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Wikstroemia chamaedaphne © Plantillustrations

Wikstroemia chamaedaphne © CFH Nature Museum

Identification

Fibre type
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Wikstroemia chamaedaphne (Bunge) Meisn.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Thymelaeaceae

Synonyms:

Daphne canescens Wall.

Daphne chamaedaphne (Bunge) Halda

Daphne sericea Wall. ex D.Don

Diplomorpha canescens (Wall. ex Meisn.) C.A. Mey.

Diplomorpha chamaedaphne (Bunge) C.A. Mey.

Diplomorpha virgata (Wall.) C.A. Mey.

Wiskstroemia canescens Wall. ex Meisn.

Wikstroemia salicifolia Decne.

Wikstroemia virgata Wall. ex Meisn.

Plant growing area

China (Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan).

Grows in open mixed forests, on bushy slopes, among boulders and on roadsides at an altitude from 500 to 1900m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China.

Plant cultivation and use

Wikstroemia chamaedaphne is a shrub of the Thymelaceae family, family, which includes nearly 500 species in 44 genera. There is a great confusion among the various Wikstroemias, Stelleras, Edgeworthias and especially Daphnes, because their morphologies are very similar.

Thymelaceaes are base plants for paper making in the Himalaya areas. The plants are valued for the large amount of hemicelluloses contained in the bark. They are also very much used in Chinese medicine.

Wikstroemia Chamaedaphne is an evergreen shrub that reaches 1m to 1.50m high.

China:

There are 14 wikstroemia species in Yunnan among which 6 are located in the northwest (delavayi, leptophylla, canescens, lichiangensis, scytophylla, lamatsoensis).

Paper names

In Asia and particularly in China, Korea and Japan, the papers are intended for a wide range of use: Papers for calligraphy and art, Papers for ceremonies, Paper as a medium of exchange, money paper, Papers for making clothes, wall hangings and bedding, Papers for architecture, interior design, Papers for crafts of various kinds, for domestic purposes and leisure. The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

French

Identification

Fibre type
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Wikstroemia chamaedaphne (Bunge) Meisn.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Thymelaeaceae

Synonyms:

Daphne canescens Wall.

Daphne chamaedaphne (Bunge) Halda

Daphne sericea Wall. ex D.Don

Diplomorpha canescens (Wall. ex Meisn.) C.A. Mey.

Diplomorpha chamaedaphne (Bunge) C.A. Mey.

Diplomorpha virgata (Wall.) C.A. Mey.

Wiskstroemia canescens Wall. ex Meisn.

Wikstroemia salicifolia Decne.

Wikstroemia virgata Wall. ex Meisn.

Plant growing area

China (Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan).

Grows in open mixed forests, on bushy slopes, among boulders and on roadsides at an altitude from 500 to 1900m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China.

Plant cultivation and use

Wikstroemia Chamaedaphne is an evergreen shrub that reaches 1m to 1.50m high.

China:

There are 14 wikstroemia species in Yunnan among which 6 are located in the northwest (delavayi, leptophylla, canescens, lichiangensis, scytophylla, lamatsoensis).

Paper names

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Chinese

Local scripture:

紫椴

Tilia amurensis Rupr. © CFH Nature Museum

Identification

Fibre type	.....
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Tilia amurensis Rupr.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Tiliaceae

Synonyms:

Tilia amurensis var. tricuspidata Liou & Li

Tilia komarovii I.V. Vassil.

Plant growing area

China (Heilongjiang-Manchuria, Jilin, Liaoning), North Korea, Russia (Siberia, Sakhalin), Japan (Hokkaido).

Grows in forests, mixed with spruces at an altitude 1300-1400 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Tilia amurensis is a deciduous tree, with exfoliating bark, growing to 30 m high. The tree adapts to various types of soils but prefers moist, well drained soils and a continental climate. It can grow in semi-shade. Like other linden trees, it can live for several centuries.
The flowers contain essential oils, tannins, gums and vitamin C that make them a popular herbal medicine, as herb tea. Wood as an infusion, as well, has diuretic, antispasmodic, sedative and choleretic properties. The young leaves are edible.
Its soft wood is used in making all kinds of items.
Its inner bark is used to make ropes of high quality. In Korea, it is used for making sandals.

In Japan, Ainus used it to weave their traditional clothing called attus.

Preparation process for making paper

The bark is peeled from the wood and then soaked for one month. The inner bark can then be separated from the outer bark.

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

アムールシナノキ

Identification

Fibre type	.....
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Tilia amurensis Rupr.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Tiliaceae

Synonyms:

Tilia amurensis var. tricuspidata Liou & Li

Tilia komarovii I.V. Vassil.

Plant growing area

China (Heilongjiang-Manchuria, Jilin, Liaoning), North Korea, Russia (Siberia, Sakhalin), Japan (Hokkaido).

Grows in forests, mixed with spruces at an altitude 1300-1400 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

In Japan, Ainus used it to weave their traditional clothing called attus.

Preparation process for making paper

The bark is peeled from the wood and then soaked for one month. The inner bark can then be separated from the outer bark.

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Korean

Local scripture:

달피나무

Identification

Fibre type	.....
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Tilia amurensis Rupr.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Tiliaceae

Synonyms:

Tilia amurensis var. tricuspidata Liou & Li

Tilia komarovii I.V. Vassil.

Plant growing area

China (Heilongjiang-Manchuria, Jilin, Liaoning), North Korea, Russia (Siberia, Sakhalin), Japan (Hokkaido).

Grows in forests, mixed with spruces at an altitude 1300-1400 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

In Japan, Ainus used it to weave their traditional clothing called attus.

Preparation process for making paper

The bark is peeled from the wood and then soaked for one month. The inner bark can then be separated from the outer bark.

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

English

Identification

Fibre type	.....
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Tilia amurensis Rupr.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Tiliaceae

Synonyms:

Tilia amurensis var. tricuspidata Liou & Li

Tilia komarovii I.V. Vassil.

Plant growing area

China (Heilongjiang-Manchuria, Jilin, Liaoning), North Korea, Russia (Siberia, Sakhalin), Japan (Hokkaido).

Grows in forests, mixed with spruces at an altitude 1300-1400 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

In Japan, Ainus used it to weave their traditional clothing called attus.

Preparation process for making paper

The bark is peeled from the wood and then soaked for one month. The inner bark can then be separated from the outer bark.

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Korean

Local scripture:

피나무

Identification

Fibre type	.....
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Tilia amurensis Rupr.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Tiliaceae

Synonyms:

Tilia amurensis var. tricuspidata Liou & Li

Tilia komarovii I.V. Vassil.

Plant growing area

China (Heilongjiang-Manchuria, Jilin, Liaoning), North Korea, Russia (Siberia, Sakhalin), Japan (Hokkaido).

Grows in forests, mixed with spruces at an altitude 1300-1400 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

In Japan, Ainus used it to weave their traditional clothing called attus.

Preparation process for making paper

The bark is peeled from the wood and then soaked for one month. The inner bark can then be separated from the outer bark.

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

English

Identification

Fibre type	.....
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Tilia amurensis Rupr.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Tiliaceae

Synonyms:

Tilia amurensis var. tricuspidata Liou & Li

Tilia komarovii I.V. Vassil.

Plant growing area

China (Heilongjiang-Manchuria, Jilin, Liaoning), North Korea, Russia (Siberia, Sakhalin), Japan (Hokkaido).

Grows in forests, mixed with spruces at an altitude 1300-1400 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

In Japan, Ainus used it to weave their traditional clothing called attus.

Preparation process for making paper

The bark is peeled from the wood and then soaked for one month. The inner bark can then be separated from the outer bark.

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

English

Wikstroemia sikokiana Franc. & Sav. © LB Vilmont

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre lenght	3mm (2-4mm)
Average fibre width	12µm (4-20µm)
Fibre ends	Very variable.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Faint surface markings. V or zigzag cross-markings under polarized light.
Associated cells	Many associated cells of various shapes (rectangular), often broken.
Special features	Quiet short fibers with broad central portions. Flater fibers than mitsumata; may be twisted.
Herzberg staining	Yellow/ Bluish Green.
Graff 'C' staining	Bright blue.

Botanical classification

Wikstroemia sikokiania Franc. & Sav.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Thymelaeaceae

Synonyms:

Daphne sikokiana (Franch. & Sav.) Halda

Diplomorpha sikokiana (Franch. & Sav.) Nakai

Plant growing area

China, Korea, Japan.

Wikstroemia sikokiana grows in temperate climates, among the rocks on the mountain slopes between 1000 to 2800m (until 3500m), in the vicinity of sunny forest areas.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

Japan:

Chubu (Fukui, Nagano, Ishikawa, Shizuoka prefectures ), Chugoku (Shimane, Tottori, Yamaguchi prefectures), Kansai (Hyogo, Kyoto, Nara, Osaka, Shiga, Wakayama prefectures), Kanto (Saitama prefecture), Kyushu (Miyazaki, Saga prefecture), Okinawa, Shikoku (Ehime, Kagawa, Kochi, Tokushima prefectures).

Plant cultivation and use

Wikstroemia sikokiana is a shrub of the Thymelaceae family, family, which includes nearly 500 species in 44 genera. There is a great confusion among the various Wikstroemias, Stelleras, Edgeworthias and especially Daphnes, because their morphologies are very similar.

Wikstroemia sikokiana is a deciduous shrub, growing slowly up to 2m. Blooming takes place between May and June. Its fruits are not edible and it has no known medicinal use.

The plant is often harvested in the wild because if it can be domesticated, it is with difficulty. It takes 5 to 7 years for the plant reaches a sufficient height (2m) to be harvested for its bark.

The sap is toxic and it is probably the reason why the paper is resistant to insects.

China:

There are 14 Wikstroemia species in Yunnan among which 6 are located in the northwest (W. delavayi, W. leptophylla, W. canescens, W. lichiangensis, W. scytophylla, W. lamatsoensis).

Japan:

Gampi fibers would be used since the Nara period (710-794). There is evidence that the papers are highly valued at the court during the Heian period (794-1185) for writing poems, and these papers were dyed or may be decorated.

The Torinoko (cf. this name) of the former province of Echizen (Fukui Prefecture) appears in the middle ages, and it owes its name "bird’s child" because of its eggshell color and its glossy surface. It is used for calligraphy as it is a shinny paper on which ink does not bleed.

From Muromachi period (1336-1573) to Edo period (1603-1867), gampi papers are used as support for paintings because they increase sharpness of gold leaf decorations, very popular in those times.

Gampi was used in large quantities during the Meiji period (1868-1912), for the production of duplicating papers (cf.Tosa gampishi) used with the mimeograph or alcohol duplicator.
Currently, as cultivation is difficult, harvesting of shrubs growing in the wild, still exists. Fiber demand exceeds production so a part of gampi is imported from the Philippines.

One hundred kilograms of harvested gampi gives three to five kilograms of paper.

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Harvesting takes place every three years from mid-March to late April when the sap is rising and makes the fibers bright and makes debarking easier.
The bark is peeled off immediately without steaming and hung to dry.

At this stage the bark is called "black bark". Alkaline cooking is done at this stage and lasts 2 to 3 hours. The alkaline agent is wood ashes lye or lime or caustic soda. Bleaching is sometimes made with chlorine.

After cooking, barks are placed in water for several days to remove cooking residues. It also allows achieving bleaching.

Beating is done manually or with a small hollander beater. Removing impurities is done manually or, more recently, with diaphragm flat screen because the fibers are relatively short. In this case the sorting is done after pulp beating.

Paper names

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Wikstroemia retusa A. Gray © CFH Nature Museum

Identification

Fibre type
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Wikstroemia retusa A. Gray

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Thymelaeaceae

Synonyms:

Daphne grayana Halda

Wikstroemia obavata Hemsl.

Plant growing area

Japan, Philippines,Taiwan.

Grows in forest thickets, deforested slopes, grasslands.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

Wikstroemia canescens is a shrub of the Thymelaceae family, family, which includes nearly 500 species in 44 genera. There is a great confusion among the various Wikstroemias, Stelleras, Edgeworthias and especially Daphnes, because their morphologies are very similar.

Wikstroemia retusa is an evergreen shrub, 1 to 3m high.

China:

There are 14 wikstroemia species in Yunnan among which 6 are located in the northwest (delavayi, leptophylla, canescens, lichiangensis, scytophylla, lamatsoensis).

Japan:

It has been used since the Nara period (710-793).

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Harvesting takes place every three years from mid-March to late April when the sap is rising and makes the fibers bright and debarking easier.

The bark is peeled off immediately without steaming and hung to dry. At this stage the bark is called "black bark".

Alkaline cooking is done at this stage and lasts 2 to 3 hours. The alkaline agent is wood ashes lye or lime or caustic soda. Bleaching is sometimes made with chlorine. After cooking barks are placed in water for several days to remove cooking residues. It also allows achieving bleaching.

Beating is done manually or with a small hollander beater.

Removing hard impurities is done manually or, more recently, with diaphragm flat screen because the fibers are relatively short. In this case the sorting is done after pulp beating.

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Wisteria floribunda (willd.) DC © Flora of China

Wisteria floribunda (willd.) DC © T.H. Choi

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre lenght	1,7 mm (0.9 – 2.6)
Average fibre width	17,5 µm (9.3 – 24.8)
Fibre ends	Blunt.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Les prominent fiber wall; no cross-marking.
Associated cells
Special features
Herzberg staining	Purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Yellow.

Botanical classification

Wisteria floribunda (willd.) DC

Order:

Fabales

Family:

Fabaceae

Synonyms:

Glycine floribunda Willd.

Kraunhia floribunda (Willd.) Taub.

Phaseolodes floribundum (Willd.) Kuntze

Rehsonia floribunda (Willd.) Stritch

Plant growing area

China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Henan, Hebei, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu), Korea,Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Wisteria floribunda is a deciduous woody liana. It prefers moist soils and full sun.

Lianas can reach 30m length. Blooming takes place in early spring. Flowers which forms grapes reaching 50cm length, are pale purple. Fruits are poisonous but edible after cooking. Flowers are also eaten and leaves are used to make tea. Seeds have diuretic properties.

Fibers from the stems are long and are used to make a paper with a buff color.

China:

Wisteria floribunda fibers were used in China long before in Korea.

The use of Wisteria floribunda is popular in the Sui dynasty (581-618), the Five Dynasties (581-960) and Tang dynasty (618-907). It disappears after the Tang period because its growth is slow and the quantities obtained were scarce.

The use of the plant is cited in "Yunju Mishu" or "Rare Books of Yunju", text written during the Song Dynasty (960-1279) which provides guidance on raw materials used in the manufacture of paper and provinces where they are used.

Korea:

From the Joseon period (1392-1910), raw materials traditionally used for paper production, mainly bark of Broussonetias begin to fail. Papermakers face to a growing demand for paper stimulated by the development of publications initiated during the Goryeo period (907-1392). Other plants will be used to provide a fiber supplement such as glycine, rice, oat and barley straws, bamboo, jute, cotton and hemp but also willow leaves, reeds, the bark and needles of pine.
Wisteria floribunda seems to have been used very early, since the Goryeo period.

Wisteria is used alone or mixed with Broussonetia Kazinoki, for the manufacture of paper devoted to white fans as the paper has a very smooth surface.

Preparation process for making paper

Korea:

Stems are harvested in summer. After removing the leaves they are steamed. They are cooked for 3 hours in alkaline lye. They are then crushed in a mill or a mortar.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Primary tabs

Wikstroemia chamaedaphne (Bunge) Meisn.

Wikstroemia chamaedaphne (Bunge) Meisn.

Tilia amurensis Rupr.

Tilia amurensis Rupr.

Tilia amurensis Rupr.

Tilia amurensis Rupr.

Tilia amurensis Rupr.

Tilia amurensis Rupr.

Wikstroemia sikokiania Franc. & Sav.

Wikstroemia retusa A. Gray

Wisteria floribunda (willd.) DC

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Primary tabs

Wikstroemia chamaedaphne (Bunge) Meisn.

Wikstroemia chamaedaphne (Bunge) Meisn.

Tilia amurensis Rupr.

Tilia amurensis Rupr.

Tilia amurensis Rupr.

Tilia amurensis Rupr.

Tilia amurensis Rupr.

Tilia amurensis Rupr.

Wikstroemia sikokiania Franc. & Sav.

Wikstroemia retusa A. Gray

Wisteria floribunda (willd.) DC

Pages