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Identification

Fibre type	...
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Daphne odora Thunb.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Thymelaeaceae

Synonyms:

Daphne chinensis Spreng.

Daphne. hybrida Lindl.

Daphne japonica Thunb.

Daphne kiusiana var. odora (Thunb.) Makino

Daphne mazelii Carrière

Daphne odora f. alba (Hemsl.) H. Hara

Daphne odora f. marginata Makino

Daphne odora f. rosacea (Makino) H. Hara

Daphne odora var. alba Hemsl.

Daphne odora var. leucantha Makino

Daphne odora var. marginata Miq.

Daphne odora var. mazelii (Carrière) Hemsl.

Daphne odora var. rosacea Makino

Daphne odora var. variegata Bean

Daphne sinensis Lam.

Daphne speciosissima Carrière

Daphne triflora Lour.

Plant growing area

Native origin is obscure, probably China or Japan but now widely cultivated in China.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan.

China:

Xizang (Tibet).

Plant cultivation and use

Daphnes are shrubs or sub-shrubs of the Thymelaceae family. Daphnes comprise from 50 to 95 species, according to the classifications. Some species grow in the plains, others in the mountains, in rockery; they appreciate calcareous soils. The plants are recognizable by their colorful flowers and toxic fruits.
There is a great confusion among the various Daphnes, Edgeworthias and especially Wikstroemias because their morphologies are very similar.

The etymology of daphne comes from the name of the nymph, daughter of Peneus, who pursued by Apollo, was transformed into a laurel tree to escape.

The Daphne odora is an evergreen shrub that can reach 1.5 m in height and prefers sunny areas. It is easy to propagate but its life does not exceed ten years.

The bark contains a large amount of hemicelluloses which makes it valuable in the manufacture of paper. Daphnes are the base plants for making paper at the foot of Himalayas.

All parts of the plant are said to be poisonous, however the roots and bark are used in the traditional Nepalese medicine in the treatment of fevers. The bark has a high content of diterpene esters of tigliane daphnane type.

China:

Daphne odora is widely cultivated in China.

Daphne papers are considered as the best in Tibet where they are called dug-shog which means poison paper because of the repellent properties of the bark.

Paper names

In Asia and particularly in China, Korea and Japan, the papers are intended for a wide range of use: Papers for calligraphy and art, Papers for ceremonies, Paper as a medium of exchange, money paper, Papers for making clothes, wall hangings and bedding, Papers for architecture, interior design, Papers for crafts of various kinds, for domestic purposes and leisure. The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

こなら

Quercus serrata Murray © Plantillustrations

Quercus serrata Murray © CFH Nature Museum

Botanical classification

Quercus serrata Murray

Order:

Fagales

Family:

Fagaceae

Synonyms:

Quercus glandulifera Blume

Quercus glandulifera var. brevipetiolata (A. DC.) Nakai

Quercus glandulifera var. stellatopilosa W. H. Zhang

Quercus glandulifera var. tomentosa B. C. Ding & T. B. Chao

Quercus ningqiangensis S. Z. Qu & W. H. Zhang

Quercus serrata Thunb.

Quercus serrata Siebold & Zucc.

Quercus serrata Roxb.

Quercus serrata var. brevipetiolata (A. DC.) Nakai

Quercus serrata var. tomentosa (B. C. Ding & T. B. Chao) Y. C. Hsu & H. Wei Jen

Quercus urticifolia Blume var. brevipetiolata A. DC.

Plant growing area

China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, South Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, South Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu), Korea.

Grows in deciduous forests, below 100-2200 m altitude.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Quercus serrata is a very common deciduous tree, reaching 25 m in height. Flowering occurs in April-May. Flowers, catkins shaped give a fruit, acorn oval shaped. It prefers well exposed areas.

The wood has the same characteristics as other oaks but tends to crack. It is used as an ornamental in parks, for making tools, for charcoal. It is mainly used for its tannins contained in the bark.

For dyeing, acorn cupuless are used.
Dyeing ingredients are tannins which are found in the bark, the acorn cupules and the galls. These tannins are a mixture of polyphenols: hydrolysable tannins (ellagitannins), condensed tannins (procyanidins), hybrid tannins (gallo-tannins and ellagiflavano-tanins).

Japan:

It is a tree used since ancient times in Japan for the production of charcoal, because it has a quite rapid growing.

Always grey was one of the most popular colors in Japan. During the Edo period (1603-1868) the acorn is widely used for dyeing fabrics in grey and black, especially for the costumes of Noh Theater. In the Engishiki (Compendium of laws dated 927 by Fujiwara no Tadahira) there is a mention of a color called Tsurubami (that is to say the acorn color).

Other oak species are also used in Japan for their acorns: Kashiwa (Quercus dentata Thunb.) Konara (Quercus serrata Murray) Shirakashi (Quercu myrsinaefolia Bl.)

Preparation process for making paper

China:

The dye is a decoction of oak acorns. The cupules are boiled and then the extract is filtered before to be used. It can be used in combination with other dyes to change the color.

Japan:

Harvesting takes place when acorns are ripe in late summer. After picking, the acorn cupules are dried. Then they will be grinded into powder and boiled. The decoction is filtered before being used. The paper sheets are soaked into the dye bath and allowed to dry.

The color obtained is a brown tone ranging from beige to brown depending on the number of passes through the bath. It is possible to use various mordants to obtain other colors. Without mordant the color obtain is beige to brown; if the mordant is an ash lye or copper acetate, color is yellow-brow; if mordant is an iron salt, the color varies from gray to black.

Dyeing of paper is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Usually three jars of dye are prepared with decreasing concentrations. The paper is dipped in the less concentrated dye jar and oxidation occurs in the air; the paper is then soaked in the little bit more concentrated dye. After oxidation, the sheet is dipped into the third jar with the strongest concentration. The process can be repeated several times to obtain a color more or less intense. The sheet is dried by exposing the surface to air; the color changes by oxidation.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.
In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Fruit

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

Korean

Local scripture:

졸참나무

Botanical classification

Quercus serrata Murray

Order:

Fagales

Family:

Fagaceae

Synonyms:

Quercus glandulifera Blume

Quercus glandulifera var. brevipetiolata (A. DC.) Nakai

Quercus glandulifera var. stellatopilosa W. H. Zhang

Quercus glandulifera var. tomentosa B. C. Ding & T. B. Chao

Quercus ningqiangensis S. Z. Qu & W. H. Zhang

Quercus serrata Thunb.

Quercus serrata Siebold & Zucc.

Quercus serrata Roxb.

Quercus serrata var. brevipetiolata (A. DC.) Nakai

Quercus serrata var. tomentosa (B. C. Ding & T. B. Chao) Y. C. Hsu & H. Wei Jen

Quercus urticifolia Blume var. brevipetiolata A. DC.

Plant growing area

Grows in deciduous forests, below 100-2200 m altitude.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Quercus serrata is a very common deciduous tree, reaching 25 m in height. Flowering occurs in April-May. Flowers, catkins shaped give a fruit, acorn oval shaped. It prefers well exposed areas.

The wood has the same characteristics as other oaks but tends to crack. It is used as an ornamental in parks, for making tools, for charcoal. It is mainly used for its tannins contained in the bark.

Japan:

It is a tree used since ancient times in Japan for the production of charcoal, because it has a quite rapid growing.

Other oak species are also used in Japan for their acorns: Kashiwa (Quercus dentata Thunb.) Konara (Quercus serrata Murray) Shirakashi (Quercu myrsinaefolia Bl.)

Preparation process for making paper

China:

The dye is a decoction of oak acorns. The cupules are boiled and then the extract is filtered before to be used. It can be used in combination with other dyes to change the color.

Japan:

Dyeing of paper is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.
In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Fruit

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

Chinese

Local scripture:

枹栎

Botanical classification

Quercus serrata Murray

Order:

Fagales

Family:

Fagaceae

Synonyms:

Quercus glandulifera Blume

Quercus glandulifera var. brevipetiolata (A. DC.) Nakai

Quercus glandulifera var. stellatopilosa W. H. Zhang

Quercus glandulifera var. tomentosa B. C. Ding & T. B. Chao

Quercus ningqiangensis S. Z. Qu & W. H. Zhang

Quercus serrata Thunb.

Quercus serrata Siebold & Zucc.

Quercus serrata Roxb.

Quercus serrata var. brevipetiolata (A. DC.) Nakai

Quercus serrata var. tomentosa (B. C. Ding & T. B. Chao) Y. C. Hsu & H. Wei Jen

Quercus urticifolia Blume var. brevipetiolata A. DC.

Plant growing area

Grows in deciduous forests, below 100-2200 m altitude.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Quercus serrata is a very common deciduous tree, reaching 25 m in height. Flowering occurs in April-May. Flowers, catkins shaped give a fruit, acorn oval shaped. It prefers well exposed areas.

The wood has the same characteristics as other oaks but tends to crack. It is used as an ornamental in parks, for making tools, for charcoal. It is mainly used for its tannins contained in the bark.

Japan:

It is a tree used since ancient times in Japan for the production of charcoal, because it has a quite rapid growing.

Other oak species are also used in Japan for their acorns: Kashiwa (Quercus dentata Thunb.) Konara (Quercus serrata Murray) Shirakashi (Quercu myrsinaefolia Bl.)

Preparation process for making paper

China:

The dye is a decoction of oak acorns. The cupules are boiled and then the extract is filtered before to be used. It can be used in combination with other dyes to change the color.

Japan:

Dyeing of paper is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.
In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Fruit

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

Chinese

Local scripture:

瑞香

Identification

Fibre type	...
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Daphne odora Thunb.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Thymelaeaceae

Synonyms:

Daphne chinensis Spreng.

Daphne. hybrida Lindl.

Daphne japonica Thunb.

Daphne kiusiana var. odora (Thunb.) Makino

Daphne mazelii Carrière

Daphne odora f. alba (Hemsl.) H. Hara

Daphne odora f. marginata Makino

Daphne odora f. rosacea (Makino) H. Hara

Daphne odora var. alba Hemsl.

Daphne odora var. leucantha Makino

Daphne odora var. marginata Miq.

Daphne odora var. mazelii (Carrière) Hemsl.

Daphne odora var. rosacea Makino

Daphne odora var. variegata Bean

Daphne sinensis Lam.

Daphne speciosissima Carrière

Daphne triflora Lour.

Plant growing area

Native origin is obscure, probably China or Japan but now widely cultivated in China.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan.

China:

Xizang (Tibet).

Plant cultivation and use

The etymology of daphne comes from the name of the nymph, daughter of Peneus, who pursued by Apollo, was transformed into a laurel tree to escape.

The Daphne odora is an evergreen shrub that can reach 1.5 m in height and prefers sunny areas. It is easy to propagate but its life does not exceed ten years.

The bark contains a large amount of hemicelluloses which makes it valuable in the manufacture of paper. Daphnes are the base plants for making paper at the foot of Himalayas.

China:

Daphne odora is widely cultivated in China.

Daphne papers are considered as the best in Tibet where they are called dug-shog which means poison paper because of the repellent properties of the bark.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Wikstroemia canescens Wall. ex Meisn. © Flora of China

Wikstroemia canescens Wall. ex Meisn. © Asianflora

Wikstroemia canescens Wall. ex Meisn. © T. Taylor

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fibre
Average fibre length	2-4mm
Average fibre width	4-20µm
Fibre ends	Variable.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Faint.
Associated cells	Rectangular.
Special features	Broad central portions of fibers.
Herzberg staining	Yellow/ Bleuish Green.
Graff 'C' staining	Blue Green.

Botanical classification

Wikstroemia canescens Wall. ex Meisn.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Thymelaeaceae

Synonyms:

Daphne inamoema Gardner

Diplomorpha canescens (Wall. ex Meisn.) C. A. Mey.

Passerina chamaedaphne Bunge

Wikstroemia inamoena (Gardner)Meisn.

Wikstroemia virgata Wall. Ex Meisn.

Plant growing area

Afghanistan, Bangladesh (Khasia monts), China (Xizang, Yunnan), India (Upper Assam), Japan (Honshu-West of Kanto region), Shikoku, Kyushu), Nepal, West Pakistan, Sri Lanka.

Grows on shrubby slopes, among rocks; 1000-2800 until 3500 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Nepal, Pakistan.

China:

Yunnan (Lijiang, Diqing - Shangri-La county, Sanbei, Lincang), Xizang/Tibet (Zhongdian-Sanba).

Plant cultivation and use

Wikstroemia canescens is a shrub of the Thymelaceae family, family, which includes nearly 500 species in 44 genera. There is a great confusion among the various Wikstroemias, Stelleras, Edgeworthias and especially Daphnes, because their morphologies are very similar.

Thymelaceaes are base plants for paper making in the Himalaya areas. The plants are valued for the large amount of hemicelluloses contained in the bark. They are also very much used in Chinese medicine.

Wikstroemia canescens is a deciduous shrub 1.5 to 2 m tall, aromatic with yellow flowers; blooming takes place from June to September.

The bark produces fibers for making rope in Pakistan and is also used in paper making in China and Pakistan. The plant is also used medically for its antitussive properties.

China:

There are 14 wikstroemia species in Yunnan among which 6 are located in the northwest (W. delavayi, W. leptophylla, W. canescens, W. lichiangensis, W. scytophylla, W. lamatsoensis).

Only Wikstroemia delavayi, W. leptophylla, W. canescens, W. lichiangensis, W. scytophylla, W. lamatsoensis are used by Naxi to make Dongba paper.

The paper is also called "Baidi" from the name of the village (Baishuitai or "white water Terraces" Shangri-La) which is native Dongba culture area.

The tradition traces the production of paper by the Naxi in the Yuan Dynasty (1280 - 1368) but the first Dongba texts date back to 1668.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Harvesting takes places from March to May before the rainy season but when it is wet so that peeling the bark is easier. The cut is held every two or three years for the same shrub. Only the branches are cut off at maturity. The bark is then pulled and tied in bundles to dry in the sun on a rack for 3 to 5 days. So it can wait until the time it will be used.

The bark is soaked in a tank for 3 to 5 days. It is then kneaded for 1 hour in order to separate the black bark. The dark bark is eliminated as well as xylem (dead cells) in order to retain only the phloem. The bark is finally rinsed with water.

Cooking is done in pine wood ashes lye (Pinus yunnanensis) for 3 to 4 hours. Then the fibers are rinsed with water.

The fibers are crushed in a wooden mortar with a pestle; then the resulting paste is hammered on a wooden stump.

The paste is mixed in the form of balls corresponding to the desired size of the sheet.
The ball is placed in a vat to be diluted and then the pulp is poured in a paper mould.

The paper mould is a high-sided mould which bottom is made by a rigid and removable bamboo mat.
The sheet is removed from the mould by removing the bottom and then is immediately applied to a drying board.

The paper surface is polished with a stone or a cloth when the sheet is half dry.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

French

Botanical classification

Quercus serrata Murray

Order:

Fagales

Family:

Fagaceae

Synonyms:

Quercus glandulifera Blume

Quercus glandulifera var. brevipetiolata (A. DC.) Nakai

Quercus glandulifera var. stellatopilosa W. H. Zhang

Quercus glandulifera var. tomentosa B. C. Ding & T. B. Chao

Quercus ningqiangensis S. Z. Qu & W. H. Zhang

Quercus serrata Thunb.

Quercus serrata Siebold & Zucc.

Quercus serrata Roxb.

Quercus serrata var. brevipetiolata (A. DC.) Nakai

Quercus serrata var. tomentosa (B. C. Ding & T. B. Chao) Y. C. Hsu & H. Wei Jen

Quercus urticifolia Blume var. brevipetiolata A. DC.

Plant growing area

Grows in deciduous forests, below 100-2200 m altitude.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Quercus serrata is a very common deciduous tree, reaching 25 m in height. Flowering occurs in April-May. Flowers, catkins shaped give a fruit, acorn oval shaped. It prefers well exposed areas.

The wood has the same characteristics as other oaks but tends to crack. It is used as an ornamental in parks, for making tools, for charcoal. It is mainly used for its tannins contained in the bark.

Japan:

It is a tree used since ancient times in Japan for the production of charcoal, because it has a quite rapid growing.

Other oak species are also used in Japan for their acorns: Kashiwa (Quercus dentata Thunb.) Konara (Quercus serrata Murray) Shirakashi (Quercu myrsinaefolia Bl.)

Preparation process for making paper

China:

The dye is a decoction of oak acorns. The cupules are boiled and then the extract is filtered before to be used. It can be used in combination with other dyes to change the color.

Japan:

Dyeing of paper is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.
In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Fruit

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

コガンピ

小雁皮

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fibre
Average fibre length	2-4mm
Average fibre width	4-20µm
Fibre ends	Variable.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Faint.
Associated cells	Rectangular.
Special features	Broad central portions of fibers.
Herzberg staining	Yellow/ Bleuish Green.
Graff 'C' staining	Blue Green.

Botanical classification

Wikstroemia canescens Wall. ex Meisn.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Thymelaeaceae

Synonyms:

Daphne inamoema Gardner

Diplomorpha canescens (Wall. ex Meisn.) C. A. Mey.

Passerina chamaedaphne Bunge

Wikstroemia inamoena (Gardner)Meisn.

Wikstroemia virgata Wall. Ex Meisn.

Plant growing area

Grows on shrubby slopes, among rocks; 1000-2800 until 3500 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Nepal, Pakistan.

China:

Yunnan (Lijiang, Diqing - Shangri-La county, Sanbei, Lincang), Xizang/Tibet (Zhongdian-Sanba).

Plant cultivation and use

Wikstroemia canescens is a deciduous shrub 1.5 to 2 m tall, aromatic with yellow flowers; blooming takes place from June to September.

The bark produces fibers for making rope in Pakistan and is also used in paper making in China and Pakistan. The plant is also used medically for its antitussive properties.

China:

There are 14 wikstroemia species in Yunnan among which 6 are located in the northwest (W. delavayi, W. leptophylla, W. canescens, W. lichiangensis, W. scytophylla, W. lamatsoensis).

Only Wikstroemia delavayi, W. leptophylla, W. canescens, W. lichiangensis, W. scytophylla, W. lamatsoensis are used by Naxi to make Dongba paper.

The paper is also called "Baidi" from the name of the village (Baishuitai or "white water Terraces" Shangri-La) which is native Dongba culture area.

The tradition traces the production of paper by the Naxi in the Yuan Dynasty (1280 - 1368) but the first Dongba texts date back to 1668.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Cooking is done in pine wood ashes lye (Pinus yunnanensis) for 3 to 4 hours. Then the fibers are rinsed with water.

The fibers are crushed in a wooden mortar with a pestle; then the resulting paste is hammered on a wooden stump.

The paste is mixed in the form of balls corresponding to the desired size of the sheet.
The ball is placed in a vat to be diluted and then the pulp is poured in a paper mould.

The paper surface is polished with a stone or a cloth when the sheet is half dry.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

English

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fibre
Average fibre length	2-4mm
Average fibre width	4-20µm
Fibre ends	Variable.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Faint.
Associated cells	Rectangular.
Special features	Broad central portions of fibers.
Herzberg staining	Yellow/ Bleuish Green.
Graff 'C' staining	Blue Green.

Botanical classification

Wikstroemia canescens Wall. ex Meisn.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Thymelaeaceae

Synonyms:

Daphne inamoema Gardner

Diplomorpha canescens (Wall. ex Meisn.) C. A. Mey.

Passerina chamaedaphne Bunge

Wikstroemia inamoena (Gardner)Meisn.

Wikstroemia virgata Wall. Ex Meisn.

Plant growing area

Grows on shrubby slopes, among rocks; 1000-2800 until 3500 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Nepal, Pakistan.

China:

Yunnan (Lijiang, Diqing - Shangri-La county, Sanbei, Lincang), Xizang/Tibet (Zhongdian-Sanba).

Plant cultivation and use

Wikstroemia canescens is a deciduous shrub 1.5 to 2 m tall, aromatic with yellow flowers; blooming takes place from June to September.

The bark produces fibers for making rope in Pakistan and is also used in paper making in China and Pakistan. The plant is also used medically for its antitussive properties.

China:

There are 14 wikstroemia species in Yunnan among which 6 are located in the northwest (W. delavayi, W. leptophylla, W. canescens, W. lichiangensis, W. scytophylla, W. lamatsoensis).

Only Wikstroemia delavayi, W. leptophylla, W. canescens, W. lichiangensis, W. scytophylla, W. lamatsoensis are used by Naxi to make Dongba paper.

The paper is also called "Baidi" from the name of the village (Baishuitai or "white water Terraces" Shangri-La) which is native Dongba culture area.

The tradition traces the production of paper by the Naxi in the Yuan Dynasty (1280 - 1368) but the first Dongba texts date back to 1668.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Cooking is done in pine wood ashes lye (Pinus yunnanensis) for 3 to 4 hours. Then the fibers are rinsed with water.

The fibers are crushed in a wooden mortar with a pestle; then the resulting paste is hammered on a wooden stump.

The paste is mixed in the form of balls corresponding to the desired size of the sheet.
The ball is placed in a vat to be diluted and then the pulp is poured in a paper mould.

The paper surface is polished with a stone or a cloth when the sheet is half dry.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

イヌガンピ

犬雁皮

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fibre
Average fibre length	2-4mm
Average fibre width	4-20µm
Fibre ends	Variable.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Faint.
Associated cells	Rectangular.
Special features	Broad central portions of fibers.
Herzberg staining	Yellow/ Bleuish Green.
Graff 'C' staining	Blue Green.

Botanical classification

Wikstroemia canescens Wall. ex Meisn.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Thymelaeaceae

Synonyms:

Daphne inamoema Gardner

Diplomorpha canescens (Wall. ex Meisn.) C. A. Mey.

Passerina chamaedaphne Bunge

Wikstroemia inamoena (Gardner)Meisn.

Wikstroemia virgata Wall. Ex Meisn.

Plant growing area

Grows on shrubby slopes, among rocks; 1000-2800 until 3500 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Nepal, Pakistan.

China:

Yunnan (Lijiang, Diqing - Shangri-La county, Sanbei, Lincang), Xizang/Tibet (Zhongdian-Sanba).

Plant cultivation and use

Wikstroemia canescens is a deciduous shrub 1.5 to 2 m tall, aromatic with yellow flowers; blooming takes place from June to September.

The bark produces fibers for making rope in Pakistan and is also used in paper making in China and Pakistan. The plant is also used medically for its antitussive properties.

China:

There are 14 wikstroemia species in Yunnan among which 6 are located in the northwest (W. delavayi, W. leptophylla, W. canescens, W. lichiangensis, W. scytophylla, W. lamatsoensis).

Only Wikstroemia delavayi, W. leptophylla, W. canescens, W. lichiangensis, W. scytophylla, W. lamatsoensis are used by Naxi to make Dongba paper.

The paper is also called "Baidi" from the name of the village (Baishuitai or "white water Terraces" Shangri-La) which is native Dongba culture area.

The tradition traces the production of paper by the Naxi in the Yuan Dynasty (1280 - 1368) but the first Dongba texts date back to 1668.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Cooking is done in pine wood ashes lye (Pinus yunnanensis) for 3 to 4 hours. Then the fibers are rinsed with water.

The fibers are crushed in a wooden mortar with a pestle; then the resulting paste is hammered on a wooden stump.

The paste is mixed in the form of balls corresponding to the desired size of the sheet.
The ball is placed in a vat to be diluted and then the pulp is poured in a paper mould.

The paper surface is polished with a stone or a cloth when the sheet is half dry.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Primary tabs

Daphne odora Thunb.

Quercus serrata Murray

Quercus serrata Murray

Quercus serrata Murray

Daphne odora Thunb.

Wikstroemia canescens Wall. ex Meisn.

Quercus serrata Murray

Wikstroemia canescens Wall. ex Meisn.

Wikstroemia canescens Wall. ex Meisn.

Wikstroemia canescens Wall. ex Meisn.

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Primary tabs

Daphne odora Thunb.

Quercus serrata Murray

Quercus serrata Murray

Quercus serrata Murray

Daphne odora Thunb.

Wikstroemia canescens Wall. ex Meisn.

Quercus serrata Murray

Wikstroemia canescens Wall. ex Meisn.

Wikstroemia canescens Wall. ex Meisn.

Wikstroemia canescens Wall. ex Meisn.

Pages