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Identification

Fibre type	Stem, leaves
Average fibre lenght	1,7 mm (1.3 – 3.4)
Average fibre width	25 µm (8.3 – 33.1)
Fibre ends	Pointed
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Very large parenchyma cells. Faint wall.
Herzberg staining	Purple yellow
Graff 'C' staining	Purple

Botanical classification

Avena sativa L.

Order:

Poales

Family:

Poaceae

Synonyms:

Avena byzantina K. Koch.

Avena chinensis Fisch. ex Roem. & Schult.

Avena chinensis Link

Avena distans Schur.

Avena fatua subsp. sativa (L.) Thell.

Avena fatua var. sativa (L.) Hausskn.

Avena grandis Nevski,

Avena orientalis Schreb.

Avena rubra Zuccagni

Avena volgensis (Vavilov) Nevski

Plant growing area

Originated to Middle-East. Grows in north-temperate regions of the world.

It is widely cultivated in China.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Avena sativa is an annual growing plant which can reach 25cm to 1,5 m height. It has a relatively strong root system which allows it to root deeply.

Flowers are hermaphrodite, self-pollinated by the wind. It can be planted either in autumn or in spring. It blooms from June to July and the seeds ripen from August to October. Oat is a quite easily grown crop. However it prefers dry soil and sunny areas but tolerates cool and moist conditions and poor soils. It resists fairly to cold.

The wild ancestor of Avena sativa is Avena byzantina which originates to Middle East and spread westwards.

Oats were consumed by men at any times in porridges.

The seeds have medicinal uses, particularly in the treatment of constipation, the regulation of cholesterol and blood glucose.

Oat is cultivated mainly as a cereal crop and as green fodder crop in temperate regions of the world.

The straw is used as mulch, thatching, as stuffing material for mattresses, and for paper-making.

Korea:

From the Joseon period (1392-1910), raw materials traditionally used for paper production, mainly bark of Broussonetias begin to fail. Papermakers face to a growing demand for paper stimulated by the development of publications initiated during the Goryeo period (907-1392). Other plants will be used to provide a fiber supplement such as wisteria, rice, oat and barley straws, bamboo, jute, cotton and hemp but also willow leaves, reeds, the bark and needles of pine.
Indeed, the various straws seem to be used as complementary fiber source to fibers of paper mulberry from the 15th century.

Paper names

In Asia and particularly in China, Korea and Japan, the papers are intended for a wide range of use: Papers for calligraphy and art, Papers for ceremonies, Paper as a medium of exchange, money paper, Papers for making clothes, wall hangings and bedding, Papers for architecture, interior design, Papers for crafts of various kinds, for domestic purposes and leisure. The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Straw

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

French

Identification

Fibre type	Stem, leaves
Average fibre lenght	1,7 mm (1.3 – 3.4)
Average fibre width	25 µm (8.3 – 33.1)
Fibre ends	Pointed
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Very large parenchyma cells. Faint wall.
Herzberg staining	Purple yellow
Graff 'C' staining	Purple

Botanical classification

Avena sativa L.

Order:

Poales

Family:

Poaceae

Synonyms:

Avena byzantina K. Koch.

Avena chinensis Fisch. ex Roem. & Schult.

Avena chinensis Link

Avena distans Schur.

Avena fatua subsp. sativa (L.) Thell.

Avena fatua var. sativa (L.) Hausskn.

Avena grandis Nevski,

Avena orientalis Schreb.

Avena rubra Zuccagni

Avena volgensis (Vavilov) Nevski

Plant growing area

Originated to Middle-East. Grows in north-temperate regions of the world.

It is widely cultivated in China.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Avena sativa is an annual growing plant which can reach 25cm to 1,5 m height. It has a relatively strong root system which allows it to root deeply.

The wild ancestor of Avena sativa is Avena byzantina which originates to Middle East and spread westwards.

Oats were consumed by men at any times in porridges.

The seeds have medicinal uses, particularly in the treatment of constipation, the regulation of cholesterol and blood glucose.

Oat is cultivated mainly as a cereal crop and as green fodder crop in temperate regions of the world.

The straw is used as mulch, thatching, as stuffing material for mattresses, and for paper-making.

Korea:

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Straw

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Chinese

Local scripture:

燕麦

Identification

Fibre type	Stem, leaves
Average fibre lenght	1,7 mm (1.3 – 3.4)
Average fibre width	25 µm (8.3 – 33.1)
Fibre ends	Pointed
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Very large parenchyma cells. Faint wall.
Herzberg staining	Purple yellow
Graff 'C' staining	Purple

Botanical classification

Avena sativa L.

Order:

Poales

Family:

Poaceae

Synonyms:

Avena byzantina K. Koch.

Avena chinensis Fisch. ex Roem. & Schult.

Avena chinensis Link

Avena distans Schur.

Avena fatua subsp. sativa (L.) Thell.

Avena fatua var. sativa (L.) Hausskn.

Avena grandis Nevski,

Avena orientalis Schreb.

Avena rubra Zuccagni

Avena volgensis (Vavilov) Nevski

Plant growing area

Originated to Middle-East. Grows in north-temperate regions of the world.

It is widely cultivated in China.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Avena sativa is an annual growing plant which can reach 25cm to 1,5 m height. It has a relatively strong root system which allows it to root deeply.

The wild ancestor of Avena sativa is Avena byzantina which originates to Middle East and spread westwards.

Oats were consumed by men at any times in porridges.

The seeds have medicinal uses, particularly in the treatment of constipation, the regulation of cholesterol and blood glucose.

Oat is cultivated mainly as a cereal crop and as green fodder crop in temperate regions of the world.

The straw is used as mulch, thatching, as stuffing material for mattresses, and for paper-making.

Korea:

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Straw

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

English

Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch © Curtis's Botanical Magazine 1875

Botanical classification

Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch

Order:

Alismatales

Family:

Araceae

Synonyms:

Amorphophallus mairei H. Lév.

Amorphophallus nanus H. Li & C. L. Long

Amorphophallus rivieri Durieu ex Riv.

Brachyspatha konjac (K. Koch) K. Koch

Hydrosme rivieri (Durieu ex Riv.) Engl.

Proteinophallus rivieri (Durieu ex Riv.) J. D. Hook. f.

Plant growing area

China (Yunnan where the species occurs wild), Indonesia, Japan, Korea (Cultivated).

Found in open situations, forest margins and thickets between 200 and 3000 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

The plant has a rhizome which can weigh up to 4 kg.

It is grown in Indonesia, Korea and Japan mainly as a vegetable (as cakes and noodles), but also for its medicinal properties in treatment of cancer or diabete.

In Japan, konnyaku (made by mixing Konjac flour with water lime) is used to strengthen the paper used as Kamiko (cf. papers).

China:

Used as dyeing aid.

Japan:

A viscous liquid obtained from the Konnyaku flour is brushed on the surface of paper to make it more resistant to water before dyeing in particular with indigo. The concentration is 0.5% weight / liquid.

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Konnyaku flour is mixed with water and then heated to form a viscous liquid.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Use for paper making:

Dyeing aid

Language:

English

Botanical classification

Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch

Order:

Alismatales

Family:

Araceae

Synonyms:

Amorphophallus mairei H. Lév.

Amorphophallus nanus H. Li & C. L. Long

Amorphophallus rivieri Durieu ex Riv.

Brachyspatha konjac (K. Koch) K. Koch

Hydrosme rivieri (Durieu ex Riv.) Engl.

Proteinophallus rivieri (Durieu ex Riv.) J. D. Hook. f.

Plant growing area

China (Yunnan where the species occurs wild), Indonesia, Japan, Korea (Cultivated).

Found in open situations, forest margins and thickets between 200 and 3000 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

The plant has a rhizome which can weigh up to 4 kg.

It is grown in Indonesia, Korea and Japan mainly as a vegetable (as cakes and noodles), but also for its medicinal properties in treatment of cancer or diabete.

In Japan, konnyaku (made by mixing Konjac flour with water lime) is used to strengthen the paper used as Kamiko (cf. papers).

China:

Used as dyeing aid.

Japan:

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Konnyaku flour is mixed with water and then heated to form a viscous liquid.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Use for paper making:

Dyeing aid

Language:

Chinese

Local scripture:

花蘑芋

Botanical classification

Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch

Order:

Alismatales

Family:

Araceae

Synonyms:

Amorphophallus mairei H. Lév.

Amorphophallus nanus H. Li & C. L. Long

Amorphophallus rivieri Durieu ex Riv.

Brachyspatha konjac (K. Koch) K. Koch

Hydrosme rivieri (Durieu ex Riv.) Engl.

Proteinophallus rivieri (Durieu ex Riv.) J. D. Hook. f.

Plant growing area

China (Yunnan where the species occurs wild), Indonesia, Japan, Korea (Cultivated).

Found in open situations, forest margins and thickets between 200 and 3000 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

The plant has a rhizome which can weigh up to 4 kg.

It is grown in Indonesia, Korea and Japan mainly as a vegetable (as cakes and noodles), but also for its medicinal properties in treatment of cancer or diabete.

In Japan, konnyaku (made by mixing Konjac flour with water lime) is used to strengthen the paper used as Kamiko (cf. papers).

China:

Used as dyeing aid.

Japan:

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Konnyaku flour is mixed with water and then heated to form a viscous liquid.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Use for paper making:

Dyeing aid

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

コンニヤク

Botanical classification

Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch

Order:

Alismatales

Family:

Araceae

Synonyms:

Amorphophallus mairei H. Lév.

Amorphophallus nanus H. Li & C. L. Long

Amorphophallus rivieri Durieu ex Riv.

Brachyspatha konjac (K. Koch) K. Koch

Hydrosme rivieri (Durieu ex Riv.) Engl.

Proteinophallus rivieri (Durieu ex Riv.) J. D. Hook. f.

Plant growing area

China (Yunnan where the species occurs wild), Indonesia, Japan, Korea (Cultivated).

Found in open situations, forest margins and thickets between 200 and 3000 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

The plant has a rhizome which can weigh up to 4 kg.

It is grown in Indonesia, Korea and Japan mainly as a vegetable (as cakes and noodles), but also for its medicinal properties in treatment of cancer or diabete.

In Japan, konnyaku (made by mixing Konjac flour with water lime) is used to strengthen the paper used as Kamiko (cf. papers).

China:

Used as dyeing aid.

Japan:

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Konnyaku flour is mixed with water and then heated to form a viscous liquid.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Use for paper making:

Dyeing aid

Language:

English

Botanical classification

Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch

Order:

Alismatales

Family:

Araceae

Synonyms:

Amorphophallus mairei H. Lév.

Amorphophallus nanus H. Li & C. L. Long

Amorphophallus rivieri Durieu ex Riv.

Brachyspatha konjac (K. Koch) K. Koch

Hydrosme rivieri (Durieu ex Riv.) Engl.

Proteinophallus rivieri (Durieu ex Riv.) J. D. Hook. f.

Plant growing area

China (Yunnan where the species occurs wild), Indonesia, Japan, Korea (Cultivated).

Found in open situations, forest margins and thickets between 200 and 3000 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

The plant has a rhizome which can weigh up to 4 kg.

It is grown in Indonesia, Korea and Japan mainly as a vegetable (as cakes and noodles), but also for its medicinal properties in treatment of cancer or diabete.

In Japan, konnyaku (made by mixing Konjac flour with water lime) is used to strengthen the paper used as Kamiko (cf. papers).

China:

Used as dyeing aid.

Japan:

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Konnyaku flour is mixed with water and then heated to form a viscous liquid.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Use for paper making:

Dyeing aid

Language:

English

Botanical classification

Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch

Order:

Alismatales

Family:

Araceae

Synonyms:

Amorphophallus mairei H. Lév.

Amorphophallus nanus H. Li & C. L. Long

Amorphophallus rivieri Durieu ex Riv.

Brachyspatha konjac (K. Koch) K. Koch

Hydrosme rivieri (Durieu ex Riv.) Engl.

Proteinophallus rivieri (Durieu ex Riv.) J. D. Hook. f.

Plant growing area

China (Yunnan where the species occurs wild), Indonesia, Japan, Korea (Cultivated).

Found in open situations, forest margins and thickets between 200 and 3000 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

The plant has a rhizome which can weigh up to 4 kg.

It is grown in Indonesia, Korea and Japan mainly as a vegetable (as cakes and noodles), but also for its medicinal properties in treatment of cancer or diabete.

In Japan, konnyaku (made by mixing Konjac flour with water lime) is used to strengthen the paper used as Kamiko (cf. papers).

China:

Used as dyeing aid.

Japan:

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Konnyaku flour is mixed with water and then heated to form a viscous liquid.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Use for paper making:

Dyeing aid

Language:

Chinese

Local scripture:

魔芋

Botanical classification

Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch

Order:

Alismatales

Family:

Araceae

Synonyms:

Amorphophallus mairei H. Lév.

Amorphophallus nanus H. Li & C. L. Long

Amorphophallus rivieri Durieu ex Riv.

Brachyspatha konjac (K. Koch) K. Koch

Hydrosme rivieri (Durieu ex Riv.) Engl.

Proteinophallus rivieri (Durieu ex Riv.) J. D. Hook. f.

Plant growing area

China (Yunnan where the species occurs wild), Indonesia, Japan, Korea (Cultivated).

Found in open situations, forest margins and thickets between 200 and 3000 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

The plant has a rhizome which can weigh up to 4 kg.

It is grown in Indonesia, Korea and Japan mainly as a vegetable (as cakes and noodles), but also for its medicinal properties in treatment of cancer or diabete.

In Japan, konnyaku (made by mixing Konjac flour with water lime) is used to strengthen the paper used as Kamiko (cf. papers).

China:

Used as dyeing aid.

Japan:

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Konnyaku flour is mixed with water and then heated to form a viscous liquid.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Use for paper making:

Dyeing aid

Primary tabs

Avena sativa L.

Avena sativa L.

Avena sativa L.

Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch

Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch

Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch

Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch

Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch

Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch

Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch

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Primary tabs

Avena sativa L.

Avena sativa L.

Avena sativa L.

Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch

Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch

Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch

Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch

Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch

Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch

Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch

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