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Language:

Chinese

Local scripture:

荛花

Synonym:

Rao hua

Wikstroemia canescens Wall. ex Meisn. © Flora of China

Wikstroemia canescens Wall. ex Meisn. © Asianflora

Wikstroemia canescens Wall. ex Meisn. © T. Taylor

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fibre
Average fibre length	2-4mm
Average fibre width	4-20µm
Fibre ends	Variable.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Faint.
Associated cells	Rectangular.
Special features	Broad central portions of fibers.
Herzberg staining	Yellow/ Bleuish Green.
Graff 'C' staining	Blue Green.

Botanical classification

Wikstroemia canescens Wall. ex Meisn.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Thymelaeaceae

Synonyms:

Daphne inamoema Gardner

Diplomorpha canescens (Wall. ex Meisn.) C. A. Mey.

Passerina chamaedaphne Bunge

Wikstroemia inamoena (Gardner)Meisn.

Wikstroemia virgata Wall. Ex Meisn.

Plant growing area

Afghanistan, Bangladesh (Khasia monts), China (Xizang, Yunnan), India (Upper Assam), Japan (Honshu-West of Kanto region), Shikoku, Kyushu), Nepal, West Pakistan, Sri Lanka.

Grows on shrubby slopes, among rocks; 1000-2800 until 3500 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Nepal, Pakistan.

China:

Yunnan (Lijiang, Diqing - Shangri-La county, Sanbei, Lincang), Xizang/Tibet (Zhongdian-Sanba).

Plant cultivation and use

Wikstroemia canescens is a shrub of the Thymelaceae family, family, which includes nearly 500 species in 44 genera. There is a great confusion among the various Wikstroemias, Stelleras, Edgeworthias and especially Daphnes, because their morphologies are very similar.

Thymelaceaes are base plants for paper making in the Himalaya areas. The plants are valued for the large amount of hemicelluloses contained in the bark. They are also very much used in Chinese medicine.

Wikstroemia canescens is a deciduous shrub 1.5 to 2 m tall, aromatic with yellow flowers; blooming takes place from June to September.

The bark produces fibers for making rope in Pakistan and is also used in paper making in China and Pakistan. The plant is also used medically for its antitussive properties.

China:

There are 14 wikstroemia species in Yunnan among which 6 are located in the northwest (W. delavayi, W. leptophylla, W. canescens, W. lichiangensis, W. scytophylla, W. lamatsoensis).

Only Wikstroemia delavayi, W. leptophylla, W. canescens, W. lichiangensis, W. scytophylla, W. lamatsoensis are used by Naxi to make Dongba paper.

The paper is also called "Baidi" from the name of the village (Baishuitai or "white water Terraces" Shangri-La) which is native Dongba culture area.

The tradition traces the production of paper by the Naxi in the Yuan Dynasty (1280 - 1368) but the first Dongba texts date back to 1668.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Harvesting takes places from March to May before the rainy season but when it is wet so that peeling the bark is easier. The cut is held every two or three years for the same shrub. Only the branches are cut off at maturity. The bark is then pulled and tied in bundles to dry in the sun on a rack for 3 to 5 days. So it can wait until the time it will be used.

The bark is soaked in a tank for 3 to 5 days. It is then kneaded for 1 hour in order to separate the black bark. The dark bark is eliminated as well as xylem (dead cells) in order to retain only the phloem. The bark is finally rinsed with water.

Cooking is done in pine wood ashes lye (Pinus yunnanensis) for 3 to 4 hours. Then the fibers are rinsed with water.

The fibers are crushed in a wooden mortar with a pestle; then the resulting paste is hammered on a wooden stump.

The paste is mixed in the form of balls corresponding to the desired size of the sheet.
The ball is placed in a vat to be diluted and then the pulp is poured in a paper mould.

The paper mould is a high-sided mould which bottom is made by a rigid and removable bamboo mat.
The sheet is removed from the mould by removing the bottom and then is immediately applied to a drying board.

The paper surface is polished with a stone or a cloth when the sheet is half dry.

Paper names

In Asia and particularly in China, Korea and Japan, the papers are intended for a wide range of use: Papers for calligraphy and art, Papers for ceremonies, Paper as a medium of exchange, money paper, Papers for making clothes, wall hangings and bedding, Papers for architecture, interior design, Papers for crafts of various kinds, for domestic purposes and leisure. The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

English

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fibre
Average fibre length	2-4mm
Average fibre width	4-20µm
Fibre ends	Variable.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Faint.
Associated cells	Rectangular.
Special features	Broad central portions of fibers.
Herzberg staining	Yellow/ Bleuish Green.
Graff 'C' staining	Blue Green.

Botanical classification

Wikstroemia canescens Wall. ex Meisn.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Thymelaeaceae

Synonyms:

Daphne inamoema Gardner

Diplomorpha canescens (Wall. ex Meisn.) C. A. Mey.

Passerina chamaedaphne Bunge

Wikstroemia inamoena (Gardner)Meisn.

Wikstroemia virgata Wall. Ex Meisn.

Plant growing area

Grows on shrubby slopes, among rocks; 1000-2800 until 3500 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Nepal, Pakistan.

China:

Yunnan (Lijiang, Diqing - Shangri-La county, Sanbei, Lincang), Xizang/Tibet (Zhongdian-Sanba).

Plant cultivation and use

Wikstroemia canescens is a deciduous shrub 1.5 to 2 m tall, aromatic with yellow flowers; blooming takes place from June to September.

The bark produces fibers for making rope in Pakistan and is also used in paper making in China and Pakistan. The plant is also used medically for its antitussive properties.

China:

There are 14 wikstroemia species in Yunnan among which 6 are located in the northwest (W. delavayi, W. leptophylla, W. canescens, W. lichiangensis, W. scytophylla, W. lamatsoensis).

Only Wikstroemia delavayi, W. leptophylla, W. canescens, W. lichiangensis, W. scytophylla, W. lamatsoensis are used by Naxi to make Dongba paper.

The paper is also called "Baidi" from the name of the village (Baishuitai or "white water Terraces" Shangri-La) which is native Dongba culture area.

The tradition traces the production of paper by the Naxi in the Yuan Dynasty (1280 - 1368) but the first Dongba texts date back to 1668.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Cooking is done in pine wood ashes lye (Pinus yunnanensis) for 3 to 4 hours. Then the fibers are rinsed with water.

The fibers are crushed in a wooden mortar with a pestle; then the resulting paste is hammered on a wooden stump.

The paste is mixed in the form of balls corresponding to the desired size of the sheet.
The ball is placed in a vat to be diluted and then the pulp is poured in a paper mould.

The paper surface is polished with a stone or a cloth when the sheet is half dry.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Identification

Fibre type	Grass / Straw
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells	Parenchyma cells.
Special features	Narrow fibres with thixk walls.
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Hordeum vulgare L.

Order:

Poales

Family:

Poaceae

Plant growing area

Barley is cultivated worldwide in all non-tropical countries and in mountainous areas of tropics.

China (Anhui, Fujian, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Nei Mongol/Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

It is an annual plant growing to 1 m. It is the oldest cultivated cereal. It is a hardy plant which can tolerate strong winds but not maritime exposure. It succeeds further north than most other cereal crops in particular at higher altitudes (staple crop in Tibet: the flour is used to make tsampa).

The plant can adapt to different kind of soils but requires well-drained soil and needs light.

Seeds are edible so the plant is commonly cultivated as a food and fodder plant; the flour is used to make porridge or pancakes. Currently the main market is brewing.

The plant has medicinal uses: shoots are diuretic and seed sprouts are demulcent and expectorant.

The straws, after harvesting the seeds, have many uses: fibers for papermaking, biomass for fuel, mulch for the animals etc.

Japan:

It is an industrial paper fiber in Japan.

Korea:

From the Joseon period (1392-1910), raw materials traditionally used for paper production, mainly bark of Broussonetias begin to fail. Papermakers face to a growing demand for paper stimulated by the development of publications initiated during the Goryeo period (907-1392). Other plants will be used to provide a fiber supplement such as wisteria, rice, oat and barley straws, bamboo, jute, cotton and hemp but also willow leaves, reeds, the bark and needles of pine.
Indeed, the various straws seem to be used as complementary fiber source to fibers of paper mulberry from the 15th century.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Straw

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

English

Identification

Fibre type	Grass / Straw
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells	Parenchyma cells.
Special features	Narrow fibres with thixk walls.
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Hordeum vulgare L.

Order:

Poales

Family:

Poaceae

Plant growing area

Barley is cultivated worldwide in all non-tropical countries and in mountainous areas of tropics.

China (Anhui, Fujian, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Nei Mongol/Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

The plant can adapt to different kind of soils but requires well-drained soil and needs light.

Seeds are edible so the plant is commonly cultivated as a food and fodder plant; the flour is used to make porridge or pancakes. Currently the main market is brewing.

The plant has medicinal uses: shoots are diuretic and seed sprouts are demulcent and expectorant.

The straws, after harvesting the seeds, have many uses: fibers for papermaking, biomass for fuel, mulch for the animals etc.

Japan:

It is an industrial paper fiber in Japan.

Korea:

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Straw

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

English

Identification

Fibre type	Grass / Straw
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells	Parenchyma cells.
Special features	Narrow fibres with thixk walls.
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Hordeum vulgare L.

Order:

Poales

Family:

Poaceae

Plant growing area

Barley is cultivated worldwide in all non-tropical countries and in mountainous areas of tropics.

China (Anhui, Fujian, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Nei Mongol/Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

The plant can adapt to different kind of soils but requires well-drained soil and needs light.

Seeds are edible so the plant is commonly cultivated as a food and fodder plant; the flour is used to make porridge or pancakes. Currently the main market is brewing.

The plant has medicinal uses: shoots are diuretic and seed sprouts are demulcent and expectorant.

The straws, after harvesting the seeds, have many uses: fibers for papermaking, biomass for fuel, mulch for the animals etc.

Japan:

It is an industrial paper fiber in Japan.

Korea:

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Straw

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

French

Identification

Fibre type	Grass / Straw
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells	Parenchyma cells.
Special features	Narrow fibres with thixk walls.
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Hordeum vulgare L.

Order:

Poales

Family:

Poaceae

Plant growing area

Barley is cultivated worldwide in all non-tropical countries and in mountainous areas of tropics.

China (Anhui, Fujian, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Nei Mongol/Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

The plant can adapt to different kind of soils but requires well-drained soil and needs light.

Seeds are edible so the plant is commonly cultivated as a food and fodder plant; the flour is used to make porridge or pancakes. Currently the main market is brewing.

The plant has medicinal uses: shoots are diuretic and seed sprouts are demulcent and expectorant.

The straws, after harvesting the seeds, have many uses: fibers for papermaking, biomass for fuel, mulch for the animals etc.

Japan:

It is an industrial paper fiber in Japan.

Korea:

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Straw

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Korean

Local scripture:

보리

Identification

Fibre type	Grass / Straw
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells	Parenchyma cells.
Special features	Narrow fibres with thixk walls.
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Hordeum vulgare L.

Order:

Poales

Family:

Poaceae

Plant growing area

Barley is cultivated worldwide in all non-tropical countries and in mountainous areas of tropics.

China (Anhui, Fujian, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Nei Mongol/Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

The plant can adapt to different kind of soils but requires well-drained soil and needs light.

Seeds are edible so the plant is commonly cultivated as a food and fodder plant; the flour is used to make porridge or pancakes. Currently the main market is brewing.

The plant has medicinal uses: shoots are diuretic and seed sprouts are demulcent and expectorant.

The straws, after harvesting the seeds, have many uses: fibers for papermaking, biomass for fuel, mulch for the animals etc.

Japan:

It is an industrial paper fiber in Japan.

Korea:

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Straw

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Chinese

Local scripture:

大麦

Identification

Fibre type	Grass / Straw
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells	Parenchyma cells.
Special features	Narrow fibres with thixk walls.
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Hordeum vulgare L.

Order:

Poales

Family:

Poaceae

Plant growing area

Barley is cultivated worldwide in all non-tropical countries and in mountainous areas of tropics.

China (Anhui, Fujian, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Nei Mongol/Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

The plant can adapt to different kind of soils but requires well-drained soil and needs light.

Seeds are edible so the plant is commonly cultivated as a food and fodder plant; the flour is used to make porridge or pancakes. Currently the main market is brewing.

The plant has medicinal uses: shoots are diuretic and seed sprouts are demulcent and expectorant.

The straws, after harvesting the seeds, have many uses: fibers for papermaking, biomass for fuel, mulch for the animals etc.

Japan:

It is an industrial paper fiber in Japan.

Korea:

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Straw

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

English

Identification

Fibre type	Grass / Straw
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells	Parenchyma cells.
Special features	Narrow fibres with thixk walls.
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Hordeum vulgare L.

Order:

Poales

Family:

Poaceae

Plant growing area

Barley is cultivated worldwide in all non-tropical countries and in mountainous areas of tropics.

China (Anhui, Fujian, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Nei Mongol/Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

The plant can adapt to different kind of soils but requires well-drained soil and needs light.

Seeds are edible so the plant is commonly cultivated as a food and fodder plant; the flour is used to make porridge or pancakes. Currently the main market is brewing.

The plant has medicinal uses: shoots are diuretic and seed sprouts are demulcent and expectorant.

The straws, after harvesting the seeds, have many uses: fibers for papermaking, biomass for fuel, mulch for the animals etc.

Japan:

It is an industrial paper fiber in Japan.

Korea:

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Straw

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

ほうむぎ

Identification

Fibre type	Grass / Straw
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells	Parenchyma cells.
Special features	Narrow fibres with thixk walls.
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Hordeum vulgare L.

Order:

Poales

Family:

Poaceae

Plant growing area

Barley is cultivated worldwide in all non-tropical countries and in mountainous areas of tropics.

China (Anhui, Fujian, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Nei Mongol/Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

The plant can adapt to different kind of soils but requires well-drained soil and needs light.

Seeds are edible so the plant is commonly cultivated as a food and fodder plant; the flour is used to make porridge or pancakes. Currently the main market is brewing.

The plant has medicinal uses: shoots are diuretic and seed sprouts are demulcent and expectorant.

The straws, after harvesting the seeds, have many uses: fibers for papermaking, biomass for fuel, mulch for the animals etc.

Japan:

It is an industrial paper fiber in Japan.

Korea:

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Straw

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Primary tabs

Wikstroemia canescens Wall. ex Meisn.

Wikstroemia canescens Wall. ex Meisn.

Hordeum vulgare L.

Hordeum vulgare L.

Hordeum vulgare L.

Hordeum vulgare L.

Hordeum vulgare L.

Hordeum vulgare L.

Hordeum vulgare L.

Hordeum vulgare L.

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Primary tabs

Wikstroemia canescens Wall. ex Meisn.

Wikstroemia canescens Wall. ex Meisn.

Hordeum vulgare L.

Hordeum vulgare L.

Hordeum vulgare L.

Hordeum vulgare L.

Hordeum vulgare L.

Hordeum vulgare L.

Hordeum vulgare L.

Hordeum vulgare L.

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