of European and western Asia countries.

Grows along rivers in sandy soils.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Salix purpurea is a deciduous small tree growing to 1-2 m and rarely to 6 m tall.Bloom ing occurs before the leaves, from March to April.

The bark and buds have medicinal properties especially antipyretic and analgesic. The use of Salix purpurea as dying and medicinal materials is very ancient in Egypt and in northern Europe.

The bark contains chalcones and leaves, flavonols and condensed tannins, and their extracts are used in the dyeing of fabrics in grey-black.

The shoots called withies are used in basketry.

Japan:

It is used for dyeing.

Korea:

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by their small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Leaf

Twigs

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Dye

Formation aid

Language:

French

Identification

Fibre type	Wood fibers
Average fibre lenght	1,5 mm (0.7 – 1.8)
Average fibre width	16,5 µm (8.4 – 21)
Fibre ends	Blunt.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	No cross-marking.
Associated cells
Special features	Less prominent fiber wall.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple
Graff 'C' staining	Yellow

Botanical classification

Salix purpurea L.

Order:

Malpighiales

Family:

Salicaceae

Synonyms:

Salix caesifolia Drobow

Plant growing area

Native to most of European and western Asia countries.

Grows along rivers in sandy soils.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Salix purpurea is a deciduous small tree growing to 1-2 m and rarely to 6 m tall.Bloom ing occurs before the leaves, from March to April.

The bark and buds have medicinal properties especially antipyretic and analgesic. The use of Salix purpurea as dying and medicinal materials is very ancient in Egypt and in northern Europe.

The bark contains chalcones and leaves, flavonols and condensed tannins, and their extracts are used in the dyeing of fabrics in grey-black.

The shoots called withies are used in basketry.

Japan:

It is used for dyeing.

Korea:

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by their small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Leaf

Twigs

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Dye

Formation aid

Language:

French

Identification

Fibre type	Wood fibers
Average fibre lenght	1,5 mm (0.7 – 1.8)
Average fibre width	16,5 µm (8.4 – 21)
Fibre ends	Blunt.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	No cross-marking.
Associated cells
Special features	Less prominent fiber wall.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple
Graff 'C' staining	Yellow

Botanical classification

Salix purpurea L.

Order:

Malpighiales

Family:

Salicaceae

Synonyms:

Salix caesifolia Drobow

Plant growing area

Native to most of European and western Asia countries.

Grows along rivers in sandy soils.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Salix purpurea is a deciduous small tree growing to 1-2 m and rarely to 6 m tall.Bloom ing occurs before the leaves, from March to April.

The bark and buds have medicinal properties especially antipyretic and analgesic. The use of Salix purpurea as dying and medicinal materials is very ancient in Egypt and in northern Europe.

The bark contains chalcones and leaves, flavonols and condensed tannins, and their extracts are used in the dyeing of fabrics in grey-black.

The shoots called withies are used in basketry.

Japan:

It is used for dyeing.

Korea:

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by their small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Leaf

Twigs

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Dye

Formation aid

Identification

Fibre type
Average fibre lenght	2mm (1-3mm)
Average fibre width	18µm (10-25µm)
Fibre ends	Blunt or pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Blunt or pointed
Associated cells	Thin walled pitted fibres. Rectangular, oval, rod-like parenchyma cells. Epidermal cells.
Special features	Large vessel elements, unpointed prickles in epidermis. Very faint wall.
Herzberg staining	Blue
Graff 'C' staining	Blue

Botanical classification

Phragmites communis Trin.

Order:

Poales

Family:

Poaceae

Synonyms:

Arundo phragmites L.

Plant growing area

Common reed is found throughout temperate and tropical regions of the world in wetlands throughout temperate and tropical regions of the world.

Burma, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

Phragmites communis is a large perennial grass. This common reed grows in clumps in swamps and by riverbanks on waterlogged and low oxygen soils. It has a long slender stalk topped with a silver feather duster and reaches to a height of 2-3 metres. It has a perennial rhizome, allowing it to colonize the riverbanks, sometimes very invasive.

It is used for thatching, making baskets and mats. It is commonly used in the making of blinds in Japan.

Currently it is also used in making a rough paper.

Japan:

Plant is used as a yellow dye for fabrics in Japan; the colorant, the tricine is a flavone.

Korea:

Used in combination with the bark of paper mulberry during the Joseon period (1392-1910) as substitute material for paper mulberry.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Use for paper making:

Dye

Fiber

Language:

English

Miscanthus tinctorius (Steud.) Hack © K. Yamasaki

Miscanthus tinctorius (Steud.) Hack © Botanic

Botanical classification

Miscanthus tinctorius (Steud.) Hack

Order:

Poales

Family:

Poaceae

Synonyms:

Erianthus tinctorius Sieber

Miscanthus sieboldii Honda

Saccharum tinctorium Steud.

Plant growing area

Eastern Asia, Japan (Honshu)

Grows on the slopes of mountains, in meadows and uncultivated places.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Miscanthus tinctorius is a perennial grass up to 60-150 cm high. It flowers from August to September. The flowers form clusters and produce caryopses.

This grass prefers fresh to moist soils of loamy-sandy type and a semi-shaded exposure. They are resistant to frost.

Stems and leaves contain the dyes. The main dyes, flavones, are luteolin or luteolol and arthraxin.

Dye when fresh, can give a bright yellow; mixed with other colors, mustard yellow to moss green can be obtained. The color has a low fading resistance to light, in particular when the mordant used is alum.

China:

This dye was identified in clothing from graves in Xinjiang, dating from the 5^th BC.

Japan:

During the Nara period (710-794), Ibukiyama near Lake Biwa (Shiga Prefecture) is renowned for the quality of its karyasu thanks to favorable growing conditions.

The dye is often confused, because of the proximity of its components, with that extracted from kobunagusa (Arthraxon hispidus L.).

The use of Miscanthus tinctorius is attested in written sources until the 8th century AD. The yellow dye cited in "Ebukuryo" (Garnment code from 8th century AD) may be Karyasu but could also be Kuchinashi (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) or Kihada (Phellodendron amurense).

A recipe for preparing the dye is given in the "Engishiki" which is a collection of laws and regulations dating from the 10th century.

It seems to have been widely used for dyeing clothes of common people and clothes of Buddhist monks.

It is often used in combination with indigo especially Polygonum tinctorium to get greens.
Its use to dye thin papers is mentioned in "Makura no Soshi" or "The pillow book", treaty by Seisho Nagon from the 11th century.

It seems it would have also been used in printing prints despite its very little resistance to light.

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Harvesting takes place at the end of summer when the ears are formed. The stems are mowed and collected in stacks which are left to dry until winter. They are dried quickly before they could be stained by impurities from water or the soil.

To prepare the dye, stems and leaves are boiled. After filtration of the color, the items to be dyed are immersed in the bath and then placed in an alkaline bath (camellia ash lye in particular) to get a very intense yellow. With alum mordant color tends to be green.

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

The papers are dyed in three ways: dyeing of the pulp (Seonyeombeop), dyeing of the sheet by dipping, brushing and spraying (Huyeombeop ), combination of the both methods (Honyeombeop). Then the paper can be hammered.

Paper names

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Leaf

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

English

Botanical classification

Miscanthus tinctorius (Steud.) Hack

Order:

Poales

Family:

Poaceae

Synonyms:

Erianthus tinctorius Sieber

Miscanthus sieboldii Honda

Saccharum tinctorium Steud.

Plant growing area

Eastern Asia, Japan (Honshu)

Grows on the slopes of mountains, in meadows and uncultivated places.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Miscanthus tinctorius is a perennial grass up to 60-150 cm high. It flowers from August to September. The flowers form clusters and produce caryopses.

This grass prefers fresh to moist soils of loamy-sandy type and a semi-shaded exposure. They are resistant to frost.

Stems and leaves contain the dyes. The main dyes, flavones, are luteolin or luteolol and arthraxin.

China:

This dye was identified in clothing from graves in Xinjiang, dating from the 5^th BC.

Japan:

During the Nara period (710-794), Ibukiyama near Lake Biwa (Shiga Prefecture) is renowned for the quality of its karyasu thanks to favorable growing conditions.

The dye is often confused, because of the proximity of its components, with that extracted from kobunagusa (Arthraxon hispidus L.).

A recipe for preparing the dye is given in the "Engishiki" which is a collection of laws and regulations dating from the 10th century.

It seems to have been widely used for dyeing clothes of common people and clothes of Buddhist monks.

It seems it would have also been used in printing prints despite its very little resistance to light.

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

Paper names

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Leaf

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

かりやす

Botanical classification

Miscanthus tinctorius (Steud.) Hack

Order:

Poales

Family:

Poaceae

Synonyms:

Erianthus tinctorius Sieber

Miscanthus sieboldii Honda

Saccharum tinctorium Steud.

Plant growing area

Eastern Asia, Japan (Honshu)

Grows on the slopes of mountains, in meadows and uncultivated places.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Miscanthus tinctorius is a perennial grass up to 60-150 cm high. It flowers from August to September. The flowers form clusters and produce caryopses.

This grass prefers fresh to moist soils of loamy-sandy type and a semi-shaded exposure. They are resistant to frost.

Stems and leaves contain the dyes. The main dyes, flavones, are luteolin or luteolol and arthraxin.

China:

This dye was identified in clothing from graves in Xinjiang, dating from the 5^th BC.

Japan:

During the Nara period (710-794), Ibukiyama near Lake Biwa (Shiga Prefecture) is renowned for the quality of its karyasu thanks to favorable growing conditions.

The dye is often confused, because of the proximity of its components, with that extracted from kobunagusa (Arthraxon hispidus L.).

A recipe for preparing the dye is given in the "Engishiki" which is a collection of laws and regulations dating from the 10th century.

It seems to have been widely used for dyeing clothes of common people and clothes of Buddhist monks.

It seems it would have also been used in printing prints despite its very little resistance to light.

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

Paper names

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Leaf

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

French

Botanical classification

Miscanthus tinctorius (Steud.) Hack

Order:

Poales

Family:

Poaceae

Synonyms:

Erianthus tinctorius Sieber

Miscanthus sieboldii Honda

Saccharum tinctorium Steud.

Plant growing area

Eastern Asia, Japan (Honshu)

Grows on the slopes of mountains, in meadows and uncultivated places.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Miscanthus tinctorius is a perennial grass up to 60-150 cm high. It flowers from August to September. The flowers form clusters and produce caryopses.

This grass prefers fresh to moist soils of loamy-sandy type and a semi-shaded exposure. They are resistant to frost.

Stems and leaves contain the dyes. The main dyes, flavones, are luteolin or luteolol and arthraxin.

China:

This dye was identified in clothing from graves in Xinjiang, dating from the 5^th BC.

Japan:

During the Nara period (710-794), Ibukiyama near Lake Biwa (Shiga Prefecture) is renowned for the quality of its karyasu thanks to favorable growing conditions.

The dye is often confused, because of the proximity of its components, with that extracted from kobunagusa (Arthraxon hispidus L.).

A recipe for preparing the dye is given in the "Engishiki" which is a collection of laws and regulations dating from the 10th century.

It seems to have been widely used for dyeing clothes of common people and clothes of Buddhist monks.

It seems it would have also been used in printing prints despite its very little resistance to light.

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

Paper names

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Leaf

Use for paper making:

Dye

Primary tabs

Salix purpurea L.

Salix purpurea L.

Salix purpurea L.

Salix purpurea L.

Salix purpurea L.

Phragmites communis Trin.

Miscanthus tinctorius (Steud.) Hack

Miscanthus tinctorius (Steud.) Hack

Miscanthus tinctorius (Steud.) Hack

Miscanthus tinctorius (Steud.) Hack

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Search

Primary tabs

Salix purpurea L.

Salix purpurea L.

Salix purpurea L.

Salix purpurea L.

Salix purpurea L.

Phragmites communis Trin.

Miscanthus tinctorius (Steud.) Hack

Miscanthus tinctorius (Steud.) Hack

Miscanthus tinctorius (Steud.) Hack

Miscanthus tinctorius (Steud.) Hack

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