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Synonyms:

Chamaejasme stelleriana Kuntze

Passerina chamaejasme Fisch. ex Meisn.

Passerina stelleri Wikstr.

Stellera bodinieri H. Lév.

Stellera chamaejasme f. angustifolia Diels

Stellera chamaejasme f. chrysantha S. C. Huang

Stellera rosea Nakai

Wikstroemia chamaejasme (L.) Domke

Plant growing area

Stellera Chamaejasme is found from North Asia to India.

Bhutan, China (Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol/Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang/Sinkiang, Xizang/Tibet, Yunnan) Mongolia, Nepal, Russia.

It grows on sunny and dry slopes, in sandy places from 2600 to 4200 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Nepal.

China:

Xizang (Tibet), Yunnan.

Plant cultivation and use

Stelleras are sub-shrubs of the Thymelaceae family. Thymelaceae are the base plants for making paper at the foot of Himalayas. Some species grow in the plains, others in the mountains, in rockery; they appreciate calcareous soils.

Genus Stellera includes less than ten species that grow in places quite dry or arid as found in Central Asia, Iran and the highlands of Tibet. The plants are recognizable by their colorful flowers and toxic fruits.

Genus Stellera is very close to genus Daphnae. Therefore there is a great confusion among the various Stellera, Wikstroemias, Edgeworthias and especially Daphnes because their morphologies are very similar.

Stellera chamaejasme, also often called Wikstroemia chamaejasme, is a perennial from 20 to 50cm in height. It grows in arid areas where few plants thrive. It is in flower in June, and the seeds ripen from August to October. The roots are rhizomes; they are thick. They are poisonous but have medicinal and insecticide properties.

The fibers of the roots are used to make rope and paper. Indeed they contain a large amount of hemicelluloses which makes them valuable in the manufacture of paper.

In Tibet, the paper made from the roots of Stellera chamaejasme is regarded as high quality paper and is reserved for special purposes such as paper money.

China:

There are 14 species of wikstroemia in Yunnan. Bai, Naxi and Tibetans. Bai, Naxi and Tibetans in the counties of Lijiang and Zhongdian manufacture paper for religious use with the root of Stellera chamaejasme. The yellow paper (unbleached), symbol of money paper is burned during celebrations such as the festival of the spring day (first day of Chinese lunar year), or the festival of the ghost day (fifteenth day of the seventh Chinese lunar month), or the festival of the dragon boat (fifth day of the fifth Chinese lunar month).

In China, root is also used as pesticide placed on book shelves.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Brown-skin of the roots must be scraped by hand before cooking. Then they are cooked in alkaline lye for half an hour. Beating is performed in a stone mortar with a heavy wooden mallet, for half an hour, two people working together. Then the pulp is dispersed in a bucket of water.
The mould consists of a wooden frame with a stretched fabric. It floats on the surface of the tank filled with water. The pulp is poured into the mould and is distributed evenly by hands. The mould is lifted horizontally to avoid casting the pulp to flow. Then it is left to air dry overnight. The sheet is then detached from the mould.

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Korean

Local scripture:

피뿌리꽃

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre lenght	0,5 – 4 mm
Average fibre width	4 – 20 µ
Fibre ends	Rounded or sometimes pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Fibers have ribbon-like shape. “Transparent” like flabby cotton fibers. Cell wall very thin, irregular, very flexible and more irregular compared to Daphne and Edgeworthia. Lumen is often delineated by wavy fiber walls, which creates very irregular space inside the fiber cell.
Herzberg staining	Olive-grey to blue.
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Stellera Chamaejasme L.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Synonyms:

Chamaejasme stelleriana Kuntze

Passerina chamaejasme Fisch. ex Meisn.

Passerina stelleri Wikstr.

Stellera bodinieri H. Lév.

Stellera chamaejasme f. angustifolia Diels

Stellera chamaejasme f. chrysantha S. C. Huang

Stellera rosea Nakai

Wikstroemia chamaejasme (L.) Domke

Plant growing area

Stellera Chamaejasme is found from North Asia to India.

It grows on sunny and dry slopes, in sandy places from 2600 to 4200 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Nepal.

China:

Xizang (Tibet), Yunnan.

Plant cultivation and use

The fibers of the roots are used to make rope and paper. Indeed they contain a large amount of hemicelluloses which makes them valuable in the manufacture of paper.

In Tibet, the paper made from the roots of Stellera chamaejasme is regarded as high quality paper and is reserved for special purposes such as paper money.

China:

In China, root is also used as pesticide placed on book shelves.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

イモガンピ　

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre lenght	0,5 – 4 mm
Average fibre width	4 – 20 µ
Fibre ends	Rounded or sometimes pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Fibers have ribbon-like shape. “Transparent” like flabby cotton fibers. Cell wall very thin, irregular, very flexible and more irregular compared to Daphne and Edgeworthia. Lumen is often delineated by wavy fiber walls, which creates very irregular space inside the fiber cell.
Herzberg staining	Olive-grey to blue.
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Stellera Chamaejasme L.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Synonyms:

Chamaejasme stelleriana Kuntze

Passerina chamaejasme Fisch. ex Meisn.

Passerina stelleri Wikstr.

Stellera bodinieri H. Lév.

Stellera chamaejasme f. angustifolia Diels

Stellera chamaejasme f. chrysantha S. C. Huang

Stellera rosea Nakai

Wikstroemia chamaejasme (L.) Domke

Plant growing area

Stellera Chamaejasme is found from North Asia to India.

It grows on sunny and dry slopes, in sandy places from 2600 to 4200 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Nepal.

China:

Xizang (Tibet), Yunnan.

Plant cultivation and use

The fibers of the roots are used to make rope and paper. Indeed they contain a large amount of hemicelluloses which makes them valuable in the manufacture of paper.

In Tibet, the paper made from the roots of Stellera chamaejasme is regarded as high quality paper and is reserved for special purposes such as paper money.

China:

In China, root is also used as pesticide placed on book shelves.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Identification

Fibre type	Grass / Straw
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells	Parenchyma cells.
Special features	Narrow fibres with thixk walls.
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Hordeum vulgare L.

Order:

Poales

Family:

Plant growing area

Barley is cultivated worldwide in all non-tropical countries and in mountainous areas of tropics.

China (Anhui, Fujian, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Nei Mongol/Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

It is an annual plant growing to 1 m. It is the oldest cultivated cereal. It is a hardy plant which can tolerate strong winds but not maritime exposure. It succeeds further north than most other cereal crops in particular at higher altitudes (staple crop in Tibet: the flour is used to make tsampa).

The plant can adapt to different kind of soils but requires well-drained soil and needs light.

Seeds are edible so the plant is commonly cultivated as a food and fodder plant; the flour is used to make porridge or pancakes. Currently the main market is brewing.

The plant has medicinal uses: shoots are diuretic and seed sprouts are demulcent and expectorant.

The straws, after harvesting the seeds, have many uses: fibers for papermaking, biomass for fuel, mulch for the animals etc.

Japan:

It is an industrial paper fiber in Japan.

Korea:

From the Joseon period (1392-1910), raw materials traditionally used for paper production, mainly bark of Broussonetias begin to fail. Papermakers face to a growing demand for paper stimulated by the development of publications initiated during the Goryeo period (907-1392). Other plants will be used to provide a fiber supplement such as wisteria, rice, oat and barley straws, bamboo, jute, cotton and hemp but also willow leaves, reeds, the bark and needles of pine.
Indeed, the various straws seem to be used as complementary fiber source to fibers of paper mulberry from the 15th century.

Paper names

In Asia and particularly in China, Korea and Japan, the papers are intended for a wide range of use: Papers for calligraphy and art, Papers for ceremonies, Paper as a medium of exchange, money paper, Papers for making clothes, wall hangings and bedding, Papers for architecture, interior design, Papers for crafts of various kinds, for domestic purposes and leisure. The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Straw

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Identification

Fibre type	Grass / Straw
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells	Parenchyma cells.
Special features	Narrow fibres with thixk walls.
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Hordeum vulgare L.

Order:

Poales

Family:

Plant growing area

Barley is cultivated worldwide in all non-tropical countries and in mountainous areas of tropics.

China (Anhui, Fujian, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Nei Mongol/Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

The plant can adapt to different kind of soils but requires well-drained soil and needs light.

Seeds are edible so the plant is commonly cultivated as a food and fodder plant; the flour is used to make porridge or pancakes. Currently the main market is brewing.

The plant has medicinal uses: shoots are diuretic and seed sprouts are demulcent and expectorant.

The straws, after harvesting the seeds, have many uses: fibers for papermaking, biomass for fuel, mulch for the animals etc.

Japan:

It is an industrial paper fiber in Japan.

Korea:

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Straw

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre lenght	0,5 – 4 mm
Average fibre width	4 – 20 µ
Fibre ends	Rounded or sometimes pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Fibers have ribbon-like shape. “Transparent” like flabby cotton fibers. Cell wall very thin, irregular, very flexible and more irregular compared to Daphne and Edgeworthia. Lumen is often delineated by wavy fiber walls, which creates very irregular space inside the fiber cell.
Herzberg staining	Olive-grey to blue.
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Stellera Chamaejasme L.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Synonyms:

Chamaejasme stelleriana Kuntze

Passerina chamaejasme Fisch. ex Meisn.

Passerina stelleri Wikstr.

Stellera bodinieri H. Lév.

Stellera chamaejasme f. angustifolia Diels

Stellera chamaejasme f. chrysantha S. C. Huang

Stellera rosea Nakai

Wikstroemia chamaejasme (L.) Domke

Plant growing area

Stellera Chamaejasme is found from North Asia to India.

It grows on sunny and dry slopes, in sandy places from 2600 to 4200 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Nepal.

China:

Xizang (Tibet), Yunnan.

Plant cultivation and use

The fibers of the roots are used to make rope and paper. Indeed they contain a large amount of hemicelluloses which makes them valuable in the manufacture of paper.

In Tibet, the paper made from the roots of Stellera chamaejasme is regarded as high quality paper and is reserved for special purposes such as paper money.

China:

In China, root is also used as pesticide placed on book shelves.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

オオムギ

おおむぎ

Identification

Fibre type	Grass / Straw
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells	Parenchyma cells.
Special features	Narrow fibres with thixk walls.
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Hordeum vulgare L.

Order:

Poales

Family:

Plant growing area

Barley is cultivated worldwide in all non-tropical countries and in mountainous areas of tropics.

China (Anhui, Fujian, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Nei Mongol/Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

The plant can adapt to different kind of soils but requires well-drained soil and needs light.

Seeds are edible so the plant is commonly cultivated as a food and fodder plant; the flour is used to make porridge or pancakes. Currently the main market is brewing.

The plant has medicinal uses: shoots are diuretic and seed sprouts are demulcent and expectorant.

The straws, after harvesting the seeds, have many uses: fibers for papermaking, biomass for fuel, mulch for the animals etc.

Japan:

It is an industrial paper fiber in Japan.

Korea:

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Straw

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Identification

Fibre type	Grass / Straw
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells	Parenchyma cells.
Special features	Narrow fibres with thixk walls.
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Hordeum vulgare L.

Order:

Poales

Family:

Plant growing area

Barley is cultivated worldwide in all non-tropical countries and in mountainous areas of tropics.

China (Anhui, Fujian, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Nei Mongol/Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

The plant can adapt to different kind of soils but requires well-drained soil and needs light.

Seeds are edible so the plant is commonly cultivated as a food and fodder plant; the flour is used to make porridge or pancakes. Currently the main market is brewing.

The plant has medicinal uses: shoots are diuretic and seed sprouts are demulcent and expectorant.

The straws, after harvesting the seeds, have many uses: fibers for papermaking, biomass for fuel, mulch for the animals etc.

Japan:

It is an industrial paper fiber in Japan.

Korea:

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Straw

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

French

Identification

Fibre type	Grass / Straw
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells	Parenchyma cells.
Special features	Narrow fibres with thixk walls.
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Hordeum vulgare L.

Order:

Poales

Family:

Plant growing area

Barley is cultivated worldwide in all non-tropical countries and in mountainous areas of tropics.

China (Anhui, Fujian, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Nei Mongol/Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

The plant can adapt to different kind of soils but requires well-drained soil and needs light.

Seeds are edible so the plant is commonly cultivated as a food and fodder plant; the flour is used to make porridge or pancakes. Currently the main market is brewing.

The plant has medicinal uses: shoots are diuretic and seed sprouts are demulcent and expectorant.

The straws, after harvesting the seeds, have many uses: fibers for papermaking, biomass for fuel, mulch for the animals etc.

Japan:

It is an industrial paper fiber in Japan.

Korea:

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Straw

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Korean

Local scripture:

보리

Identification

Fibre type	Grass / Straw
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells	Parenchyma cells.
Special features	Narrow fibres with thixk walls.
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Hordeum vulgare L.

Order:

Poales

Family: