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Language:

French

Botanical classification

Rubia tinctorum L.

Order:

Gentianales

Family:

Rubiaceae

Synonyms:

Rubia iberica ( Fisch. ex DC.) K. Koch

Rubia tinctorum var. iberica Fisch. Ex DC.

Plant growing area

This species is native to western and central Asia. It was spread by cultivation in temperate regions.

China, Korea, India (Kashmir), Iraq, Iran, Japan (Honshu), Jordan, Lebanon, Pakistan, Russia (Crimea), Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Rubia tinctorum is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial roots plant which can reach 1m in height. It prefers porous and loose soils. The nature of the soils (acid or alkaline) influences the final color. Calcareous soils increase the amount of dye in the roots. The flowers are very small, have a yellow-green color. Flowering occurs in July. The fruits are small and black.

This is one of the oldest dyes in India and Egypt (archaeological remains in these two regions dating back to the second millennium BC.). It is also used as a pigment (especially for painting) since the Greco-Roman antiquity. It owes its success firstly because of the range of colors it provides especially in the combination with other dyes and secondly to its low cost compared to animal reds; thus, it was used in the Antiquity as an excellent imitation of the murex purple. Its introduction in the Far East is also very old. Its use will disappear with the advent of aniline dyes.

It is also used for its medicinal properties, in particular antibacterial properties and in removing kidney stones.

The rhizomes contain 19 anthraquinonic dyes which the most important are alizarin and purpurin in greater concentration in the bark of rhizomes. The inner part of the root contains a yellow liquid which becomes red in contact with the air. Drying of the rhizome has implications in the contained amount of purpurin: fresh rhizome contains a little amount because purpurin is formed by the transformation of pseudopurpurine.

Japan:

The plant is native to Japan. Its use in textiles dates back to the 4th century. The dye is used in dyeing fabrics and also for prints.

The advent of synthetic alizarin has significantly reduced demand for natural dye.

Other Rubia grown in Japan for their dye are : Rubia cordifolia L., Rubia argyi (H. Léveillé & Vaniot) H. Hara ex Lauener & DK Ferguson better known as Rubia akane Nakai.

Preparation process for making paper

Madder is propagated by planting seed or root division. The plants are harvested in the third year of the plant because the concentration of dye is greater. The harvest takes place at the end of autumn.

The roots are sorted, scrubbed, dried and the bark is stripped from the roots. This bark is crushed into powder. The powder is stored in barrels to age before being sold to the dyers.

Madder contains two colorants: one is red and the second is dark yellowish and soluble in water. To separate them, it is necessary to dissolve the madder powder in water and make it decant. The yellow supernatant water is removed and the operation is repeated until the water runs clear.
Then madder is boiled for several hours and then filtered through a cloth. It is kept liquid.

Another method is to get what is called "madder flower". The roots powder is treated with acidulated water and then rinsed to remove the yellow dyes, mucilages and minerals. The resulting powder has a better dyeing power.

The mordant is generally alum. The use of iron as mordant gives a violet color.

Japan:

The plant is torn when it is 18 to 30 months, at the end of summer when the stems begin to fade. The roots are dried either in the open air or in an oven for several days. They are then crushed into powder. They can be stored in this form before being used for dyeing.

Immediate use: the root is cut into pieces and placed in water to soak. The extract is filtered. Then fresh water is added and the operation is repeated for several extracts which will be mixed together. The second extract which tends to be orange is sometimes discarded.

Alum must be used as mordant to set the color to the fibers.

Dyeing is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

Fermented rice starch is used for the separation of red and yellow dyes. The roots cut in pieces, are boiled for 2 to 3 hours and then the starch is introduced into the tank. The filtered liquid is ready to use.

Alum is used as mordant to get an orange tint and an alkaline mordant will give a bright red.

The papers are dyed in three ways: dyeing of the pulp (Seonyeombeop), dyeing of the sheet by dipping, brushing and spraying (Huyeombeop ), combination of the both methods (Honyeombeop). Then the paper can be hammered.

Paper names

In Asia and particularly in China, Korea and Japan, the papers are intended for a wide range of use: Papers for calligraphy and art, Papers for ceremonies, Paper as a medium of exchange, money paper, Papers for making clothes, wall hangings and bedding, Papers for architecture, interior design, Papers for crafts of various kinds, for domestic purposes and leisure. The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.
In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

French

Hibiscus manihot L. var. manihot © Flora of China

Hibiscus manihot L. var. manihot © C. Laroque

Botanical classification

Hibiscus manihot L. var. manihot

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Malvaceae

Synonyms:

Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik. var. manihot

Hibiscus japonicus Miq.

Plant growing area

Chine (Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan), Corée, Japon, Inde, Népal, Philippines, Taiwan, nord de la Thailande.

Pousse dans les prairies, en champs cultivés, entre 1000 et 2100 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Chine, Corée, Japon.

Plant cultivation and use

Hibiscus manihot est une plante vivace à fleurs annuelles, de 1 à 2 m de hauteur qui croît plutôt en zones tempérées. Elle préfère les sols bien drainés mais de diverses natures et une exposition ensoleillée. La couleur de la fleur varie du blanc au jaune clair. La floraison a lieu entre août et octobre.

La plante possède des propriétés médicinales, elle est emménagogue et calmante pour les douleurs. Ses fleurs et feuilles sont comestibles.

Les racines contiennent un mucilage qui est un polysaccharide, copolymère d’acide D-galacturonique et L-rhamnose. Cette matière visqueuse est adjointe à la pâte à papier pour augmenter la viscosité du milieu et retarder ainsi la décantation des fibres dans la cuve. Le mucilage permet aussi une meilleure dispersion des fibres longues. La solution est instable et sa viscosité décroit avec la chaleur, l’exposition prolongée à l’air et l’agitation mécanique. Ainsi au cours du travail, le papetier va-t-il rajouter du mucilage au fur et à mesure que la viscosité de la pâte diminue.

A la fin du 19^e siècle, l’emploi du mucilage tiré de l’hibiscus manihot a remplacé semble-t-il celui tiré d’autres plantes à mucilage pour devenir prépondérant dans toute l’Asie de l’est.

China:

Hibiscus manihot est utilisé sous les Song du sud (1127-1279) mais le début de son utilisation est sans doute plus ancienne. L’emploi de l’hibiscus manihot est cité dans les récits du "Guixinzashi" ou "Petites nouvelles de la rue Guixin" par Zhou Mi (milieu 13^e siècle).

D’autres mentions montrent qu’il est toujours utilisé comme agent dispersant à la fin de la dynastie Ming (1368-1644), en particulier pour la fabrication des papiers de fibres de mûrier à papier ; son usage est attesté dans le "Wulixiaoshi" ou "Connaissance de la nature" écrit par Fang Yishi en 1643.

Japan:

La plante pousse à l’état sauvage partout au Japon. Lorsqu’elle est cultivée sur des sols riches elle donne des racines moins grosses que celles des plantes cultivées sur sols pauvres. Les feuilles et les fleurs sont éliminées pour permettre une meilleure croissance des racines. La plante est arrachée du sol quand les feuilles deviennent jaunes ; les racines sont séparées du reste de la plante, mises en fagots et placées dans un endroit sec.

Pendant la saison chaude le mucilage doit être utilisé immédiatement car il perd rapidement ses propriétés en fermentant.

Korea:

La plante a sans doute été importée depuis la Chine. Par le passé toutes les parties de la plante étaient utilisées pour donner le mucilage (tige, feuilles, racines).

Elle est citée dans une encyclopédie de 1850 « Ojuyeonmunjangjeonsango » par Igyujyeong.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

La plante est semée au printemps et la récolte a généralement lieu à la fin de l’automne avant les gels. Les fleurs sont éliminées régulièrement pour favoriser la croissance des racines.

La plante est arrachée du sol quand les feuilles deviennent jaunes. L’écorce externe est pelée de la racine.

La racine est écrasée grossièrement ou râpée. Elle est placée dans un sac de tissu et immergée dans un seau d’eau claire. Après formation du mucilage le sac est pressé ou suspendu pour extraire le mucilage.

Japan:

Les graines sont semées en même temps que le haricot mungo.

La plante est arrachée du sol quand les feuilles deviennent jaunes, généralement au mois de juin et on la sèche en attendant de l’utiliser plus tard. Ou bien les racines sont récupérées au moment où on souhaite les utiliser, en novembre décembre. Elles peuvent également être conservées immergées dans de la créosote.

L’écorce externe est pelée. La racine est écrasée grossièrement ou râpée. Elle est placée dans un sac de tissu et immergée dans un seau d’eau claire. Après formation du mucilage le sac est pressé ou suspendu pour extraire le mucilage.

Korea:

La plante est semée au printemps et la récolte a généralement lieu à la fin de l’automne avant les gels. Les fleurs sont éliminées régulièrement pour favoriser la croissance des racines.

La plante est arrachée du sol quand les feuilles deviennent jaunes. L’écorce externe est pelée de la racine.

Used part of the plant:

Racine

Use for paper making:

Agent dispersant

Botanical classification

Hibiscus manihot L. var. manihot

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Malvaceae

Synonyms:

Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik. var. manihot

Hibiscus japonicus Miq.

Plant growing area

China: (Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan), India, Japan, Korea, Nepal, Philippines, Taiwan, North Thailand.

Grows in grasslands, on streamsides, margins of cultivated fields, from 1000 to 2100 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

Hibiscus manihot is a perennial plant with annuals flowers, 1 to 2 m in height that grows rather in temperate zones. It prefers well-drained soil but of various kinds and a sunny exposure. The flower color varies from white to light yellow. Flowering occurs between August and October.
The plant has medicinal properties, it is emmenagogue and sedative for pain. Its flowers and leaves are edible.

The roots contain a mucilage which is a polysaccharide, a copolymer of D-galacturonic acid and L-rhamnose. This viscous material is added to pulp to increase its viscosity and thus delay the settling of fibers in the tank. In addition, the mucilage allows a better dispersion of the long fibers. The solution is unstable and its viscosity decreases with the heat, prolonged exposure to air and mechanical agitation. So, during the work, the papermaker will add mucilage gradually as its viscosity decreases.

In the late 19th century, it seems that the use of the mucilage from the Hibiscus manihot replaced the use of other plants to become the dominant mucilage throughout East Asia.

China:

Hibiscus manihot is used during the South Song dynasty (1127-1279) but the beginning of its use is probably older. The use of Hibiscus manihot is quoted in the stories of "Guixinzashi " or "Miscellaneous news from Guixin street" by Zhou Mi (mid 13th century). Other references show that it is still used as formation aid at the end of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), particularly for the manufacture of paper made with paper mulberry fibers; its use is documented in the "Wulixiaoshi" or "Some Knowledge of Physics" written by Fang Yishi in 1643.

Japan:

The plant grows wild throughout Japan. When it is grown on rich soils it has less coarse roots than the plants grown on poor soils. The leaves and flowers are removed to allow better root growth. The plant is torn from the ground when the leaves turn yellow, the roots are separated from the rest of the plant, bundled and placed in a dry place.

During the warm season the mucilage should be used immediately because it quickly loses its properties by fermenting.

Korea:

The plant was probably imported from China. In the past all plant parts were used to give the mucilage (stem, leaves, roots).

She is quoted in an encyclopedia dated 1850 “Ojuyeonmunjangjeonsango” by Igyujyeong.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

The plant is sown in spring and harvest usually takes place in late fall before the frost. The flowers are removed regularly to allow better root growth.

The plant is torn from the ground when the leaves turn yellow. The outer bark is peeled from the root. The root is crushed or coarsely grated. It is then placed in a cloth bag and submerged in a bucket of water. After formation of the mucilage, the bag is pressed or suspended to extract it.

Japan:

Seeds are sown at the same time as mungo beans.

The plant is torn from the ground when the leaves turn yellow, usually in June and it is dried until a later use. Or the roots are recovered to be used immediately, in November December. They can also be kept immersed in creosote.

The outer bark is peeled from the root. The root is crushed or coarsely grated. It is then placed in a cloth bag and submerged in a bucket of water. After formation of the mucilage the bag is pressed or suspended to extract it.

Korea:

The plant is sown in spring and harvest usually takes place in late fall before the frost. The flowers are removed regularly to allow better root growth.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Use for paper making:

Formation aid

Language:

Chinois

Local scripture:

五味子

Botanical classification

Kadsura japonica (L.) Dunal

Order:

Austrobaileyales

Family:

Schisandraceae

Synonyms:

Uvaria japonica L.

Kadsura matsudae Hayata

Plant growing area

China (Fujian), Corée, Japon, Taiwan.

Pousse en Asie tropicale et tempérée, en forêt, souvent près des rivières, depuis le niveau de la mer jusqu’à 2000m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Chine, Corée, Japon.

Japan:

Chubu (préfecture de Aichi).

Plant cultivation and use

Kadsura Japonica est une liane persistante ligneuse. La floraison a lieu de juin à septembre. La plante peut s’adapter à divers types de sols ; elle préfère une exposition en demi-ombre.

Les fruits sont comestibles. Ils sont utilisés dans la pharmacopée.

Kadzura japonica est utilisé à la fois comme agent dispersant et comme agent de teinture (fruits). Son pH acide permet de régler la couleur.

Des racines et des tiges est tiré un mucilage utilisé comme agent dispersant dans la confection des papiers. Cette matière visqueuse est adjointe à la pâte à papier pour augmenter la viscosité du milieu et retarder ainsi la décantation des fibres dans la cuve. Le mucilage permet aussi une meilleure dispersion des fibres longues.

Japan:

Il est utilisé comme agent dispersant mais a été remplacé par le tororo aoi depuis la fin de la période Meiji (1868-1912) jusqu’aux années 1990.

Le binan kazura est utilisé de préférence en été car le mucilage ne perd pas ses propriétés par forte chaleur; il est beaucoup moins utilisé que les autres plantes à Neri.

Paper names

En Asie et plus particulièrement en Chine, Corée et Japon, les papiers sont destinés à une grande variété d’usage : Papiers pour la calligraphie et les arts, Papiers pour les cérémonies, Papiers comme moyen d’échange, papier monnaie Papiers pour la confection des vêtements, de tentures murales et la literie, Papiers pour l’architecture, la décoration intérieure, Papiers pour les objets d’artisanat de diverses natures, destinés à des usages domestiques ou de loisirs. Les noms attribués aux papiers se réfèrent à diverses notions : Le matériau utilisé, Le lieu de production, La méthode de production, L’apparence, Les dimensions, L’utilisation, Le nom d’un artiste ou d’un atelier etc.

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = papier.

Au Japon les papiers de kozo sont les plus nombreux.

Used part of the plant:

Feuille

Fruit

Tige

Use for paper making:

Agent dispersant

Agent de teinture

Language:

English

Deinanthe Bifida Maxim. © Flora of China

Botanical classification

Deinanthe Bifida Maxim.

Order:

Cornales

Family:

Hydrangeaceae

Synonyms:

Deinanthe caerulea Stapf

Plant growing area

China (West Hubei).

Grows in moist forests in valleys at altitude 700-1600 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

Deinanthe bifida is an herb 30-50 cm tall.

A mucilage is extracted from the roots which is used as formation aid in paper making. This viscous material is added to the pulp to increase its viscosity and thus delay the settling of fibers in the tank. In addition, the mucilage allows a better dispersion of the long fibers.

Japan:

The mucilage derived from Ginbaiso is used during the hot season since it looses its properties less rapidly than Tororo Aioi.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Use for paper making:

Formation aid

Language:

Chinese

Local scripture:

春榆

Ulmus davidiana var. japonica (Rehder) Nakai © Flora of China

Ulmus davidiana var. japonica (Rehder) Nakai © CFH Nature Museum

Botanical classification

Ulmus davidiana var. japonica (Rehder) Nakai

Order:

Rosales

Family:

Ulmaceae

Synonyms:

Ulmus campestris L. var. japonica Rehder

Ulmus davidiana fo. suberosa Nakai

Ulmus davidiana var. levigata (C. K. Schneid.) Nakai

Ulmus japonica (Rehder) Sarg.

Ulmus japonica var. levigata C. K. Schneid.

Ulmus propinqua Koidz.

Ulmus wilsoniana C. K. Schneid.

Ulmus wilsoniana var. psilophylla C.K. Schneid.

Plant growing area

Endemic to much of continental north-east Asia.

China (Anhui, Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, East Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Zhejiang), Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu), Korea, Mongolia, Russia (Far East, East Siberia).

Grows on slopes in wetlands, near streams, in valleys, below 2300 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Ulmus davidiana is a deciduous tree, 20 to 35 meters high. It blooms and bears fruits from February to May; the yellow-green flowers appear before the leaves.

It adapts to a wide variety of soil and pH types, but this affects its growth. It prefers a sunny exposure.
It is mostly used as ornamental tree, for timber, for heating and in violin making.

The bark has anti-inflammatory medicinal properties.

Leaves and fruits are edible. The inner bark, dried and reduced to powder, is used as a thickener in soups in Asia.

The mucilage, present in the bark, is also employed in the cosmetics industry. It serves as formation aid in forming paper sheets. This mucilage is also used as formation aid in paper making. This viscous material is added to the pulp to increase its viscosity and thus delay the settling of fibers in the tank. In addition, the mucilage allows a better dispersion of the long fibers.

The bark is also used to produce threads which will give a coarse woven fabric.

Korea:

The bark is used in traditional medicine. It has been used to produce formation aid in Korea until mid 19th century.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Formation aid

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

ハルニレ

Synonym:

春楡

Botanical classification

Ulmus davidiana var. japonica (Rehder) Nakai

Order:

Rosales

Family:

Ulmaceae

Synonyms:

Ulmus campestris L. var. japonica Rehder

Ulmus davidiana fo. suberosa Nakai

Ulmus davidiana var. levigata (C. K. Schneid.) Nakai

Ulmus japonica (Rehder) Sarg.

Ulmus japonica var. levigata C. K. Schneid.

Ulmus propinqua Koidz.

Ulmus wilsoniana C. K. Schneid.

Ulmus wilsoniana var. psilophylla C.K. Schneid.

Plant growing area

Endemic to much of continental north-east Asia.

Grows on slopes in wetlands, near streams, in valleys, below 2300 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Ulmus davidiana is a deciduous tree, 20 to 35 meters high. It blooms and bears fruits from February to May; the yellow-green flowers appear before the leaves.

It adapts to a wide variety of soil and pH types, but this affects its growth. It prefers a sunny exposure.
It is mostly used as ornamental tree, for timber, for heating and in violin making.

The bark has anti-inflammatory medicinal properties.

Leaves and fruits are edible. The inner bark, dried and reduced to powder, is used as a thickener in soups in Asia.

The bark is also used to produce threads which will give a coarse woven fabric.

Korea:

The bark is used in traditional medicine. It has been used to produce formation aid in Korea until mid 19th century.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Formation aid

Language:

Coréen

Local scripture:

오미자

Botanical classification

Kadsura japonica (L.) Dunal

Order:

Austrobaileyales

Family:

Schisandraceae

Synonyms:

Uvaria japonica L.

Kadsura matsudae Hayata

Plant growing area

China (Fujian), Corée, Japon, Taiwan.

Pousse en Asie tropicale et tempérée, en forêt, souvent près des rivières, depuis le niveau de la mer jusqu’à 2000m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Chine, Corée, Japon.

Japan:

Chubu (préfecture de Aichi).

Plant cultivation and use

Kadsura Japonica est une liane persistante ligneuse. La floraison a lieu de juin à septembre. La plante peut s’adapter à divers types de sols ; elle préfère une exposition en demi-ombre.

Les fruits sont comestibles. Ils sont utilisés dans la pharmacopée.

Kadzura japonica est utilisé à la fois comme agent dispersant et comme agent de teinture (fruits). Son pH acide permet de régler la couleur.

Japan:

Il est utilisé comme agent dispersant mais a été remplacé par le tororo aoi depuis la fin de la période Meiji (1868-1912) jusqu’aux années 1990.

Le binan kazura est utilisé de préférence en été car le mucilage ne perd pas ses propriétés par forte chaleur; il est beaucoup moins utilisé que les autres plantes à Neri.

Paper names

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = papier.

Au Japon les papiers de kozo sont les plus nombreux.

Used part of the plant:

Feuille

Fruit

Tige

Use for paper making:

Agent dispersant

Agent de teinture

Language:

Chinese

Local scripture:

金梅草

Botanical classification

Deinanthe Bifida Maxim.

Order:

Cornales

Family:

Hydrangeaceae

Synonyms:

Deinanthe caerulea Stapf

Plant growing area

China (West Hubei).

Grows in moist forests in valleys at altitude 700-1600 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

Deinanthe bifida is an herb 30-50 cm tall.

Japan:

The mucilage derived from Ginbaiso is used during the hot season since it looses its properties less rapidly than Tororo Aioi.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Use for paper making:

Formation aid

Language:

English

Botanical classification

Ulmus davidiana var. japonica (Rehder) Nakai

Order:

Rosales

Family:

Ulmaceae

Synonyms:

Ulmus campestris L. var. japonica Rehder

Ulmus davidiana fo. suberosa Nakai

Ulmus davidiana var. levigata (C. K. Schneid.) Nakai

Ulmus japonica (Rehder) Sarg.

Ulmus japonica var. levigata C. K. Schneid.

Ulmus propinqua Koidz.

Ulmus wilsoniana C. K. Schneid.

Ulmus wilsoniana var. psilophylla C.K. Schneid.

Plant growing area

Endemic to much of continental north-east Asia.

Grows on slopes in wetlands, near streams, in valleys, below 2300 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Ulmus davidiana is a deciduous tree, 20 to 35 meters high. It blooms and bears fruits from February to May; the yellow-green flowers appear before the leaves.

It adapts to a wide variety of soil and pH types, but this affects its growth. It prefers a sunny exposure.
It is mostly used as ornamental tree, for timber, for heating and in violin making.

The bark has anti-inflammatory medicinal properties.

Leaves and fruits are edible. The inner bark, dried and reduced to powder, is used as a thickener in soups in Asia.

The bark is also used to produce threads which will give a coarse woven fabric.

Korea:

The bark is used in traditional medicine. It has been used to produce formation aid in Korea until mid 19th century.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Formation aid

Language:

Korean

Local scripture:

느릅나무

Botanical classification

Ulmus davidiana var. japonica (Rehder) Nakai

Order:

Rosales

Family:

Ulmaceae

Synonyms:

Ulmus campestris L. var. japonica Rehder

Ulmus davidiana fo. suberosa Nakai

Ulmus davidiana var. levigata (C. K. Schneid.) Nakai

Ulmus japonica (Rehder) Sarg.

Ulmus japonica var. levigata C. K. Schneid.

Ulmus propinqua Koidz.

Ulmus wilsoniana C. K. Schneid.

Ulmus wilsoniana var. psilophylla C.K. Schneid.

Plant growing area

Endemic to much of continental north-east Asia.

Grows on slopes in wetlands, near streams, in valleys, below 2300 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Ulmus davidiana is a deciduous tree, 20 to 35 meters high. It blooms and bears fruits from February to May; the yellow-green flowers appear before the leaves.

It adapts to a wide variety of soil and pH types, but this affects its growth. It prefers a sunny exposure.
It is mostly used as ornamental tree, for timber, for heating and in violin making.

The bark has anti-inflammatory medicinal properties.

Leaves and fruits are edible. The inner bark, dried and reduced to powder, is used as a thickener in soups in Asia.

The bark is also used to produce threads which will give a coarse woven fabric.

Korea:

The bark is used in traditional medicine. It has been used to produce formation aid in Korea until mid 19th century.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Formation aid

Primary tabs

Rubia tinctorum L.

Hibiscus manihot L. var. manihot

Hibiscus manihot L. var. manihot

Kadsura japonica (L.) Dunal

Deinanthe Bifida Maxim.

Ulmus davidiana var. japonica (Rehder) Nakai

Ulmus davidiana var. japonica (Rehder) Nakai

Kadsura japonica (L.) Dunal

Deinanthe Bifida Maxim.

Ulmus davidiana var. japonica (Rehder) Nakai

Ulmus davidiana var. japonica (Rehder) Nakai

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Primary tabs

Rubia tinctorum L.

Hibiscus manihot L. var. manihot

Hibiscus manihot L. var. manihot

Kadsura japonica (L.) Dunal

Deinanthe Bifida Maxim.

Ulmus davidiana var. japonica (Rehder) Nakai

Ulmus davidiana var. japonica (Rehder) Nakai

Kadsura japonica (L.) Dunal

Deinanthe Bifida Maxim.

Ulmus davidiana var. japonica (Rehder) Nakai

Ulmus davidiana var. japonica (Rehder) Nakai

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