Search

Language:

English

Mercurialis leiocarpa Siebold & Zucc.© Flora of China

Mercurialis leiocarpa Siebold & Zucc.© CFH Nature Museum

Botanical classification

Mercurialis leiocarpa Siebold & Zucc.

Order:

Malpighiales

Family:

Euphorbiaceae

Synonyms:

Mercurialis leiocarpa var. transmorrisonensis (Hayata) H. Keng

Mercurialis leiocarpa var. trichocarpa W. T. Wang

Mercurialis transmorrisonensis Hayata

Plant growing area

Bhutan, China (Anhui, North Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), North East India, Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Ryukyu), Korea, Nepal, North Thailand.

Grows on mountain slopes or in valleys or forests at 300-2800 m altitude.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Perennial rhizomatous herb; 30cm to 1m tall. Grows in clumps. It is dioecious and the small flowers bloom from March to April. It adapts to various exposures from sun to partial shade and to a variety of soils, acidic or calcareous.

A drying oil is obtained from the seed.

The chemical structure of the blue dyestuff is unknown. The proportion of colorant in the plant is low and contains impurities. The color fades easily.

Japan:

The dye was used primarily during the Nara period (710-794). Its use continued until the Edo period (1603-1868). It was famous for dyeing kimonos.

The dye was applied directly to the fabric leaving a blue-green color called suri-ai which means " rubbed blue."

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Leaves were harvested in summer and early autumn. After being left to macerate, they were rubbed directly onto the fabric which became blue.

Crushed roots and leaves could also be used to extract a liquid dye.

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

The papers are dyed in three ways: dyeing of the pulp (Seonyeombeop), dyeing of the sheet by dipping, brushing and spraying (Huyeombeop ), combination of the both methods (Honyeombeop). Then the paper can be hammered.

Paper names

In Asia and particularly in China, Korea and Japan, the papers are intended for a wide range of use: Papers for calligraphy and art, Papers for ceremonies, Paper as a medium of exchange, money paper, Papers for making clothes, wall hangings and bedding, Papers for architecture, interior design, Papers for crafts of various kinds, for domestic purposes and leisure.

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.
In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Leaf

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

French

Pinus densiflora Sieb. & Zucc.© Flora of China

Pinus densiflora Sieb. & Zucc.© C. Laroque

Pinus densiflora Sieb. & Zucc.© K. Yamasaki

Pinus densiflora Sieb. & Zucc. © T.H. Choi

Identification

Fibre type	Inner bark Needles
Average fibre lenght	Inner bark: 1,8 mm Needles: 1 mm
Average fibre width	Inner bark: 18,6 µm Needles: 20,6 µm
Fibre ends	Inner bark : Rounded Needles : Blunt
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Inner bark: very faint fiber wall. Needles: prominent fiber wall. No cross-marking for the both.
Associated cells
Special features	Inner bark: very wide fibers. Needles : uneven fiber wall and round stoma.
Herzberg staining	Purple
Graff 'C' staining	Purple

Botanical classification

Pinus densiflora Sieb. & Zucc.

Order:

Pinales

Family:

Pinaceae

Plant growing area

China (East and South Heilongjiang, North-East Jiangsu, South-East Jilin, Liaoning, East and North Shandong), Korea, Japan (South Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu), East Russia (Southern Primorsky Krai).

From coastal regions to mountains, on lakesides, on rocky hillsides.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Pinus densiflora is a conifer reaching 30 m in height. In winter it becomes yellowish.

It prefers well-drained, slightly acidic soils and full sun. It grows from sea level to 900 m.

In Japan, historically, it has been one of the most important species used in the architecture. It plays an important part in the classic Japanese garden as ornemental tree.

Japan:

It seems that Japanese papermakers have attempted to use pine fibers during the 17th century as a fiber supplement to the barks of paper mulberry.

Korea:

From the Joseon period (1392-1910), raw materials traditionally used for paper production, mainly bark of Broussonetias begin to fail. Papermakers face to a growing demand for paper stimulated by the development of publications initiated during the Goryeo period (907-1392). Other plants will be used to provide a fiber supplement such as glycine, rice, oat and barley straws, bamboo, jute, cotton and hemp but also willow leaves, reeds, the bark and needles of pine.
Indeed, the inner bark and the needles seem to be used as a complementary fiber source to fibers of paper mulberry from the 15th century.

Paper names

In Asia and particularly in Asia and particularly in China, Korea and Japan, the papers are intended for a wide range of use: Papers for calligraphy and art, Papers for ceremonies, Paper as a medium of exchange, money paper, Papers for making clothes, wall hangings and bedding, Papers for architecture, interior design, Papers for crafts of various kinds, for domestic purposes and leisure. The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Leaf

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Chinese

Local scripture:

赤松

Identification

Fibre type	Inner bark Needles
Average fibre lenght	Inner bark: 1,8 mm Needles: 1 mm
Average fibre width	Inner bark: 18,6 µm Needles: 20,6 µm
Fibre ends	Inner bark : Rounded Needles : Blunt
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Inner bark: very faint fiber wall. Needles: prominent fiber wall. No cross-marking for the both.
Associated cells
Special features	Inner bark: very wide fibers. Needles : uneven fiber wall and round stoma.
Herzberg staining	Purple
Graff 'C' staining	Purple

Botanical classification

Pinus densiflora Sieb. & Zucc.

Order:

Pinales

Family:

Pinaceae

Plant growing area

From coastal regions to mountains, on lakesides, on rocky hillsides.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Pinus densiflora is a conifer reaching 30 m in height. In winter it becomes yellowish.

It prefers well-drained, slightly acidic soils and full sun. It grows from sea level to 900 m.

In Japan, historically, it has been one of the most important species used in the architecture. It plays an important part in the classic Japanese garden as ornemental tree.

Japan:

It seems that Japanese papermakers have attempted to use pine fibers during the 17th century as a fiber supplement to the barks of paper mulberry.

Korea:

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Leaf

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

French

Identification

Fibre type	Inner bark Needles
Average fibre lenght	Inner bark: 1,8 mm Needles: 1 mm
Average fibre width	Inner bark: 18,6 µm Needles: 20,6 µm
Fibre ends	Inner bark : Rounded Needles : Blunt
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Inner bark: very faint fiber wall. Needles: prominent fiber wall. No cross-marking for the both.
Associated cells
Special features	Inner bark: very wide fibers. Needles : uneven fiber wall and round stoma.
Herzberg staining	Purple
Graff 'C' staining	Purple

Botanical classification

Pinus densiflora Sieb. & Zucc.

Order:

Pinales

Family:

Pinaceae

Plant growing area

From coastal regions to mountains, on lakesides, on rocky hillsides.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Pinus densiflora is a conifer reaching 30 m in height. In winter it becomes yellowish.

It prefers well-drained, slightly acidic soils and full sun. It grows from sea level to 900 m.

In Japan, historically, it has been one of the most important species used in the architecture. It plays an important part in the classic Japanese garden as ornemental tree.

Japan:

It seems that Japanese papermakers have attempted to use pine fibers during the 17th century as a fiber supplement to the barks of paper mulberry.

Korea:

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Leaf

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

French

Botanical classification

Mercurialis leiocarpa Siebold & Zucc.

Order:

Malpighiales

Family:

Euphorbiaceae

Synonyms:

Mercurialis leiocarpa var. transmorrisonensis (Hayata) H. Keng

Mercurialis leiocarpa var. trichocarpa W. T. Wang

Mercurialis transmorrisonensis Hayata

Plant growing area

Grows on mountain slopes or in valleys or forests at 300-2800 m altitude.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

A drying oil is obtained from the seed.

The chemical structure of the blue dyestuff is unknown. The proportion of colorant in the plant is low and contains impurities. The color fades easily.

Japan:

The dye was used primarily during the Nara period (710-794). Its use continued until the Edo period (1603-1868). It was famous for dyeing kimonos.

The dye was applied directly to the fabric leaving a blue-green color called suri-ai which means " rubbed blue."

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Leaves were harvested in summer and early autumn. After being left to macerate, they were rubbed directly onto the fabric which became blue.

Crushed roots and leaves could also be used to extract a liquid dye.

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.
In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Leaf

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

Chinese

Local scripture:

山靛

Botanical classification

Mercurialis leiocarpa Siebold & Zucc.

Order:

Malpighiales

Family:

Euphorbiaceae

Synonyms:

Mercurialis leiocarpa var. transmorrisonensis (Hayata) H. Keng

Mercurialis leiocarpa var. trichocarpa W. T. Wang

Mercurialis transmorrisonensis Hayata

Plant growing area

Grows on mountain slopes or in valleys or forests at 300-2800 m altitude.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

A drying oil is obtained from the seed.

The chemical structure of the blue dyestuff is unknown. The proportion of colorant in the plant is low and contains impurities. The color fades easily.

Japan:

The dye was used primarily during the Nara period (710-794). Its use continued until the Edo period (1603-1868). It was famous for dyeing kimonos.

The dye was applied directly to the fabric leaving a blue-green color called suri-ai which means " rubbed blue."

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Leaves were harvested in summer and early autumn. After being left to macerate, they were rubbed directly onto the fabric which became blue.

Crushed roots and leaves could also be used to extract a liquid dye.

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.
In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Leaf

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

Korean

Local scripture:

산쪽풀

Botanical classification

Mercurialis leiocarpa Siebold & Zucc.

Order:

Malpighiales

Family:

Euphorbiaceae

Synonyms:

Mercurialis leiocarpa var. transmorrisonensis (Hayata) H. Keng

Mercurialis leiocarpa var. trichocarpa W. T. Wang

Mercurialis transmorrisonensis Hayata

Plant growing area

Grows on mountain slopes or in valleys or forests at 300-2800 m altitude.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

A drying oil is obtained from the seed.

The chemical structure of the blue dyestuff is unknown. The proportion of colorant in the plant is low and contains impurities. The color fades easily.

Japan:

The dye was used primarily during the Nara period (710-794). Its use continued until the Edo period (1603-1868). It was famous for dyeing kimonos.

The dye was applied directly to the fabric leaving a blue-green color called suri-ai which means " rubbed blue."

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Leaves were harvested in summer and early autumn. After being left to macerate, they were rubbed directly onto the fabric which became blue.

Crushed roots and leaves could also be used to extract a liquid dye.

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.
In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Leaf

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

やまあい

Botanical classification

Mercurialis leiocarpa Siebold & Zucc.

Order:

Malpighiales

Family:

Euphorbiaceae

Synonyms:

Mercurialis leiocarpa var. transmorrisonensis (Hayata) H. Keng

Mercurialis leiocarpa var. trichocarpa W. T. Wang

Mercurialis transmorrisonensis Hayata

Plant growing area

Grows on mountain slopes or in valleys or forests at 300-2800 m altitude.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

A drying oil is obtained from the seed.

The chemical structure of the blue dyestuff is unknown. The proportion of colorant in the plant is low and contains impurities. The color fades easily.

Japan:

The dye was used primarily during the Nara period (710-794). Its use continued until the Edo period (1603-1868). It was famous for dyeing kimonos.

The dye was applied directly to the fabric leaving a blue-green color called suri-ai which means " rubbed blue."

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Leaves were harvested in summer and early autumn. After being left to macerate, they were rubbed directly onto the fabric which became blue.

Crushed roots and leaves could also be used to extract a liquid dye.

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.
In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Leaf

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

French

Botanical classification

Mercurialis leiocarpa Siebold & Zucc.

Order:

Malpighiales

Family:

Euphorbiaceae

Synonyms:

Mercurialis leiocarpa var. transmorrisonensis (Hayata) H. Keng

Mercurialis leiocarpa var. trichocarpa W. T. Wang

Mercurialis transmorrisonensis Hayata

Plant growing area

Grows on mountain slopes or in valleys or forests at 300-2800 m altitude.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

A drying oil is obtained from the seed.

The chemical structure of the blue dyestuff is unknown. The proportion of colorant in the plant is low and contains impurities. The color fades easily.

Japan:

The dye was used primarily during the Nara period (710-794). Its use continued until the Edo period (1603-1868). It was famous for dyeing kimonos.

The dye was applied directly to the fabric leaving a blue-green color called suri-ai which means " rubbed blue."

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Leaves were harvested in summer and early autumn. After being left to macerate, they were rubbed directly onto the fabric which became blue.

Crushed roots and leaves could also be used to extract a liquid dye.

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.
In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Leaf

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

French

Stellera Chamaejasme L. © CFH Nature Museum

Stellera Chamaejasme L. © A. Helman-Ważny

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre lenght	0,5 – 4 mm
Average fibre width	4 – 20 µ
Fibre ends	Rounded or sometimes pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Fibers have ribbon-like shape. “Transparent” like flabby cotton fibers. Cell wall very thin, irregular, very flexible and more irregular compared to Daphne and Edgeworthia. Lumen is often delineated by wavy fiber walls, which creates very irregular space inside the fiber cell.
Herzberg staining	Olive-grey to blue.
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Stellera Chamaejasme L.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Thymelaeaceae

Synonyms:

Chamaejasme stelleriana Kuntze

Passerina chamaejasme Fisch. ex Meisn.

Passerina stelleri Wikstr.

Stellera bodinieri H. Lév.

Stellera chamaejasme f. angustifolia Diels

Stellera chamaejasme f. chrysantha S. C. Huang

Stellera rosea Nakai

Wikstroemia chamaejasme (L.) Domke

Plant growing area

Stellera Chamaejasme is found from North Asia to India.

Bhutan, China (Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol/Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang/Sinkiang, Xizang/Tibet, Yunnan) Mongolia, Nepal, Russia.

It grows on sunny and dry slopes, in sandy places from 2600 to 4200 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Nepal.

China:

Xizang (Tibet), Yunnan.

Plant cultivation and use

Stelleras are sub-shrubs of the Thymelaceae family. Thymelaceae are the base plants for making paper at the foot of Himalayas. Some species grow in the plains, others in the mountains, in rockery; they appreciate calcareous soils.

Genus Stellera includes less than ten species that grow in places quite dry or arid as found in Central Asia, Iran and the highlands of Tibet. The plants are recognizable by their colorful flowers and toxic fruits.

Genus Stellera is very close to genus Daphnae. Therefore there is a great confusion among the various Stellera, Wikstroemias, Edgeworthias and especially Daphnes because their morphologies are very similar.

Stellera chamaejasme, also often called Wikstroemia chamaejasme, is a perennial from 20 to 50cm in height. It grows in arid areas where few plants thrive. It is in flower in June, and the seeds ripen from August to October. The roots are rhizomes; they are thick. They are poisonous but have medicinal and insecticide properties.

The fibers of the roots are used to make rope and paper. Indeed they contain a large amount of hemicelluloses which makes them valuable in the manufacture of paper.

In Tibet, the paper made from the roots of Stellera chamaejasme is regarded as high quality paper and is reserved for special purposes such as paper money.

China:

There are 14 species of wikstroemia in Yunnan. Bai, Naxi and Tibetans. Bai, Naxi and Tibetans in the counties of Lijiang and Zhongdian manufacture paper for religious use with the root of Stellera chamaejasme. The yellow paper (unbleached), symbol of money paper is burned during celebrations such as the festival of the spring day (first day of Chinese lunar year), or the festival of the ghost day (fifteenth day of the seventh Chinese lunar month), or the festival of the dragon boat (fifth day of the fifth Chinese lunar month).

In China, root is also used as pesticide placed on book shelves.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Brown-skin of the roots must be scraped by hand before cooking. Then they are cooked in alkaline lye for half an hour. Beating is performed in a stone mortar with a heavy wooden mallet, for half an hour, two people working together. Then the pulp is dispersed in a bucket of water.
The mould consists of a wooden frame with a stretched fabric. It floats on the surface of the tank filled with water. The pulp is poured into the mould and is distributed evenly by hands. The mould is lifted horizontally to avoid casting the pulp to flow. Then it is left to air dry overnight. The sheet is then detached from the mould.

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Primary tabs

Mercurialis leiocarpa Siebold & Zucc.

Pinus densiflora Sieb. & Zucc.

Pinus densiflora Sieb. & Zucc.

Pinus densiflora Sieb. & Zucc.

Mercurialis leiocarpa Siebold & Zucc.

Mercurialis leiocarpa Siebold & Zucc.

Mercurialis leiocarpa Siebold & Zucc.

Mercurialis leiocarpa Siebold & Zucc.

Mercurialis leiocarpa Siebold & Zucc.

Stellera Chamaejasme L.

Pages

Search form

Search

Primary tabs

Mercurialis leiocarpa Siebold & Zucc.

Pinus densiflora Sieb. & Zucc.

Pinus densiflora Sieb. & Zucc.

Pinus densiflora Sieb. & Zucc.

Mercurialis leiocarpa Siebold & Zucc.

Mercurialis leiocarpa Siebold & Zucc.

Mercurialis leiocarpa Siebold & Zucc.

Mercurialis leiocarpa Siebold & Zucc.

Mercurialis leiocarpa Siebold & Zucc.

Stellera Chamaejasme L.

Pages