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Identification

Fibre type
Average fibre lenght	2mm (1-3mm)
Average fibre width	18µm (10-25µm)
Fibre ends	Blunt or pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Blunt or pointed
Associated cells	Thin walled pitted fibres. Rectangular, oval, rod-like parenchyma cells. Epidermal cells.
Special features	Large vessel elements, unpointed prickles in epidermis. Very faint wall.
Herzberg staining	Blue
Graff 'C' staining	Blue

Botanical classification

Phragmites communis Trin.

Order:

Poales

Family:

Poaceae

Synonyms:

Arundo phragmites L.

Plant growing area

Common reed is found throughout temperate and tropical regions of the world in wetlands throughout temperate and tropical regions of the world.

Burma, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

Phragmites communis is a large perennial grass. This common reed grows in clumps in swamps and by riverbanks on waterlogged and low oxygen soils. It has a long slender stalk topped with a silver feather duster and reaches to a height of 2-3 metres. It has a perennial rhizome, allowing it to colonize the riverbanks, sometimes very invasive.

It is used for thatching, making baskets and mats. It is commonly used in the making of blinds in Japan.

Currently it is also used in making a rough paper.

Japan:

Plant is used as a yellow dye for fabrics in Japan; the colorant, the tricine is a flavone.

Korea:

Used in combination with the bark of paper mulberry during the Joseon period (1392-1910) as substitute material for paper mulberry.

Paper names

In Asia and particularly in China, Korea and Japan, the papers are intended for a wide range of use: Papers for calligraphy and art, Papers for ceremonies, Paper as a medium of exchange, money paper, Papers for making clothes, wall hangings and bedding, Papers for architecture, interior design, Papers for crafts of various kinds, for domestic purposes and leisure. The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Use for paper making:

Dye

Fiber

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

コガマ　

Typha orientalis C. Presl © IFAS University of Florida

Identification

Fibre type	Grass (Stem)
Average fibre lenght	1,7 mm
Average fibre width	22 µm
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Prominent wall.
Associated cells
Special features	Very large vessel elements, unwound spiral vessels.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple
Graff 'C' staining	Dark purple

Botanical classification

Typha orientalis C. Presl

Order:

Poales

Family:

Typhaceae

Synonyms:

Typha latifolia var. orientalis (C. Presl) Rohrb.

Typha orientalis var. brunnea Skvortsov

Typha shuttleworthii Lehm.

Typha shuttleworthii subsp. orientalis (C. Presl) Graebn.

Typha shuttleworthii var. orientalis (C. Presl) Rohrb.

Plant growing area

The genus is found mainly in the Northern hemisphere and can be found in a large variety of wetland habitats.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

China:

Hunan.

Plant cultivation and use

Typha orientalis is a perennial monocotyledonous plant of wetlands where it grows in dense colonies. The roots are rhizomes and stem is topped by a dense inflorescence in shape of distaff. It is found in temperate, tropical, subtropical climates. It reaches 1.50m to 3m height. It prefers the rich soils of the pond margins, full sun or part shade.

The leaves, flowers and roots have medicinal properties. The roots and young shoots are edible.
The stems and leaves are used for thatching and can be woven into mats, hats, etc.
The root fibers are used to make string while the stem fibers are used in the manufacture of a greenish or brown paper.

Preparation process for making paper

Korea:

The plants are harvested in summer, autumn or winter and are soaked in water for a day. They are then cooked for 2 hours with sodium hydroxide. The fibers are then beaten in a grinder for 1 hour to 2 hours.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Leaf

Stem

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

French

Identification

Fibre type	Grass (Stem)
Average fibre lenght	1,7 mm
Average fibre width	22 µm
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Prominent wall.
Associated cells
Special features	Very large vessel elements, unwound spiral vessels.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple
Graff 'C' staining	Dark purple

Botanical classification

Typha orientalis C. Presl

Order:

Poales

Family:

Typhaceae

Synonyms:

Typha latifolia var. orientalis (C. Presl) Rohrb.

Typha orientalis var. brunnea Skvortsov

Typha shuttleworthii Lehm.

Typha shuttleworthii subsp. orientalis (C. Presl) Graebn.

Typha shuttleworthii var. orientalis (C. Presl) Rohrb.

Plant growing area

The genus is found mainly in the Northern hemisphere and can be found in a large variety of wetland habitats.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

China:

Hunan.

Plant cultivation and use

Preparation process for making paper

Korea:

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Leaf

Stem

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

French

Identification

Fibre type	Grass (Stem)
Average fibre lenght	1,7 mm
Average fibre width	22 µm
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Prominent wall.
Associated cells
Special features	Very large vessel elements, unwound spiral vessels.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple
Graff 'C' staining	Dark purple

Botanical classification

Typha orientalis C. Presl

Order:

Poales

Family:

Typhaceae

Synonyms:

Typha latifolia var. orientalis (C. Presl) Rohrb.

Typha orientalis var. brunnea Skvortsov

Typha shuttleworthii Lehm.

Typha shuttleworthii subsp. orientalis (C. Presl) Graebn.

Typha shuttleworthii var. orientalis (C. Presl) Rohrb.

Plant growing area

The genus is found mainly in the Northern hemisphere and can be found in a large variety of wetland habitats.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

China:

Hunan.

Plant cultivation and use

Preparation process for making paper

Korea:

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Leaf

Stem

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

English

Identification

Fibre type	Grass (Stem)
Average fibre lenght	1,7 mm
Average fibre width	22 µm
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Prominent wall.
Associated cells
Special features	Very large vessel elements, unwound spiral vessels.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple
Graff 'C' staining	Dark purple

Botanical classification

Typha orientalis C. Presl

Order:

Poales

Family:

Typhaceae

Synonyms:

Typha latifolia var. orientalis (C. Presl) Rohrb.

Typha orientalis var. brunnea Skvortsov

Typha shuttleworthii Lehm.

Typha shuttleworthii subsp. orientalis (C. Presl) Graebn.

Typha shuttleworthii var. orientalis (C. Presl) Rohrb.

Plant growing area

The genus is found mainly in the Northern hemisphere and can be found in a large variety of wetland habitats.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

China:

Hunan.

Plant cultivation and use

Preparation process for making paper

Korea:

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Leaf

Stem

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

English

Identification

Fibre type	Grass (Stem)
Average fibre lenght	1,7 mm
Average fibre width	22 µm
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Prominent wall.
Associated cells
Special features	Very large vessel elements, unwound spiral vessels.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple
Graff 'C' staining	Dark purple

Botanical classification

Typha orientalis C. Presl

Order:

Poales

Family:

Typhaceae

Synonyms:

Typha latifolia var. orientalis (C. Presl) Rohrb.

Typha orientalis var. brunnea Skvortsov

Typha shuttleworthii Lehm.

Typha shuttleworthii subsp. orientalis (C. Presl) Graebn.

Typha shuttleworthii var. orientalis (C. Presl) Rohrb.

Plant growing area

The genus is found mainly in the Northern hemisphere and can be found in a large variety of wetland habitats.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

China:

Hunan.

Plant cultivation and use

Preparation process for making paper

Korea:

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Leaf

Stem

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Chinese

Local scripture:

东方香蒲

Identification

Fibre type	Grass (Stem)
Average fibre lenght	1,7 mm
Average fibre width	22 µm
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Prominent wall.
Associated cells
Special features	Very large vessel elements, unwound spiral vessels.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple
Graff 'C' staining	Dark purple

Botanical classification

Typha orientalis C. Presl

Order:

Poales

Family:

Typhaceae

Synonyms:

Typha latifolia var. orientalis (C. Presl) Rohrb.

Typha orientalis var. brunnea Skvortsov

Typha shuttleworthii Lehm.

Typha shuttleworthii subsp. orientalis (C. Presl) Graebn.

Typha shuttleworthii var. orientalis (C. Presl) Rohrb.

Plant growing area

The genus is found mainly in the Northern hemisphere and can be found in a large variety of wetland habitats.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

China:

Hunan.

Plant cultivation and use

Preparation process for making paper

Korea:

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Leaf

Stem

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

やまもも

ヤマモモ

楊梅

Myrica rubra (Lour.) Siebold & Zucc. © Flora of China

Myrica rubra (Lour.) Siebold & Zucc. © Kenpei

Botanical classification

Myrica rubra (Lour.) Siebold & Zucc.

Order:

Fagales

Family:

Myricaceae

Synonyms:

Daphne argyi H. Lév.

Morella rubra Lour.

Myrica rubra var. acuminata Nakai

Plant growing area

China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Japan (Southern Honshu), Korea, Philippines, Taiwan.

Grows in forests in mountain slopes, in valleys from 100 to 1500 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Korea, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

Myrica rubra is an evergreen tree growing to 15 m. The plant prefers a moist soil, grows in sun or light shade. It is in bloom in March April. The fruits are red; they are as their seeds, edible.

Stem bark, fruits and seeds are used in traditonal medecine.

Leaves and twigs give a brown dye. The dye is a flavonoid, the myricétol which occurs mainly in the leaves.

Japan:

The dye is used in dyeing fabrics (kimonos) and also in the printing of engravings. It has been used since the Nara period (710-794); it was popular in combination with indigo to give black during the Edo period (1603-1868).

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Used in the form of leave and twig compost.

Japan:

The bark is cooked for approximately 24 hours in water and then the liquid is filtered. Colour turns to a yellow-brown colour when used with an alum or ash lye mordant; when used with an iron mordant it gives a green to brown colour.

Dyeing is done in two ways: dyeing the paper pulp (sukizome) or the sheet (hitashizome-dipping or brushing-hikizome). Usually the pulp is dyed in the vat before making the sheet.

Korea:

The papers are dyed in three ways: dyeing of the pulp (Seonyeombeop), dyeing of the sheet by dipping, brushing and spraying (Huyeombeop ), combination of the both methods (Honyeombeop). Then the paper can be hammered.

Paper names

Used part of the plant:

Leaf

Twigs

Bark

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

Korean

Local scripture:

소귀나무

Botanical classification

Myrica rubra (Lour.) Siebold & Zucc.

Order:

Fagales

Family:

Myricaceae

Synonyms:

Daphne argyi H. Lév.

Morella rubra Lour.

Myrica rubra var. acuminata Nakai

Plant growing area

China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Japan (Southern Honshu), Korea, Philippines, Taiwan.

Grows in forests in mountain slopes, in valleys from 100 to 1500 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Korea, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

Myrica rubra is an evergreen tree growing to 15 m. The plant prefers a moist soil, grows in sun or light shade. It is in bloom in March April. The fruits are red; they are as their seeds, edible.

Stem bark, fruits and seeds are used in traditonal medecine.

Leaves and twigs give a brown dye. The dye is a flavonoid, the myricétol which occurs mainly in the leaves.

Japan:

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Used in the form of leave and twig compost.

Japan:

Dyeing is done in two ways: dyeing the paper pulp (sukizome) or the sheet (hitashizome-dipping or brushing-hikizome). Usually the pulp is dyed in the vat before making the sheet.

Korea:

Paper names

Used part of the plant:

Leaf

Twigs

Bark

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

Chinese

Local scripture:

杨梅

Botanical classification

Myrica rubra (Lour.) Siebold & Zucc.

Order:

Fagales

Family:

Myricaceae

Synonyms:

Daphne argyi H. Lév.

Morella rubra Lour.

Myrica rubra var. acuminata Nakai

Plant growing area

China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Japan (Southern Honshu), Korea, Philippines, Taiwan.

Grows in forests in mountain slopes, in valleys from 100 to 1500 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Korea, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

Myrica rubra is an evergreen tree growing to 15 m. The plant prefers a moist soil, grows in sun or light shade. It is in bloom in March April. The fruits are red; they are as their seeds, edible.

Stem bark, fruits and seeds are used in traditonal medecine.

Leaves and twigs give a brown dye. The dye is a flavonoid, the myricétol which occurs mainly in the leaves.

Japan:

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Used in the form of leave and twig compost.

Japan:

Dyeing is done in two ways: dyeing the paper pulp (sukizome) or the sheet (hitashizome-dipping or brushing-hikizome). Usually the pulp is dyed in the vat before making the sheet.

Korea:

Paper names

Used part of the plant:

Leaf

Twigs

Bark

Use for paper making:

Dye

Primary tabs

Phragmites communis Trin.

Typha orientalis C. Presl

Typha orientalis C. Presl

Typha orientalis C. Presl

Typha orientalis C. Presl

Typha orientalis C. Presl

Typha orientalis C. Presl

Myrica rubra (Lour.) Siebold & Zucc.

Myrica rubra (Lour.) Siebold & Zucc.

Myrica rubra (Lour.) Siebold & Zucc.

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Search form

Search

Primary tabs

Phragmites communis Trin.

Typha orientalis C. Presl

Typha orientalis C. Presl

Typha orientalis C. Presl

Typha orientalis C. Presl

Typha orientalis C. Presl

Typha orientalis C. Presl

Myrica rubra (Lour.) Siebold & Zucc.

Myrica rubra (Lour.) Siebold & Zucc.

Myrica rubra (Lour.) Siebold & Zucc.

Pages