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Synonyms:

Quercus acutissima var. depressinucata H. W. Jen & R. Q. Gao

Quercus acutissima var. macrocarpa X.W. Li & Y.Q. Zhu

Quercus acutissima var. septentrionalis Liou

Quercus lunglingensis Hu

Plant growing area

Originally native to eastern Asia, in China, Korea and Japan.

Bhutan, Cambodia, China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, South East Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), North East India, Japan (south Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu), Korea, Burma, Nepal, North Thailand, Vietnam.

Grows in deciduous forests, below 100-2200 m altitude.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Quercus acutissima is a deciduous tree, reaching 25-30 m in height. Flowering occurs in April-May. Flowers, catkins shaped give a fruit, acorn shaped with a big cup.

The wood has the same characteristics as other oaks but tends to crack. It is used as an ornamental in parks, for making tools, for charcoal. It is mainly used for its tannins contained in the bark.

For dyeing, acorn cupules are used. The colors are brown.
Dyeing ingredients are tannins which are found in the bark, the acorn cupules and the galls. These tannins are a mixture of polyphenols: hydrolysable tannins (ellagitannins), condensed tannins (procyanidins), hybrid tannins (gallo-tannins and ellagiflavano-tanins).

China:

Quercus acutissima is mentioned for the preparation of brown dyes in two books of the late 16th century, "Zunsheng bajian" or "Eight orders to follow the meaning of life" by Gao Lian and « Kuaixue tang manlu » or “Cloudy Notes from joyful snow Palace " by Feng Mengzhen.

Japan:

It is a tree used since ancient times in Japan for the production of charcoal, because it has a quite rapid growing.

Always gray was one of the most popular colors in Japan. During the Edo period (1603-1868) the acorn is widely used for dyeing fabrics in gray and black, especially for the costumes of Noh Theater. In the Engishiki (Compendium of laws dated 927 by Fujiwara no Tadahira) there is a mention of a color called Tsurubami (that is to say the acorn color).

Other oak species are also used in Japan for their acorns: Kashiwa (Quercus dentata Thunb.) Konara (Quercus serrata Murray) Shirakashi (Quercu myrsinaefolia Bl).

Preparation process for making paper

China:

The dye is a decoction of oak acorns. The cupules are boiled and then the extract is filtered before to be used. It can be used in combination with other dyes to change the color. Gao Lian in "Zunsheng bajian" or "Eight orders to follow the meaning of life" (1591) proposes to prepare three dyeing baths: phellodendron, oak acorns and safflower in which the paper sheet is dipped successively starting with the phellodendron bath then oak acorn bath and finishing with the safflower bath. Between each bath sheet is dried.

Japan:

Harvesting takes place when acorns are ripe in late summer. After picking, the acorn cupules are dried. Then they will be grinded into powder and boiled. The decoction is filtered before being used. The paper sheets are soaked into the dye bath and allowed to dry. The color obtained is a brown tone ranging from beige to brown depending on the number of passes through the bath. It is possible to use various mordants to obtain other colors. Without mordant the color obtain is beige to brown; if the mordant is an ash lye or copper acetate, color is yellow-brow; if mordant is an iron salt, the color varies from gray to black.Dyeing of paper is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing.

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Usually three jars of dye are prepared with decreasing concentrations. The paper is dipped in the less concentrated dye jar and oxidation occurs in the air; the paper is then soaked in the little bit more concentrated dye. After oxidation, the sheet is dipped into the third jar with the strongest concentration. The process can be repeated several times to obtain a color more or less intense. The sheet is dried by exposing the surface to air; the color changes by oxidation.

Korea:

The papers are dyed in three ways: dyeing of the pulp (Seonyeombeop), dyeing of the sheet by dipping, brushing and spraying (Huyeombeop ), combination of the both methods (Honyeombeop). Then the paper can be hammered.

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Fruit

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

French

Botanical classification

Quercus acutissima Carruth.

Order:

Fagales

Family:

Synonyms:

Quercus acutissima var. depressinucata H. W. Jen & R. Q. Gao

Quercus acutissima var. macrocarpa X.W. Li & Y.Q. Zhu

Quercus acutissima var. septentrionalis Liou

Quercus lunglingensis Hu

Plant growing area

Originally native to eastern Asia, in China, Korea and Japan.

Grows in deciduous forests, below 100-2200 m altitude.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Quercus acutissima is a deciduous tree, reaching 25-30 m in height. Flowering occurs in April-May. Flowers, catkins shaped give a fruit, acorn shaped with a big cup.

The wood has the same characteristics as other oaks but tends to crack. It is used as an ornamental in parks, for making tools, for charcoal. It is mainly used for its tannins contained in the bark.

China:

Japan:

It is a tree used since ancient times in Japan for the production of charcoal, because it has a quite rapid growing.

Other oak species are also used in Japan for their acorns: Kashiwa (Quercus dentata Thunb.) Konara (Quercus serrata Murray) Shirakashi (Quercu myrsinaefolia Bl).

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Japan:

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Fruit

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

Botanical classification

Quercus acutissima Carruth.

Order:

Fagales

Family:

Synonyms:

Quercus acutissima var. depressinucata H. W. Jen & R. Q. Gao

Quercus acutissima var. macrocarpa X.W. Li & Y.Q. Zhu

Quercus acutissima var. septentrionalis Liou

Quercus lunglingensis Hu

Plant growing area

Originally native to eastern Asia, in China, Korea and Japan.

Grows in deciduous forests, below 100-2200 m altitude.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Quercus acutissima is a deciduous tree, reaching 25-30 m in height. Flowering occurs in April-May. Flowers, catkins shaped give a fruit, acorn shaped with a big cup.

The wood has the same characteristics as other oaks but tends to crack. It is used as an ornamental in parks, for making tools, for charcoal. It is mainly used for its tannins contained in the bark.

China:

Japan:

It is a tree used since ancient times in Japan for the production of charcoal, because it has a quite rapid growing.

Other oak species are also used in Japan for their acorns: Kashiwa (Quercus dentata Thunb.) Konara (Quercus serrata Murray) Shirakashi (Quercu myrsinaefolia Bl).

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Japan:

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Fruit

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

French

Botanical classification

Quercus acutissima Carruth.

Order:

Fagales

Family:

Synonyms:

Quercus acutissima var. depressinucata H. W. Jen & R. Q. Gao

Quercus acutissima var. macrocarpa X.W. Li & Y.Q. Zhu

Quercus acutissima var. septentrionalis Liou

Quercus lunglingensis Hu

Plant growing area

Originally native to eastern Asia, in China, Korea and Japan.

Grows in deciduous forests, below 100-2200 m altitude.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Quercus acutissima is a deciduous tree, reaching 25-30 m in height. Flowering occurs in April-May. Flowers, catkins shaped give a fruit, acorn shaped with a big cup.

The wood has the same characteristics as other oaks but tends to crack. It is used as an ornamental in parks, for making tools, for charcoal. It is mainly used for its tannins contained in the bark.

China:

Japan:

It is a tree used since ancient times in Japan for the production of charcoal, because it has a quite rapid growing.

Other oak species are also used in Japan for their acorns: Kashiwa (Quercus dentata Thunb.) Konara (Quercus serrata Murray) Shirakashi (Quercu myrsinaefolia Bl).

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Japan:

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Fruit

Use for paper making:

Dye

Identification

Fibre type	Wood fibers
Average fibre lenght	1,5 mm (0.7 – 1.8)
Average fibre width	16,5 µm (8.4 – 21)
Fibre ends	Blunt.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	No cross-marking.
Associated cells
Special features	Less prominent fiber wall.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple
Graff 'C' staining	Yellow

Botanical classification

Salix purpurea L.

Order:

Malpighiales

Family:

Salicaceae

Synonyms:

Salix caesifolia Drobow

Plant growing area

Native to most of European and western Asia countries.

Grows along rivers in sandy soils.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Salix purpurea is a deciduous small tree growing to 1-2 m and rarely to 6 m tall.Bloom ing occurs before the leaves, from March to April.

The bark and buds have medicinal properties especially antipyretic and analgesic. The use of Salix purpurea as dying and medicinal materials is very ancient in Egypt and in northern Europe.

The bark contains chalcones and leaves, flavonols and condensed tannins, and their extracts are used in the dyeing of fabrics in grey-black.

The shoots called withies are used in basketry.

Japan:

It is used for dyeing.

Korea:

From the Joseon period (1392-1910), raw materials traditionally used for paper production, mainly bark of Broussonetias begin to fail. Papermakers face a growing demand for paper stimulated by the development of publications initiated during the Goryeo period (907-1392). Other plants will be used to provide a fiber supplement such as wisteria, rice, oat and barley straws, bamboo, jute and hemp but also reeds, the bark and needles of pine, the leaves of willow. Indeed, the willow leaves seem to be used as a complementary fiber source to fibers of paper mulberry from the 15th century.
It is used also for handicrafts objects.

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Preparation for dyeing: trees that have at least 4 to 8 years are harvested in the spring. The branches are peeled, crushed into powder or chipped and are steeped in a small volume of water for several days. Water is added to obtain the necessary amount for the dyeing bath and gradually heated until boiling for 2 to 3 hours. The dye is filtered before use.

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by their small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Paper names

In Asia and particularly in China, Korea and Japan, the papers are intended for a wide range of use: Papers for calligraphy and art, Papers for ceremonies, Paper as a medium of exchange, money paper, Papers for making clothes, wall hangings and bedding, Papers for architecture, interior design, Papers for crafts of various kinds, for domestic purposes and leisure. The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Leaf

Twigs

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Dye

Formation aid

Language:

Miscanthus sinensis Anders. © Flora of China

Identification

Fibre type	Stem, straw
Average fibre lenght	2mm
Average fibre width	20µm
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Strong.
Associated cells	Epidermal cells present Pitted vessel elements and parenchyma cells
Special features
Herzberg staining	Blue
Graff 'C' staining	Blue

Botanical classification

Miscanthus sinensis Anders.

Order:

Poales

Family:

Poaceae

Synonyms:

Erianthus japonicus (Trin.) P. Beauv.

Eulalia japonica Trin.

Eulalia japonica Trin. ex Steud.

Eulalia japonica var. gracillima (Hitchc.) Grier

Miscanthus japonicus (Trin.) Andersson

Miscanthus japonicus Andersson

Miscanthus condensatus Hack.

Miscanthus kanehirae Honda

Miscanthus purpurascens Andersson

Miscanthus sinensis fo. gracillimus (Hitchc.) Ohwi

Miscanthus sinensis fo. sinensis

Miscanthus sinensis fo. variegatus (Beal) Beetle

Miscanthus sinensis subsp. purpurascens (Andersson) Tzvelev

Miscanthus sinensis var. gracillimus Hitchc.

Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens (Andersson) Matsum.

Miscanthus sinensis var. condensatus (Hack.) Makino

Miscanthus transmorrisonensis Hayata

Miscanthus sinensis var. variegatus Beal

Miscanthus sinensis var. zebrinus Beal

Ripidium japonicum (Trin.) Trin.

Saccharum japonicum Thunb.

Saccharum japonicum Houtt.

Xiphagrostis japonicus (Trin.) Coville

Plant growing area

There are 14 species of Miscanthus, mostly located in South Asia and the Pacific Islands; two species are endemic to China.

China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Japan, Korea, Taiwan.

Grows on mountain slopes, on the coasts, below 2000 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Herbaceous perennial plant forming dense clumps from underground rhizomes, at height of 0,80m to 4 m. The culms are topped by feathery silver spikes. It has a rapid growth, it adapts to various types of soils and is resistant to wind and spray. Flowering occurs in late summer.

Japan:

In Japan, the plant is used as thatching for traditional Japanese farmhouses.

In papermaking, it is mainly used to make the movable screen of the paper mould. Its smooth surface leaves no mark.

It is also used as fibers mixed with gampi or other fibers to make gasenshi.

After World War II, a papermaker named Shusaku Tomi, on the Noto peninsula (Ishikawa Prefecture), tried again to make paper with these fibers.

Korea:

From the Joseon period (1392-1910), raw materials traditionally used for paper production, mainly bark of Broussonetias begin to fail. Papermakers face to a growing demand for paper stimulated by the development of publications initiated during the Goryeo period (907-1392). Other plants will be used to provide a fiber supplement such as wisteria, rice, oat and barley straws, bamboo, jute, cotton and hemp but also willow leaves, reeds, the bark and needles of pine.
Indeed miscanthus sinensis seems to be used as a complementary fiber source to fibers of paper mulberry from the 15th century.

However, this reed is mainly used to make the movable screen of the paper mould. Its smooth surface leaves no mark.

Paper names

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Miscanthus tinctorius (Steud.) Hack © K. Yamasaki

Miscanthus tinctorius (Steud.) Hack © Botanic

Botanical classification

Miscanthus tinctorius (Steud.) Hack

Order:

Poales

Family:

Poaceae

Synonyms:

Erianthus tinctorius Sieber

Miscanthus sieboldii Honda

Saccharum tinctorium Steud.

Plant growing area

Eastern Asia, Japan (Honshu)

Grows on the slopes of mountains, in meadows and uncultivated places.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Miscanthus tinctorius is a perennial grass up to 60-150 cm high. It flowers from August to September. The flowers form clusters and produce caryopses.

This grass prefers fresh to moist soils of loamy-sandy type and a semi-shaded exposure. They are resistant to frost.

Stems and leaves contain the dyes. The main dyes, flavones, are luteolin or luteolol and arthraxin.

Dye when fresh, can give a bright yellow; mixed with other colors, mustard yellow to moss green can be obtained. The color has a low fading resistance to light, in particular when the mordant used is alum.

China:

This dye was identified in clothing from graves in Xinjiang, dating from the 5^th BC.

Japan:

During the Nara period (710-794), Ibukiyama near Lake Biwa (Shiga Prefecture) is renowned for the quality of its karyasu thanks to favorable growing conditions.

The dye is often confused, because of the proximity of its components, with that extracted from kobunagusa (Arthraxon hispidus L.).

The use of Miscanthus tinctorius is attested in written sources until the 8th century AD. The yellow dye cited in "Ebukuryo" (Garnment code from 8th century AD) may be Karyasu but could also be Kuchinashi (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) or Kihada (Phellodendron amurense).

A recipe for preparing the dye is given in the "Engishiki" which is a collection of laws and regulations dating from the 10th century.

It seems to have been widely used for dyeing clothes of common people and clothes of Buddhist monks.

It is often used in combination with indigo especially Polygonum tinctorium to get greens.
Its use to dye thin papers is mentioned in "Makura no Soshi" or "The pillow book", treaty by Seisho Nagon from the 11th century.

It seems it would have also been used in printing prints despite its very little resistance to light.

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Harvesting takes place at the end of summer when the ears are formed. The stems are mowed and collected in stacks which are left to dry until winter. They are dried quickly before they could be stained by impurities from water or the soil.

To prepare the dye, stems and leaves are boiled. After filtration of the color, the items to be dyed are immersed in the bath and then placed in an alkaline bath (camellia ash lye in particular) to get a very intense yellow. With alum mordant color tends to be green.

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

Paper names

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Leaf

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

French

Identification

Fibre type	...
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Daphne odora Thunb.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Synonyms:

Daphne chinensis Spreng.

Daphne. hybrida Lindl.

Daphne japonica Thunb.

Daphne kiusiana var. odora (Thunb.) Makino

Daphne mazelii Carrière

Daphne odora f. alba (Hemsl.) H. Hara

Daphne odora f. marginata Makino

Daphne odora f. rosacea (Makino) H. Hara

Daphne odora var. alba Hemsl.

Daphne odora var. leucantha Makino

Daphne odora var. marginata Miq.

Daphne odora var. mazelii (Carrière) Hemsl.

Daphne odora var. rosacea Makino

Daphne odora var. variegata Bean

Daphne sinensis Lam.

Daphne speciosissima Carrière

Daphne triflora Lour.

Plant growing area

Native origin is obscure, probably China or Japan but now widely cultivated in China.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan.

China:

Xizang (Tibet).

Plant cultivation and use

Daphnes are shrubs or sub-shrubs of the Thymelaceae family. Daphnes comprise from 50 to 95 species, according to the classifications. Some species grow in the plains, others in the mountains, in rockery; they appreciate calcareous soils. The plants are recognizable by their colorful flowers and toxic fruits.
There is a great confusion among the various Daphnes, Edgeworthias and especially Wikstroemias because their morphologies are very similar.

The etymology of daphne comes from the name of the nymph, daughter of Peneus, who pursued by Apollo, was transformed into a laurel tree to escape.

The Daphne odora is an evergreen shrub that can reach 1.5 m in height and prefers sunny areas. It is easy to propagate but its life does not exceed ten years.

The bark contains a large amount of hemicelluloses which makes it valuable in the manufacture of paper. Daphnes are the base plants for making paper at the foot of Himalayas.

All parts of the plant are said to be poisonous, however the roots and bark are used in the traditional Nepalese medicine in the treatment of fevers. The bark has a high content of diterpene esters of tigliane daphnane type.

China:

Daphne odora is widely cultivated in China.

Daphne papers are considered as the best in Tibet where they are called dug-shog which means poison paper because of the repellent properties of the bark.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Identification

Fibre type	...
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Daphne odora Thunb.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Synonyms:

Daphne chinensis Spreng.

Daphne. hybrida Lindl.

Daphne japonica Thunb.

Daphne kiusiana var. odora (Thunb.) Makino

Daphne mazelii Carrière

Daphne odora f. alba (Hemsl.) H. Hara

Daphne odora f. marginata Makino

Daphne odora f. rosacea (Makino) H. Hara

Daphne odora var. alba Hemsl.

Daphne odora var. leucantha Makino

Daphne odora var. marginata Miq.

Daphne odora var. mazelii (Carrière) Hemsl.

Daphne odora var. rosacea Makino

Daphne odora var. variegata Bean

Daphne sinensis Lam.

Daphne speciosissima Carrière

Daphne triflora Lour.

Plant growing area

Native origin is obscure, probably China or Japan but now widely cultivated in China.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan.

China:

Xizang (Tibet).

Plant cultivation and use

The etymology of daphne comes from the name of the nymph, daughter of Peneus, who pursued by Apollo, was transformed into a laurel tree to escape.

The Daphne odora is an evergreen shrub that can reach 1.5 m in height and prefers sunny areas. It is easy to propagate but its life does not exceed ten years.

The bark contains a large amount of hemicelluloses which makes it valuable in the manufacture of paper. Daphnes are the base plants for making paper at the foot of Himalayas.

China:

Daphne odora is widely cultivated in China.

Daphne papers are considered as the best in Tibet where they are called dug-shog which means poison paper because of the repellent properties of the bark.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

ジンチョウゲ

じんちょうげ

Identification

Fibre type	...
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Daphne odora Thunb.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Synonyms:

Daphne chinensis Spreng.

Daphne. hybrida Lindl.

Daphne japonica Thunb.

Daphne kiusiana var. odora (Thunb.) Makino

Daphne mazelii Carrière

Daphne odora f. alba (Hemsl.) H. Hara

Daphne odora f. marginata Makino

Daphne odora f. rosacea (Makino) H. Hara

Daphne odora var. alba Hemsl.

Daphne odora var. leucantha Makino

Daphne odora var. marginata Miq.

Daphne odora var. mazelii (Carrière) Hemsl.

Daphne odora var. rosacea Makino

Daphne odora var. variegata Bean

Daphne sinensis Lam.

Daphne speciosissima Carrière

Daphne triflora Lour.

Plant growing area

Native origin is obscure, probably China or Japan but now widely cultivated in China.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan.

China:

Xizang (Tibet).

Plant cultivation and use

The etymology of daphne comes from the name of the nymph, daughter of Peneus, who pursued by Apollo, was transformed into a laurel tree to escape.

The Daphne odora is an evergreen shrub that can reach 1.5 m in height and prefers sunny areas. It is easy to propagate but its life does not exceed ten years.

The bark contains a large amount of hemicelluloses which makes it valuable in the manufacture of paper. Daphnes are the base plants for making paper at the foot of Himalayas.

China:

Daphne odora is widely cultivated in China.

Daphne papers are considered as the best in Tibet where they are called dug-shog which means poison paper because of the repellent properties of the bark.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Identification

Fibre type	...
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Daphne odora Thunb.

Order:

Malvales

Family: