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Language:

Chinese

Local scripture:

染色茜草

Botanical classification

Rubia tinctorum L.

Order:

Gentianales

Family:

Rubiaceae

Synonyms:

Rubia iberica ( Fisch. ex DC.) K. Koch

Rubia tinctorum var. iberica Fisch. Ex DC.

Plant growing area

This species is native to western and central Asia. It was spread by cultivation in temperate regions.

China, Korea, India (Kashmir), Iraq, Iran, Japan (Honshu), Jordan, Lebanon, Pakistan, Russia (Crimea), Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Rubia tinctorum is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial roots plant which can reach 1m in height. It prefers porous and loose soils. The nature of the soils (acid or alkaline) influences the final color. Calcareous soils increase the amount of dye in the roots. The flowers are very small, have a yellow-green color. Flowering occurs in July. The fruits are small and black.

This is one of the oldest dyes in India and Egypt (archaeological remains in these two regions dating back to the second millennium BC.). It is also used as a pigment (especially for painting) since the Greco-Roman antiquity. It owes its success firstly because of the range of colors it provides especially in the combination with other dyes and secondly to its low cost compared to animal reds; thus, it was used in the Antiquity as an excellent imitation of the murex purple. Its introduction in the Far East is also very old. Its use will disappear with the advent of aniline dyes.

It is also used for its medicinal properties, in particular antibacterial properties and in removing kidney stones.

The rhizomes contain 19 anthraquinonic dyes which the most important are alizarin and purpurin in greater concentration in the bark of rhizomes. The inner part of the root contains a yellow liquid which becomes red in contact with the air. Drying of the rhizome has implications in the contained amount of purpurin: fresh rhizome contains a little amount because purpurin is formed by the transformation of pseudopurpurine.

Japan:

The plant is native to Japan. Its use in textiles dates back to the 4th century. The dye is used in dyeing fabrics and also for prints.

The advent of synthetic alizarin has significantly reduced demand for natural dye.

Other Rubia grown in Japan for their dye are : Rubia cordifolia L., Rubia argyi (H. Léveillé & Vaniot) H. Hara ex Lauener & DK Ferguson better known as Rubia akane Nakai.

Preparation process for making paper

Madder is propagated by planting seed or root division. The plants are harvested in the third year of the plant because the concentration of dye is greater. The harvest takes place at the end of autumn.

The roots are sorted, scrubbed, dried and the bark is stripped from the roots. This bark is crushed into powder. The powder is stored in barrels to age before being sold to the dyers.

Madder contains two colorants: one is red and the second is dark yellowish and soluble in water. To separate them, it is necessary to dissolve the madder powder in water and make it decant. The yellow supernatant water is removed and the operation is repeated until the water runs clear.
Then madder is boiled for several hours and then filtered through a cloth. It is kept liquid.

Another method is to get what is called "madder flower". The roots powder is treated with acidulated water and then rinsed to remove the yellow dyes, mucilages and minerals. The resulting powder has a better dyeing power.

The mordant is generally alum. The use of iron as mordant gives a violet color.

Japan:

The plant is torn when it is 18 to 30 months, at the end of summer when the stems begin to fade. The roots are dried either in the open air or in an oven for several days. They are then crushed into powder. They can be stored in this form before being used for dyeing.

Immediate use: the root is cut into pieces and placed in water to soak. The extract is filtered. Then fresh water is added and the operation is repeated for several extracts which will be mixed together. The second extract which tends to be orange is sometimes discarded.

Alum must be used as mordant to set the color to the fibers.

Dyeing is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

Fermented rice starch is used for the separation of red and yellow dyes. The roots cut in pieces, are boiled for 2 to 3 hours and then the starch is introduced into the tank. The filtered liquid is ready to use.

Alum is used as mordant to get an orange tint and an alkaline mordant will give a bright red.

The papers are dyed in three ways: dyeing of the pulp (Seonyeombeop), dyeing of the sheet by dipping, brushing and spraying (Huyeombeop ), combination of the both methods (Honyeombeop). Then the paper can be hammered.

Paper names

In Asia and particularly in China, Korea and Japan, the papers are intended for a wide range of use: Papers for calligraphy and art, Papers for ceremonies, Paper as a medium of exchange, money paper, Papers for making clothes, wall hangings and bedding, Papers for architecture, interior design, Papers for crafts of various kinds, for domestic purposes and leisure. The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.
In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

フランス語

Abelmoschus moschatus Medik. © Satheesan.vn

Botanical classification

Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Malvaceae

Synonyms:

Abelmoschus abelmoschus (L.) Karsten

Abelmoschus officinalis Endl.

Abelmoschus moschatus var. betulifolius (Mast.) Hochr.

Hibiscus abelmoschus L.

Hibiscus abelmoschus (L.) Karsten

Hibiscus chinensis Roxb.

Hibiscus cardiophyllus Baill.

Hibiscus collinsianus Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray

Hibiscus moschatus (Medik.) Salisb.

Plant growing area

カンボジア、中国（広東、広西、湖南、江西、台湾、雲南）、インド、ラオス、ネパール、タイ、ベトナム。

標高600～1100 mの山の斜面、渓谷、河岸、平地に生育する。

Use area in the manufacture of paper

中国, 日本

China:

広東省

Plant cultivation and use

高さ1～2 mの多年草。成長が速い。非酸性の水はけの良い土壌と陽当たりの良い場所を好む。開花期は6月から10月。

種に薬効があり、利尿薬、皮膚軟化剤、抗けいれん剤として使われる。

種と葉から食用油を抽出する。

茎の皮からとれる繊維で縄を作る。

根から抽出される粘液を製紙に使用する。

China:

分散剤やサイジング剤として使われていたかどうかは不明である。

Japan:

粘剤として使用する。

Preparation process for making paper

根を洗浄し、薄く切り、一晩冷水に浸ける。

粘液を布で漉しパルプに注ぐ。

Japan:

根を洗浄して潰し、一晩冷水に浸ける。

粘液を布で漉しパルプに注ぐ。

Used part of the plant:

根

Use for paper making:

分散剤

にじみ止め

Hibiscus manihot L. var. manihot © Flora of China

Hibiscus manihot L. var. manihot © C. Laroque

Botanical classification

Hibiscus manihot L. var. manihot

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Malvaceae

Synonyms:

Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik. var. manihot

Hibiscus japonicus Miq.

Plant growing area

中国（広東、広西、貴州、湖北、四川、台湾、雲南）、インド、日本、韓国、ネパール、フィリピン、タイ北部。

標高1000～2100メートルの草地、河岸、耕地の辺縁に生育する。

Use area in the manufacture of paper

中国韓国 日本

Plant cultivation and use

Hibiscus manihotは毎年開花する高さ1～2メートルの多年生植物で、温帯を中心に分布する。排水性の良いさまざまな種類の土壌と、日射を好む。花の色は白から淡黄色。開花期は8月から10月。

月経促進と鎮痛の薬効があると言われる。花と葉は食用になる。

根に含まれる粘液はD-ガラクツロン酸とL-ラムノースの共重合体の多糖である。この粘着物質をパルプに加えて粘性をつけ、タンク内での繊維の沈着を遅らせる。また、この粘液により、長い繊維を均一に分散させることができる。溶液は不安定で、熱、長時間の空気への露出、機械的振動により粘性が低下する。このため、製紙作業中に、粘性の低下に合わせ、徐々に粘液を加えてゆく。

19世紀末に東アジア全域で、他の植物に代わり、主にHibiscus manihotの粘液が使われるようになったようだ。

China:

Hibiscus manihotは南宋朝（1127～1279年）時代に使われていたが、おそらくそれ以前から使われていたものと思われる。13世紀中頃の文人、周密が著した「癸辛雑識」（癸辛街の雑報）の記事に、Hibiscus manihotの使用に言及した部分がある。

他の参考文献から、明朝（1368～1644年）末期にも、特にコウゾの繊維から作られる紙の生産で、形成の補助に使われていたことがわかる。その使用法は、1643年に方以智が著した「物理小識」に記録されている。

Japan:

この植物は日本全土に自生する。生育した土壌が栄養豊富であると、栄養が乏しい場合よりも粗根が少ない。根の成長を促すために葉と花を摘み取る。葉が黄色くなった時点で植物全体を地面から抜き、根を切り取り、束にして、乾いた場所に貯蔵する。

気温が高い季節には、粘液の発酵が進み、短時間で特性を失うため、すぐに粘液を使う必要がある。

Korea:

この植物は、おそらく中国から輸入されたものと思われる。昔は、すべての部分から粘液を採取していた（茎、葉、根）。

1850年に李圭景が編纂した百科全書「五洲衍文長箋散稿」に、この植物への言及がある

Preparation process for making paper

China:

春に種を蒔き、収穫は普通、霜が降りる前の晩秋である。根の成長を促すために、定期的に花を摘む。

葉が黄色くなった時点で、植物全体を地面から抜く。根の外皮をむく。次に、根をつぶすか、または粗くすりつぶす。その後、布袋に入れ、水を入れたバケツに浸す。粘液が出てきたら、袋を絞るか、または吊して、粘液を抽出する。

Japan:

大豆や緑豆と同じ頃に種を蒔く。

葉が黄色くなった時点で（通常6月）、植物全体を地面から抜き、後で使用するために乾燥させる。または、11月か12月に根を回収し、すぐに使用する。

根の外皮をむく。次に、根をつぶすか、または粗くすりつぶす。その後、布袋に入れ、水を入れたバケツに浸す。粘液が出てきたら、袋を絞るか、または吊して、粘液を抽出する。

Korea:

春に種を蒔き、収穫は普通、霜が降りる前の晩秋である。根の成長を促すために、定期的に花を摘む。

Used part of the plant:

根

Use for paper making:

分散剤

Language:

English

Miscanthus tinctorius (Steud.) Hack © K. Yamasaki

Miscanthus tinctorius (Steud.) Hack © Botanic

Botanical classification

Miscanthus tinctorius (Steud.) Hack

Order:

Poales

Family:

Poaceae

Synonyms:

Erianthus tinctorius Sieber

Miscanthus sieboldii Honda

Saccharum tinctorium Steud.

Plant growing area

Eastern Asia, Japan (Honshu)

Grows on the slopes of mountains, in meadows and uncultivated places.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Miscanthus tinctorius is a perennial grass up to 60-150 cm high. It flowers from August to September. The flowers form clusters and produce caryopses.

This grass prefers fresh to moist soils of loamy-sandy type and a semi-shaded exposure. They are resistant to frost.

Stems and leaves contain the dyes. The main dyes, flavones, are luteolin or luteolol and arthraxin.

Dye when fresh, can give a bright yellow; mixed with other colors, mustard yellow to moss green can be obtained. The color has a low fading resistance to light, in particular when the mordant used is alum.

China:

This dye was identified in clothing from graves in Xinjiang, dating from the 5^th BC.

Japan:

During the Nara period (710-794), Ibukiyama near Lake Biwa (Shiga Prefecture) is renowned for the quality of its karyasu thanks to favorable growing conditions.

The dye is often confused, because of the proximity of its components, with that extracted from kobunagusa (Arthraxon hispidus L.).

The use of Miscanthus tinctorius is attested in written sources until the 8th century AD. The yellow dye cited in "Ebukuryo" (Garnment code from 8th century AD) may be Karyasu but could also be Kuchinashi (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) or Kihada (Phellodendron amurense).

A recipe for preparing the dye is given in the "Engishiki" which is a collection of laws and regulations dating from the 10th century.

It seems to have been widely used for dyeing clothes of common people and clothes of Buddhist monks.

It is often used in combination with indigo especially Polygonum tinctorium to get greens.
Its use to dye thin papers is mentioned in "Makura no Soshi" or "The pillow book", treaty by Seisho Nagon from the 11th century.

It seems it would have also been used in printing prints despite its very little resistance to light.

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Harvesting takes place at the end of summer when the ears are formed. The stems are mowed and collected in stacks which are left to dry until winter. They are dried quickly before they could be stained by impurities from water or the soil.

To prepare the dye, stems and leaves are boiled. After filtration of the color, the items to be dyed are immersed in the bath and then placed in an alkaline bath (camellia ash lye in particular) to get a very intense yellow. With alum mordant color tends to be green.

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

Paper names

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Leaf

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

English

Botanical classification

Miscanthus tinctorius (Steud.) Hack

Order:

Poales

Family:

Poaceae

Synonyms:

Erianthus tinctorius Sieber

Miscanthus sieboldii Honda

Saccharum tinctorium Steud.

Plant growing area

Eastern Asia, Japan (Honshu)

Grows on the slopes of mountains, in meadows and uncultivated places.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Miscanthus tinctorius is a perennial grass up to 60-150 cm high. It flowers from August to September. The flowers form clusters and produce caryopses.

This grass prefers fresh to moist soils of loamy-sandy type and a semi-shaded exposure. They are resistant to frost.

Stems and leaves contain the dyes. The main dyes, flavones, are luteolin or luteolol and arthraxin.

China:

This dye was identified in clothing from graves in Xinjiang, dating from the 5^th BC.

Japan:

During the Nara period (710-794), Ibukiyama near Lake Biwa (Shiga Prefecture) is renowned for the quality of its karyasu thanks to favorable growing conditions.

The dye is often confused, because of the proximity of its components, with that extracted from kobunagusa (Arthraxon hispidus L.).

A recipe for preparing the dye is given in the "Engishiki" which is a collection of laws and regulations dating from the 10th century.

It seems to have been widely used for dyeing clothes of common people and clothes of Buddhist monks.

It seems it would have also been used in printing prints despite its very little resistance to light.

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

Paper names

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Leaf

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

かりやす

Botanical classification

Miscanthus tinctorius (Steud.) Hack

Order:

Poales

Family:

Poaceae

Synonyms:

Erianthus tinctorius Sieber

Miscanthus sieboldii Honda

Saccharum tinctorium Steud.

Plant growing area

Eastern Asia, Japan (Honshu)

Grows on the slopes of mountains, in meadows and uncultivated places.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Miscanthus tinctorius is a perennial grass up to 60-150 cm high. It flowers from August to September. The flowers form clusters and produce caryopses.

This grass prefers fresh to moist soils of loamy-sandy type and a semi-shaded exposure. They are resistant to frost.

Stems and leaves contain the dyes. The main dyes, flavones, are luteolin or luteolol and arthraxin.

China:

This dye was identified in clothing from graves in Xinjiang, dating from the 5^th BC.

Japan:

During the Nara period (710-794), Ibukiyama near Lake Biwa (Shiga Prefecture) is renowned for the quality of its karyasu thanks to favorable growing conditions.

The dye is often confused, because of the proximity of its components, with that extracted from kobunagusa (Arthraxon hispidus L.).

A recipe for preparing the dye is given in the "Engishiki" which is a collection of laws and regulations dating from the 10th century.

It seems to have been widely used for dyeing clothes of common people and clothes of Buddhist monks.

It seems it would have also been used in printing prints despite its very little resistance to light.

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

Paper names

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Leaf

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

Chinese

Local scripture:

青茅

Botanical classification

Miscanthus tinctorius (Steud.) Hack

Order:

Poales

Family:

Poaceae

Synonyms:

Erianthus tinctorius Sieber

Miscanthus sieboldii Honda

Saccharum tinctorium Steud.

Plant growing area

Eastern Asia, Japan (Honshu)

Grows on the slopes of mountains, in meadows and uncultivated places.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Miscanthus tinctorius is a perennial grass up to 60-150 cm high. It flowers from August to September. The flowers form clusters and produce caryopses.

This grass prefers fresh to moist soils of loamy-sandy type and a semi-shaded exposure. They are resistant to frost.

Stems and leaves contain the dyes. The main dyes, flavones, are luteolin or luteolol and arthraxin.

China:

This dye was identified in clothing from graves in Xinjiang, dating from the 5^th BC.

Japan:

During the Nara period (710-794), Ibukiyama near Lake Biwa (Shiga Prefecture) is renowned for the quality of its karyasu thanks to favorable growing conditions.

The dye is often confused, because of the proximity of its components, with that extracted from kobunagusa (Arthraxon hispidus L.).

A recipe for preparing the dye is given in the "Engishiki" which is a collection of laws and regulations dating from the 10th century.

It seems to have been widely used for dyeing clothes of common people and clothes of Buddhist monks.

It seems it would have also been used in printing prints despite its very little resistance to light.

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

Paper names

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Leaf

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

French

Botanical classification

Miscanthus tinctorius (Steud.) Hack

Order:

Poales

Family:

Poaceae

Synonyms:

Erianthus tinctorius Sieber

Miscanthus sieboldii Honda

Saccharum tinctorium Steud.

Plant growing area

Eastern Asia, Japan (Honshu)

Grows on the slopes of mountains, in meadows and uncultivated places.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Miscanthus tinctorius is a perennial grass up to 60-150 cm high. It flowers from August to September. The flowers form clusters and produce caryopses.

This grass prefers fresh to moist soils of loamy-sandy type and a semi-shaded exposure. They are resistant to frost.

Stems and leaves contain the dyes. The main dyes, flavones, are luteolin or luteolol and arthraxin.

China:

This dye was identified in clothing from graves in Xinjiang, dating from the 5^th BC.

Japan:

During the Nara period (710-794), Ibukiyama near Lake Biwa (Shiga Prefecture) is renowned for the quality of its karyasu thanks to favorable growing conditions.

The dye is often confused, because of the proximity of its components, with that extracted from kobunagusa (Arthraxon hispidus L.).

A recipe for preparing the dye is given in the "Engishiki" which is a collection of laws and regulations dating from the 10th century.

It seems to have been widely used for dyeing clothes of common people and clothes of Buddhist monks.

It seems it would have also been used in printing prints despite its very little resistance to light.

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

Paper names

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Leaf

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

English

Botanical classification

Miscanthus tinctorius (Steud.) Hack

Order:

Poales

Family:

Poaceae

Synonyms:

Erianthus tinctorius Sieber

Miscanthus sieboldii Honda

Saccharum tinctorium Steud.

Plant growing area

Eastern Asia, Japan (Honshu)

Grows on the slopes of mountains, in meadows and uncultivated places.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Miscanthus tinctorius is a perennial grass up to 60-150 cm high. It flowers from August to September. The flowers form clusters and produce caryopses.

This grass prefers fresh to moist soils of loamy-sandy type and a semi-shaded exposure. They are resistant to frost.

Stems and leaves contain the dyes. The main dyes, flavones, are luteolin or luteolol and arthraxin.

China:

This dye was identified in clothing from graves in Xinjiang, dating from the 5^th BC.

Japan:

During the Nara period (710-794), Ibukiyama near Lake Biwa (Shiga Prefecture) is renowned for the quality of its karyasu thanks to favorable growing conditions.

The dye is often confused, because of the proximity of its components, with that extracted from kobunagusa (Arthraxon hispidus L.).

A recipe for preparing the dye is given in the "Engishiki" which is a collection of laws and regulations dating from the 10th century.

It seems to have been widely used for dyeing clothes of common people and clothes of Buddhist monks.

It seems it would have also been used in printing prints despite its very little resistance to light.

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

Paper names

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Leaf

Use for paper making:

Dye

Literally paper of the Clear Heart House. Paper that was manufactured for imperial use, under the Tang (618-907). The surface is polished and waxed. This paper is still manufactured under the Song (960-1279) and gives rise to many imitations.

Origin:

China

Synonym:

Tang zhi

Botanical name:

Ulmus cavaleriei H. Lev.

Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L’Hér. ex Vent.

Literally straw paper. Used as toilet paper as it is very soft, cheap since manufacturing is fast. The use of toilet paper probably began in the 6th century.

Origin:

China

Synonym:

Cao zhi

Botanical name:

Oryza sativa L.

Triticum aestivum L.

Primary tabs

Rubia tinctorum L.

Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.

Hibiscus manihot L. var. manihot

Miscanthus tinctorius (Steud.) Hack

Miscanthus tinctorius (Steud.) Hack

Miscanthus tinctorius (Steud.) Hack

Miscanthus tinctorius (Steud.) Hack

Miscanthus tinctorius (Steud.) Hack

Miscanthus tinctorius (Steud.) Hack

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Primary tabs

Rubia tinctorum L.

Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.

Hibiscus manihot L. var. manihot

Miscanthus tinctorius (Steud.) Hack

Miscanthus tinctorius (Steud.) Hack

Miscanthus tinctorius (Steud.) Hack

Miscanthus tinctorius (Steud.) Hack

Miscanthus tinctorius (Steud.) Hack

Miscanthus tinctorius (Steud.) Hack

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