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Typha orientalis C. Presl © IFAS University of Florida

Identification

Fibre type	Grass (Stem)
Average fibre lenght	1,7 mm
Average fibre width	22 µm
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Prominent wall.
Associated cells
Special features	Very large vessel elements, unwound spiral vessels.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple
Graff 'C' staining	Dark purple

Botanical classification

Typha orientalis C. Presl

Order:

Poales

Family:

Typhaceae

Synonyms:

Typha latifolia var. orientalis (C. Presl) Rohrb.

Typha orientalis var. brunnea Skvortsov

Typha shuttleworthii Lehm.

Typha shuttleworthii subsp. orientalis (C. Presl) Graebn.

Typha shuttleworthii var. orientalis (C. Presl) Rohrb.

Plant growing area

The genus is found mainly in the Northern hemisphere and can be found in a large variety of wetland habitats.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

China:

Hunan.

Plant cultivation and use

Typha orientalis is a perennial monocotyledonous plant of wetlands where it grows in dense colonies. The roots are rhizomes and stem is topped by a dense inflorescence in shape of distaff. It is found in temperate, tropical, subtropical climates. It reaches 1.50m to 3m height. It prefers the rich soils of the pond margins, full sun or part shade.

The leaves, flowers and roots have medicinal properties. The roots and young shoots are edible.
The stems and leaves are used for thatching and can be woven into mats, hats, etc.
The root fibers are used to make string while the stem fibers are used in the manufacture of a greenish or brown paper.

Preparation process for making paper

Korea:

The plants are harvested in summer, autumn or winter and are soaked in water for a day. They are then cooked for 2 hours with sodium hydroxide. The fibers are then beaten in a grinder for 1 hour to 2 hours.

Paper names

In Asia and particularly in China, Korea and Japan, the papers are intended for a wide range of use: Papers for calligraphy and art, Papers for ceremonies, Paper as a medium of exchange, money paper, Papers for making clothes, wall hangings and bedding, Papers for architecture, interior design, Papers for crafts of various kinds, for domestic purposes and leisure. The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Leaf

Stem

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Korean

Local scripture:

참빗살나무

Euonymus sieboldianus Blume © Flora of China

Euonymus sieboldianus Blume © C. Laroque

Euonymus sieboldianus Blume © L.B. Vilmont

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber.
Average fibre lenght	0,5 – 1 mm
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Looks like hemp but shorter.
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining	Red pink.

Botanical classification

Euonymus sieboldianus Blume

Order:

Celastrales

Family:

Celastraceae

Synonyms:

Euonymus hamiltonianus subsp. sieboldiana Hara

Plant growing area

Euonymus are native to East-Asia and Himalayas. It grows in China (Northeast), Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu), Korea, Russia (Sakhalin).

Grow on mountains and hills.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

Euonymus Sieboldianus is a wild or cultivated deciduous shrub, up to 2-4m high. Flowering occurs in May to June. Flowers are pale green to pink. It produces pink red fruits. The plant has medicinal properties. All parts of plant are poisonous if ingested.

Japan:

The plant was used during the Nara period (710-794) for sutras.

This paper has been widely used as carrier of painting before kozo papers were preferred.

Paper names

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

French

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber.
Average fibre lenght	0,5 – 1 mm
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Looks like hemp but shorter.
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining	Red pink.

Botanical classification

Euonymus sieboldianus Blume

Order:

Celastrales

Family:

Celastraceae

Synonyms:

Euonymus hamiltonianus subsp. sieboldiana Hara

Plant growing area

Euonymus are native to East-Asia and Himalayas. It grows in China (Northeast), Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu), Korea, Russia (Sakhalin).

Grow on mountains and hills.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

Japan:

The plant was used during the Nara period (710-794) for sutras.

This paper has been widely used as carrier of painting before kozo papers were preferred.

Paper names

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

マユミ

真弓

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber.
Average fibre lenght	0,5 – 1 mm
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Looks like hemp but shorter.
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining	Red pink.

Botanical classification

Euonymus sieboldianus Blume

Order:

Celastrales

Family:

Celastraceae

Synonyms:

Euonymus hamiltonianus subsp. sieboldiana Hara

Plant growing area

Euonymus are native to East-Asia and Himalayas. It grows in China (Northeast), Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu), Korea, Russia (Sakhalin).

Grow on mountains and hills.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

Japan:

The plant was used during the Nara period (710-794) for sutras.

This paper has been widely used as carrier of painting before kozo papers were preferred.

Paper names

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Chinese

Local scripture:

东方香蒲

Identification

Fibre type	Grass (Stem)
Average fibre lenght	1,7 mm
Average fibre width	22 µm
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Prominent wall.
Associated cells
Special features	Very large vessel elements, unwound spiral vessels.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple
Graff 'C' staining	Dark purple

Botanical classification

Typha orientalis C. Presl

Order:

Poales

Family:

Typhaceae

Synonyms:

Typha latifolia var. orientalis (C. Presl) Rohrb.

Typha orientalis var. brunnea Skvortsov

Typha shuttleworthii Lehm.

Typha shuttleworthii subsp. orientalis (C. Presl) Graebn.

Typha shuttleworthii var. orientalis (C. Presl) Rohrb.

Plant growing area

The genus is found mainly in the Northern hemisphere and can be found in a large variety of wetland habitats.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

China:

Hunan.

Plant cultivation and use

Preparation process for making paper

Korea:

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Leaf

Stem

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

French

Lycoris radiata (L’Hér.) Herb. © Flora of China

Lycoris radiata (L’Hér.) Herb. © CFH Nature Museum

Botanical classification

Lycoris radiata (L’Hér.) Herb.

Order:

Asparagales

Family:

Amaryllidaceae

Synonyms:

Amaryllis radiata L’Hér.

Plant growing area

Afghanistan, northern Burma, China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), eastern Iran, Japan, southern Korea, northern Laos, Nepal, northern Pakistan, northern Thailand, northern Vietnam.

Grows from the sea level to 1000-2500 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Lycoris radiata is a bulbous perennial plant of 30 to70 centimeters high. The plants form dark clumps along the edges of paddy fields or stream banks. It flowers in late summer or automn before the leaves appear. The flowers are red and grow in umbels; they are hermaphrodite.

Lycoris radiata is subject to frost, it appreciates well-drained soil and half shade.

Lycoris are traditionally grown for a long time and many "species" are in fact ancient hybrids and horticultural varieties.

Ten alkaloids were isolated from the bulbs of Lycoris radiata. The bulbs are poisonous and must be leached before they are used for food. They are used for their emetic and expectorant properties.

A mucilage is extracted from the roots and the stem which is used as formation aid in paper making. This viscous material is added to the pulp to increase its viscosity and thus delay the settling of fibers in the tank. In addition, the mucilage allows a better dispersion of the long fibers.

China:

Because the plant blooms without leaves, flowers are red, and it often grows near graveyards, it is associated with death. It is described in the Lotus Sutra as grim flower that grows in Diyu (Hell) and guides the dead into the next reincarnation.

Japan:

In Japan the Red Spider Lily is associated with the arrival of automn and the ceremony of ancestors in the buddhist tradition. It is planted on graves since the plant, as in China, has correlation with death. The Japanese name means “the other shore flower”, other shore being Nirvana. It is believed that the souls are guided by the flowers to paradise.

The plant is connected with Chinese legends and has so many gloomy nicknames, that it is also called "the flower with six hundred names."

Korea:

The stem was used in Korea to produce a mucilage before the adoption in the early 19th century of Hibiscus manihot which replaced all other formation aids.

But because of its toxicity, it is rarely used.

Preparation process for making paper

The plant is cultivated. Bulbs should be planted in the spring. They should be divided every 7 years, six weeks after the desiccation of the leaves.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Root

Use for paper making:

Formation aid

Language:

Korean

Local scripture:

석산/꽃무릇

Synonym:

Kkonmureut

Botanical classification

Lycoris radiata (L’Hér.) Herb.

Order:

Asparagales

Family:

Amaryllidaceae

Synonyms:

Amaryllis radiata L’Hér.

Plant growing area

Grows from the sea level to 1000-2500 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Lycoris radiata is subject to frost, it appreciates well-drained soil and half shade.

Lycoris are traditionally grown for a long time and many "species" are in fact ancient hybrids and horticultural varieties.

Ten alkaloids were isolated from the bulbs of Lycoris radiata. The bulbs are poisonous and must be leached before they are used for food. They are used for their emetic and expectorant properties.

China:

Japan:

The plant is connected with Chinese legends and has so many gloomy nicknames, that it is also called "the flower with six hundred names."

Korea:

The stem was used in Korea to produce a mucilage before the adoption in the early 19th century of Hibiscus manihot which replaced all other formation aids.

But because of its toxicity, it is rarely used.

Preparation process for making paper

The plant is cultivated. Bulbs should be planted in the spring. They should be divided every 7 years, six weeks after the desiccation of the leaves.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Root

Use for paper making:

Formation aid

Language:

English

Botanical classification

Lycoris radiata (L’Hér.) Herb.

Order:

Asparagales

Family:

Amaryllidaceae

Synonyms:

Amaryllis radiata L’Hér.

Plant growing area

Grows from the sea level to 1000-2500 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Lycoris radiata is subject to frost, it appreciates well-drained soil and half shade.

Lycoris are traditionally grown for a long time and many "species" are in fact ancient hybrids and horticultural varieties.

Ten alkaloids were isolated from the bulbs of Lycoris radiata. The bulbs are poisonous and must be leached before they are used for food. They are used for their emetic and expectorant properties.

China:

Japan:

The plant is connected with Chinese legends and has so many gloomy nicknames, that it is also called "the flower with six hundred names."

Korea:

The stem was used in Korea to produce a mucilage before the adoption in the early 19th century of Hibiscus manihot which replaced all other formation aids.

But because of its toxicity, it is rarely used.

Preparation process for making paper

The plant is cultivated. Bulbs should be planted in the spring. They should be divided every 7 years, six weeks after the desiccation of the leaves.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Root

Use for paper making:

Formation aid

Language:

English

Botanical classification

Lycoris radiata (L’Hér.) Herb.

Order:

Asparagales

Family:

Amaryllidaceae

Synonyms:

Amaryllis radiata L’Hér.

Plant growing area

Grows from the sea level to 1000-2500 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Lycoris radiata is subject to frost, it appreciates well-drained soil and half shade.

Lycoris are traditionally grown for a long time and many "species" are in fact ancient hybrids and horticultural varieties.

Ten alkaloids were isolated from the bulbs of Lycoris radiata. The bulbs are poisonous and must be leached before they are used for food. They are used for their emetic and expectorant properties.

China:

Japan:

The plant is connected with Chinese legends and has so many gloomy nicknames, that it is also called "the flower with six hundred names."

Korea:

The stem was used in Korea to produce a mucilage before the adoption in the early 19th century of Hibiscus manihot which replaced all other formation aids.

But because of its toxicity, it is rarely used.

Preparation process for making paper

The plant is cultivated. Bulbs should be planted in the spring. They should be divided every 7 years, six weeks after the desiccation of the leaves.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Root

Use for paper making:

Formation aid

Language:

English

Botanical classification

Lycoris radiata (L’Hér.) Herb.

Order:

Asparagales

Family:

Amaryllidaceae

Synonyms:

Amaryllis radiata L’Hér.

Plant growing area

Grows from the sea level to 1000-2500 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Lycoris radiata is subject to frost, it appreciates well-drained soil and half shade.

Lycoris are traditionally grown for a long time and many "species" are in fact ancient hybrids and horticultural varieties.

Ten alkaloids were isolated from the bulbs of Lycoris radiata. The bulbs are poisonous and must be leached before they are used for food. They are used for their emetic and expectorant properties.

China:

Japan:

The plant is connected with Chinese legends and has so many gloomy nicknames, that it is also called "the flower with six hundred names."

Korea:

The stem was used in Korea to produce a mucilage before the adoption in the early 19th century of Hibiscus manihot which replaced all other formation aids.

But because of its toxicity, it is rarely used.

Preparation process for making paper

The plant is cultivated. Bulbs should be planted in the spring. They should be divided every 7 years, six weeks after the desiccation of the leaves.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Root

Use for paper making:

Formation aid

Primary tabs

Typha orientalis C. Presl

Euonymus sieboldianus Blume

Euonymus sieboldianus Blume

Euonymus sieboldianus Blume

Typha orientalis C. Presl

Lycoris radiata (L’Hér.) Herb.

Lycoris radiata (L’Hér.) Herb.

Lycoris radiata (L’Hér.) Herb.

Lycoris radiata (L’Hér.) Herb.

Lycoris radiata (L’Hér.) Herb.

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Primary tabs

Typha orientalis C. Presl

Euonymus sieboldianus Blume

Euonymus sieboldianus Blume

Euonymus sieboldianus Blume

Typha orientalis C. Presl

Lycoris radiata (L’Hér.) Herb.

Lycoris radiata (L’Hér.) Herb.

Lycoris radiata (L’Hér.) Herb.

Lycoris radiata (L’Hér.) Herb.

Lycoris radiata (L’Hér.) Herb.

Pages