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Chinese

Local scripture:

榔榆

Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. © CFH Nature Museum

Botanical classification

Ulmus parvifolia Jacq.

Order:

Rosales

Family:

Ulmaceae

Synonyms:

Microptelea parvifolia (Jacq.) Spach

Planera parvifolia (Jacq.) Sweet

Ulmus campestris L. var. chinensis Loudon

Ulmus chinensis Pers.

Ulmus coreana Nakai

Ulmus japonica Siebold

Ulmus shirasawana Daveau

Ulmus sieboldii Daveau

Ulmus shirasawana Daveau

Plant growing area

China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang), India, Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Ryukyu), North Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam.

Grows below 800 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Ulmus parvifolia is a deciduous tree up to 25 m in height. The pale yellow flowers appear in September. They produce samaras, ripe in October, which contain seeds. It prefers moist, well-drained soils, a sun exposure. It is resistant to low temperatures.

Chinese Elm is often used as an ornamental tree or for bonsais. Its very hard wood is used in making furniture and tools.

The leaves, bark and flowers have medicinal properties. Its leaves and fruits are edible. The inner bark dried and reduced to powder is used as a thickener in soups in Asia.

The mucilage extracted from the bark is used as formation aid in paper making. This viscous material is added to the pulp to increase its viscosity and thus delay the settling of fibers in the tank. In addition, the mucilage allows a better dispersion of the long fibers.

China:

It is frequently used beside Hibiscus manihot.

Its use is mentionned in "Wuli xiaoshi" or "Some Knowledge of Physics" written by Fang Yishi in 1643.

Korea:

Its bark has been used to produce formation aid in Korea until mid 19th century.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Formation aid

Language:

English

Botanical classification

Ulmus parvifolia Jacq.

Order:

Rosales

Family:

Ulmaceae

Synonyms:

Microptelea parvifolia (Jacq.) Spach

Planera parvifolia (Jacq.) Sweet

Ulmus campestris L. var. chinensis Loudon

Ulmus chinensis Pers.

Ulmus coreana Nakai

Ulmus japonica Siebold

Ulmus shirasawana Daveau

Ulmus sieboldii Daveau

Ulmus shirasawana Daveau

Plant growing area

Grows below 800 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Chinese Elm is often used as an ornamental tree or for bonsais. Its very hard wood is used in making furniture and tools.

The leaves, bark and flowers have medicinal properties. Its leaves and fruits are edible. The inner bark dried and reduced to powder is used as a thickener in soups in Asia.

China:

It is frequently used beside Hibiscus manihot.

Its use is mentionned in "Wuli xiaoshi" or "Some Knowledge of Physics" written by Fang Yishi in 1643.

Korea:

Its bark has been used to produce formation aid in Korea until mid 19th century.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Formation aid

Language:

Korean

Local scripture:

참느릅나무

Botanical classification

Ulmus parvifolia Jacq.

Order:

Rosales

Family:

Ulmaceae

Synonyms:

Microptelea parvifolia (Jacq.) Spach

Planera parvifolia (Jacq.) Sweet

Ulmus campestris L. var. chinensis Loudon

Ulmus chinensis Pers.

Ulmus coreana Nakai

Ulmus japonica Siebold

Ulmus shirasawana Daveau

Ulmus sieboldii Daveau

Ulmus shirasawana Daveau

Plant growing area

Grows below 800 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Chinese Elm is often used as an ornamental tree or for bonsais. Its very hard wood is used in making furniture and tools.

The leaves, bark and flowers have medicinal properties. Its leaves and fruits are edible. The inner bark dried and reduced to powder is used as a thickener in soups in Asia.

China:

It is frequently used beside Hibiscus manihot.

Its use is mentionned in "Wuli xiaoshi" or "Some Knowledge of Physics" written by Fang Yishi in 1643.

Korea:

Its bark has been used to produce formation aid in Korea until mid 19th century.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Formation aid

Language:

English

Botanical classification

Ulmus parvifolia Jacq.

Order:

Rosales

Family:

Ulmaceae

Synonyms:

Microptelea parvifolia (Jacq.) Spach

Planera parvifolia (Jacq.) Sweet

Ulmus campestris L. var. chinensis Loudon

Ulmus chinensis Pers.

Ulmus coreana Nakai

Ulmus japonica Siebold

Ulmus shirasawana Daveau

Ulmus sieboldii Daveau

Ulmus shirasawana Daveau

Plant growing area

Grows below 800 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Chinese Elm is often used as an ornamental tree or for bonsais. Its very hard wood is used in making furniture and tools.

The leaves, bark and flowers have medicinal properties. Its leaves and fruits are edible. The inner bark dried and reduced to powder is used as a thickener in soups in Asia.

China:

It is frequently used beside Hibiscus manihot.

Its use is mentionned in "Wuli xiaoshi" or "Some Knowledge of Physics" written by Fang Yishi in 1643.

Korea:

Its bark has been used to produce formation aid in Korea until mid 19th century.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Formation aid

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

アキニレ　

Botanical classification

Ulmus parvifolia Jacq.

Order:

Rosales

Family:

Ulmaceae

Synonyms:

Microptelea parvifolia (Jacq.) Spach

Planera parvifolia (Jacq.) Sweet

Ulmus campestris L. var. chinensis Loudon

Ulmus chinensis Pers.

Ulmus coreana Nakai

Ulmus japonica Siebold

Ulmus shirasawana Daveau

Ulmus sieboldii Daveau

Ulmus shirasawana Daveau

Plant growing area

Grows below 800 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Chinese Elm is often used as an ornamental tree or for bonsais. Its very hard wood is used in making furniture and tools.

The leaves, bark and flowers have medicinal properties. Its leaves and fruits are edible. The inner bark dried and reduced to powder is used as a thickener in soups in Asia.

China:

It is frequently used beside Hibiscus manihot.

Its use is mentionned in "Wuli xiaoshi" or "Some Knowledge of Physics" written by Fang Yishi in 1643.

Korea:

Its bark has been used to produce formation aid in Korea until mid 19th century.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Formation aid

Language:

Korean

Local scripture:

소귀나무

Myrica rubra (Lour.) Siebold & Zucc. © Flora of China

Myrica rubra (Lour.) Siebold & Zucc. © Kenpei

Botanical classification

Myrica rubra (Lour.) Siebold & Zucc.

Order:

Fagales

Family:

Myricaceae

Synonyms:

Daphne argyi H. Lév.

Morella rubra Lour.

Myrica rubra var. acuminata Nakai

Plant growing area

China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Japan (Southern Honshu), Korea, Philippines, Taiwan.

Grows in forests in mountain slopes, in valleys from 100 to 1500 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Korea, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

Myrica rubra is an evergreen tree growing to 15 m. The plant prefers a moist soil, grows in sun or light shade. It is in bloom in March April. The fruits are red; they are as their seeds, edible.

Stem bark, fruits and seeds are used in traditonal medecine.

Leaves and twigs give a brown dye. The dye is a flavonoid, the myricétol which occurs mainly in the leaves.

Japan:

The dye is used in dyeing fabrics (kimonos) and also in the printing of engravings. It has been used since the Nara period (710-794); it was popular in combination with indigo to give black during the Edo period (1603-1868).

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Used in the form of leave and twig compost.

Japan:

The bark is cooked for approximately 24 hours in water and then the liquid is filtered. Colour turns to a yellow-brown colour when used with an alum or ash lye mordant; when used with an iron mordant it gives a green to brown colour.

Dyeing is done in two ways: dyeing the paper pulp (sukizome) or the sheet (hitashizome-dipping or brushing-hikizome). Usually the pulp is dyed in the vat before making the sheet.

Korea:

The papers are dyed in three ways: dyeing of the pulp (Seonyeombeop), dyeing of the sheet by dipping, brushing and spraying (Huyeombeop ), combination of the both methods (Honyeombeop). Then the paper can be hammered.

Paper names

In Asia and particularly in China, Korea and Japan, the papers are intended for a wide range of use: Papers for calligraphy and art, Papers for ceremonies, Paper as a medium of exchange, money paper, Papers for making clothes, wall hangings and bedding, Papers for architecture, interior design, Papers for crafts of various kinds, for domestic purposes and leisure. The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Used part of the plant:

Leaf

Twigs

Bark

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

やまもも

ヤマモモ

楊梅

Botanical classification

Myrica rubra (Lour.) Siebold & Zucc.

Order:

Fagales

Family:

Myricaceae

Synonyms:

Daphne argyi H. Lév.

Morella rubra Lour.

Myrica rubra var. acuminata Nakai

Plant growing area

China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Japan (Southern Honshu), Korea, Philippines, Taiwan.

Grows in forests in mountain slopes, in valleys from 100 to 1500 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Korea, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

Myrica rubra is an evergreen tree growing to 15 m. The plant prefers a moist soil, grows in sun or light shade. It is in bloom in March April. The fruits are red; they are as their seeds, edible.

Stem bark, fruits and seeds are used in traditonal medecine.

Leaves and twigs give a brown dye. The dye is a flavonoid, the myricétol which occurs mainly in the leaves.

Japan:

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Used in the form of leave and twig compost.

Japan:

Dyeing is done in two ways: dyeing the paper pulp (sukizome) or the sheet (hitashizome-dipping or brushing-hikizome). Usually the pulp is dyed in the vat before making the sheet.

Korea:

Paper names

Used part of the plant:

Leaf

Twigs

Bark

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

French

Botanical classification

Ulmus parvifolia Jacq.

Order:

Rosales

Family:

Ulmaceae

Synonyms:

Microptelea parvifolia (Jacq.) Spach

Planera parvifolia (Jacq.) Sweet

Ulmus campestris L. var. chinensis Loudon

Ulmus chinensis Pers.

Ulmus coreana Nakai

Ulmus japonica Siebold

Ulmus shirasawana Daveau

Ulmus sieboldii Daveau

Ulmus shirasawana Daveau

Plant growing area

Grows below 800 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Chinese Elm is often used as an ornamental tree or for bonsais. Its very hard wood is used in making furniture and tools.

The leaves, bark and flowers have medicinal properties. Its leaves and fruits are edible. The inner bark dried and reduced to powder is used as a thickener in soups in Asia.

China:

It is frequently used beside Hibiscus manihot.

Its use is mentionned in "Wuli xiaoshi" or "Some Knowledge of Physics" written by Fang Yishi in 1643.

Korea:

Its bark has been used to produce formation aid in Korea until mid 19th century.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Formation aid

Botanical classification

Hibiscus syriacus L.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Malvaceae

Synonyms:

Hibiscus acerifolius Salisb.

Hibiscus floridus Salisb.

Hibiscus rhombifolius Cav.

Ketmia arborea Moench

Ketmia syriaca (L.) Scop.

Ketmia syrorum Medik.

Plant growing area

Cultivated in most tropical and temperate regions of Asia.

Native to China (Anhui, Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangsu, Sichuan,Yunnan, and Zhejiang; cultivated in Fujian, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Xizang), Taiwan.

Sea cliffs, hillsides, along streams, roadsides, also extensively cultivated; below 1200 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Hibiscus syriacus is a bushy plant measuring 1.50m to 4m high. The flowers, hermaphrodite, are purple, pink or white; they can be isolated or grouped in inflorescences. Flowering occurs from July to October. The plant adapts to various soil types if they are well drained. It likes full sun.

Its was taken in cultivation very early along trade routes to the Middle East and to Europe. Hibiscus syriacus is grown as an ornamental plant in gardens.

The flowers are edible. The plant was used in traditional medicine, the flowers for their emollient properties, leaves for their diuretic properties and root for their antipyretic and anthelmintic properties.

The fibers of the stem are used in the manufacture of ropes.

A mucilage is extracted from the roots which is used as formation aid in paper making. This viscous material is added to the pulp to increase its viscosity and thus delay the settling of fibers in the tank. In addition, the mucilage allows a better dispersion of the long fibers.

China:

The use of hibiscus syriacus is quoted in the stories of "Guixinzashi" or "Miscellaneous news from Guixin street" by Zhou Mi (mid 13th century).

Korea:

Hibiscus syriacus is the national emblem of South Korea. Mugung means eternity.

Silla kingdom (57av JC -. 935) called itself the land of hibiscus. A Chinese document from the Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) mentions that Korea is the land of hibiscus. It is the poet Lee Gyu-bo (1168-1241) during the Goryeo dynasty who first used the name "mugungwha."

The plant adorns the gardens in Korea from immemorial time ; its leaves were brewed into an herbal tea and flowers were eaten.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Fang Yishi (1611-1671) in « Wuli xiaoshi » or « Some Knowledge of Physics » , published in 1643, describes how the rose of Sharon roots are reduced to a slurry which was poured into the tank with the mulberry fibers before making paper sheets.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Leaf

Use for paper making:

Formation aid

Language:

Chinese

Local scripture:

杨梅

Botanical classification

Myrica rubra (Lour.) Siebold & Zucc.

Order:

Fagales

Family:

Myricaceae

Synonyms:

Daphne argyi H. Lév.

Morella rubra Lour.

Myrica rubra var. acuminata Nakai

Plant growing area

China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Japan (Southern Honshu), Korea, Philippines, Taiwan.

Grows in forests in mountain slopes, in valleys from 100 to 1500 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Korea, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

Myrica rubra is an evergreen tree growing to 15 m. The plant prefers a moist soil, grows in sun or light shade. It is in bloom in March April. The fruits are red; they are as their seeds, edible.

Stem bark, fruits and seeds are used in traditonal medecine.

Leaves and twigs give a brown dye. The dye is a flavonoid, the myricétol which occurs mainly in the leaves.

Japan:

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Used in the form of leave and twig compost.

Japan:

Dyeing is done in two ways: dyeing the paper pulp (sukizome) or the sheet (hitashizome-dipping or brushing-hikizome). Usually the pulp is dyed in the vat before making the sheet.

Korea:

Paper names

Used part of the plant:

Leaf

Twigs

Bark

Use for paper making:

Dye

Primary tabs

Ulmus parvifolia Jacq.

Ulmus parvifolia Jacq.

Ulmus parvifolia Jacq.

Ulmus parvifolia Jacq.

Ulmus parvifolia Jacq.

Myrica rubra (Lour.) Siebold & Zucc.

Myrica rubra (Lour.) Siebold & Zucc.

Ulmus parvifolia Jacq.

Hibiscus syriacus L.

Myrica rubra (Lour.) Siebold & Zucc.

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Primary tabs

Ulmus parvifolia Jacq.

Ulmus parvifolia Jacq.

Ulmus parvifolia Jacq.

Ulmus parvifolia Jacq.

Ulmus parvifolia Jacq.

Myrica rubra (Lour.) Siebold & Zucc.

Myrica rubra (Lour.) Siebold & Zucc.

Ulmus parvifolia Jacq.

Hibiscus syriacus L.

Myrica rubra (Lour.) Siebold & Zucc.

Pages