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Gleditsia sinensis Lam. © Flora of China

Botanical classification

Gleditsia sinensis Lam.

목:

Fabales

과:

Caesalpiniaceae

동의어:

Gleditsisa horrida Willd.

Gleditsisa macracantha Desf.

Gleditsisa officinalis Hemsl.

식물의 성장 영역

China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang).

Grows on mountain slopes, forests, valleys, near roads; 200-2500 m.

제지에서의 사용 범위

China, Korea.

식물 재배 및 사용에 관한 일반성

Gleditsia sinensis is a tree of average size but which can reach 30m in height.

Thorns of Gleditsia sinensis are used in China and Korea for their medicinal properties.

중국:

Gleditsia sinensis would be one of the 50 fundamental herbs in traditional Chinese medicine.

The plant is used as a detergent in China for 2000 years. The pods are ground into powder which is used as soap.

The powder was used to clean the paintings, but also to size the paper, or mixed with the mounting paste.

It is also possible to make a paste for printing patterns on the surface of paper. The recipe is to reduce the pod into powder to make a kind of glue which is mixed with croton oil (Codiaeum variegatum) and colors.

식물의 이용 부위:

Fruit

제지에서의 사용:

Sizing agent

Dyeing aid

Langue:

Japanese

지역 표기:

さいかち

Botanical classification

Gleditsia sinensis Lam.

목:

Fabales

과:

Caesalpiniaceae

동의어:

Gleditsisa horrida Willd.

Gleditsisa macracantha Desf.

Gleditsisa officinalis Hemsl.

식물의 성장 영역

China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang).

Grows on mountain slopes, forests, valleys, near roads; 200-2500 m.

제지에서의 사용 범위

China, Korea.

식물 재배 및 사용에 관한 일반성

Gleditsia sinensis is a tree of average size but which can reach 30m in height.

Thorns of Gleditsia sinensis are used in China and Korea for their medicinal properties.

중국:

Gleditsia sinensis would be one of the 50 fundamental herbs in traditional Chinese medicine.

The plant is used as a detergent in China for 2000 years. The pods are ground into powder which is used as soap.

The powder was used to clean the paintings, but also to size the paper, or mixed with the mounting paste.

식물의 이용 부위:

Fruit

제지에서의 사용:

Sizing agent

Dyeing aid

Langue:

English

Botanical classification

Gleditsia sinensis Lam.

목:

Fabales

과:

Caesalpiniaceae

동의어:

Gleditsisa horrida Willd.

Gleditsisa macracantha Desf.

Gleditsisa officinalis Hemsl.

식물의 성장 영역

China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang).

Grows on mountain slopes, forests, valleys, near roads; 200-2500 m.

제지에서의 사용 범위

China, Korea.

식물 재배 및 사용에 관한 일반성

Gleditsia sinensis is a tree of average size but which can reach 30m in height.

Thorns of Gleditsia sinensis are used in China and Korea for their medicinal properties.

중국:

Gleditsia sinensis would be one of the 50 fundamental herbs in traditional Chinese medicine.

The plant is used as a detergent in China for 2000 years. The pods are ground into powder which is used as soap.

The powder was used to clean the paintings, but also to size the paper, or mixed with the mounting paste.

식물의 이용 부위:

Fruit

제지에서의 사용:

Sizing agent

Dyeing aid

Langue:

Japanese

지역 표기:

シナサイカチ　

Botanical classification

Gleditsia sinensis Lam.

목:

Fabales

과:

Caesalpiniaceae

동의어:

Gleditsisa horrida Willd.

Gleditsisa macracantha Desf.

Gleditsisa officinalis Hemsl.

식물의 성장 영역

China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang).

Grows on mountain slopes, forests, valleys, near roads; 200-2500 m.

제지에서의 사용 범위

China, Korea.

식물 재배 및 사용에 관한 일반성

Gleditsia sinensis is a tree of average size but which can reach 30m in height.

Thorns of Gleditsia sinensis are used in China and Korea for their medicinal properties.

중국:

Gleditsia sinensis would be one of the 50 fundamental herbs in traditional Chinese medicine.

The plant is used as a detergent in China for 2000 years. The pods are ground into powder which is used as soap.

The powder was used to clean the paintings, but also to size the paper, or mixed with the mounting paste.

식물의 이용 부위:

Fruit

제지에서의 사용:

Sizing agent

Dyeing aid

Langue:

French

Botanical classification

Gleditsia sinensis Lam.

목:

Fabales

과:

Caesalpiniaceae

동의어:

Gleditsisa horrida Willd.

Gleditsisa macracantha Desf.

Gleditsisa officinalis Hemsl.

식물의 성장 영역

China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang).

Grows on mountain slopes, forests, valleys, near roads; 200-2500 m.

제지에서의 사용 범위

China, Korea.

식물 재배 및 사용에 관한 일반성

Gleditsia sinensis is a tree of average size but which can reach 30m in height.

Thorns of Gleditsia sinensis are used in China and Korea for their medicinal properties.

중국:

Gleditsia sinensis would be one of the 50 fundamental herbs in traditional Chinese medicine.

The plant is used as a detergent in China for 2000 years. The pods are ground into powder which is used as soap.

The powder was used to clean the paintings, but also to size the paper, or mixed with the mounting paste.

식물의 이용 부위:

Fruit

제지에서의 사용:

Sizing agent

Dyeing aid

Langue:

Korean

지역 표기:

주엽나무

Botanical classification

Gleditsia sinensis Lam.

목:

Fabales

과:

Caesalpiniaceae

동의어:

Gleditsisa horrida Willd.

Gleditsisa macracantha Desf.

Gleditsisa officinalis Hemsl.

식물의 성장 영역

China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang).

Grows on mountain slopes, forests, valleys, near roads; 200-2500 m.

제지에서의 사용 범위

China, Korea.

식물 재배 및 사용에 관한 일반성

Gleditsia sinensis is a tree of average size but which can reach 30m in height.

Thorns of Gleditsia sinensis are used in China and Korea for their medicinal properties.

중국:

Gleditsia sinensis would be one of the 50 fundamental herbs in traditional Chinese medicine.

The plant is used as a detergent in China for 2000 years. The pods are ground into powder which is used as soap.

The powder was used to clean the paintings, but also to size the paper, or mixed with the mounting paste.

식물의 이용 부위:

Fruit

제지에서의 사용:

Sizing agent

Dyeing aid

Langue:

Japanese

지역 표기:

アレカヤシ

Botanical classification

Areca catechu L.

목:

Arecales

과:

Arecaceae

동의어:

Areca catechu Willd.

Areca faufel Gaertn.

Areca himalayana Griff. ex H. Wendl.

Areca hortensis Lour.

Areca nigra Giseke ex H. Wendl.

Sublimia areca Comm. ex Mart.

식물의 성장 영역

Originated probably from Indonesia or India. Cultivated in the warm regions of Asia (Southeast Asia, Indonesia), China (Guangxi, Guangzhou-Canton area, Hainan, Yunnan), Taiwan.

Grows in rainforests, in undergrowth.

제지에서의 사용 범위

China, Japan, Korea.

식물 재배 및 사용에 관한 일반성

Areca catechu is a palm-tree which reaches 10 - 20m height. Fruits are abundant, orange and have an oval shape. The betelnut palm is now cultivated across the Asian tropics as a cash crop.

Throughout South and Southeast Asia, the chewing of nut is an ancient tradition for millions of people. The nut is used in combination with the betel leaf (Piper betel, Piperaceae family) and lime, to chew because it is credited with stimulating properties. Thus, the nut is used in many medicinal preparations because of the alkaloids it contains.

Its use has been mentioned in ancient texts for almost 2,000 years. The flower of the areca palm is also cooked.The dye extracted from the nut is used to dye silk and cotton. The coloring principle is the cachou, tannin extracted from the nut; it is a combination of catechol and / or epicatechol (procyanidins).

중국:

Used as dye.

일본:

Used for dyeing in black silk textiles. It is called Binroji zome.

한국:

Also used as medicine. Not native but imported.

Thailand:

In Thailand papermakers use the shells of the nuts they have burnt to extract a mate black color which is brushed on documents written in yellow; these papers are used during certain temple ceremonies.

제지를 위한 준비 방법

The cachou is prepared by boiling the nut crushed into powder and after filtering, the liquid is concentrated by evaporation until obtaining a thick material which is poured into moulds. These blocks are stored and sold in that form.

Cachou is melted in hot water to use it as dye. The color varies with the pH. The use of an iron mordant gives a black color.

일본:

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by their small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

한국:

The papers are dyed in three ways: dyeing of the pulp (Seonyeombeop), dyeing of the sheet by dipping, brushing and spraying (Huyeombeop ), combination of the both methods (Honyeombeop).Then the paper can be hammered.

종이 명칭

In Asia and particularly in China, Korea and Japan, the papers are intended for a wide range of use: Papers for calligraphy and art, Papers for ceremonies, Paper as a medium of exchange, money paper, Papers for making clothes, wall hangings and bedding, Papers for architecture, interior design, Papers for crafts of various kinds, for domestic purposes and leisure. The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

식물의 이용 부위:

Fruit

제지에서의 사용:

Dye

Langue:

English

Botanical classification

Gleditsia sinensis Lam.

목:

Fabales

과:

Caesalpiniaceae

동의어:

Gleditsisa horrida Willd.

Gleditsisa macracantha Desf.

Gleditsisa officinalis Hemsl.

식물의 성장 영역

China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang).

Grows on mountain slopes, forests, valleys, near roads; 200-2500 m.

제지에서의 사용 범위

China, Korea.

식물 재배 및 사용에 관한 일반성

Gleditsia sinensis is a tree of average size but which can reach 30m in height.

Thorns of Gleditsia sinensis are used in China and Korea for their medicinal properties.

중국:

Gleditsia sinensis would be one of the 50 fundamental herbs in traditional Chinese medicine.

The plant is used as a detergent in China for 2000 years. The pods are ground into powder which is used as soap.

The powder was used to clean the paintings, but also to size the paper, or mixed with the mounting paste.

식물의 이용 부위:

Fruit

제지에서의 사용:

Sizing agent

Dyeing aid

Wikstroemia sikokiana Franc. & Sav. © LB Vilmont

섬유 식별 요소들

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre lenght	3mm (2-4mm)
Average fibre width	12µm (4-20µm)
Fibre ends	Very variable.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Faint surface markings. V or zigzag cross-markings under polarized light.
Associated cells	Many associated cells of various shapes (rectangular), often broken.
Special features	Quiet short fibers with broad central portions. Flater fibers than mitsumata; may be twisted.
Herzberg staining	Yellow/ Bluish Green.
Graff 'C' staining	Bright blue.

Botanical classification

Wikstroemia sikokiania Franc. & Sav.

목:

Malvales

과:

Thymelaeaceae

동의어:

Daphne sikokiana (Franch. & Sav.) Halda

Diplomorpha sikokiana (Franch. & Sav.) Nakai

식물의 성장 영역

China, Korea, Japan.

Wikstroemia sikokiana grows in temperate climates, among the rocks on the mountain slopes between 1000 to 2800m (until 3500m), in the vicinity of sunny forest areas.

제지에서의 사용 범위

China, Korea, Japan.

일본:

Chubu (Fukui, Nagano, Ishikawa, Shizuoka prefectures ), Chugoku (Shimane, Tottori, Yamaguchi prefectures), Kansai (Hyogo, Kyoto, Nara, Osaka, Shiga, Wakayama prefectures), Kanto (Saitama prefecture), Kyushu (Miyazaki, Saga prefecture), Okinawa, Shikoku (Ehime, Kagawa, Kochi, Tokushima prefectures).

식물 재배 및 사용에 관한 일반성

Wikstroemia sikokiana is a shrub of the Thymelaceae family, family, which includes nearly 500 species in 44 genera. There is a great confusion among the various Wikstroemias, Stelleras, Edgeworthias and especially Daphnes, because their morphologies are very similar.

Thymelaceaes are base plants for paper making in the Himalaya areas. The plants are valued for the large amount of hemicelluloses contained in the bark. They are also very much used in Chinese medicine.

Wikstroemia sikokiana is a deciduous shrub, growing slowly up to 2m. Blooming takes place between May and June. Its fruits are not edible and it has no known medicinal use.

The plant is often harvested in the wild because if it can be domesticated, it is with difficulty. It takes 5 to 7 years for the plant reaches a sufficient height (2m) to be harvested for its bark.

The sap is toxic and it is probably the reason why the paper is resistant to insects.

중국:

There are 14 Wikstroemia species in Yunnan among which 6 are located in the northwest (W. delavayi, W. leptophylla, W. canescens, W. lichiangensis, W. scytophylla, W. lamatsoensis).

일본:

Gampi fibers would be used since the Nara period (710-794). There is evidence that the papers are highly valued at the court during the Heian period (794-1185) for writing poems, and these papers were dyed or may be decorated.

The Torinoko (cf. this name) of the former province of Echizen (Fukui Prefecture) appears in the middle ages, and it owes its name "bird’s child" because of its eggshell color and its glossy surface. It is used for calligraphy as it is a shinny paper on which ink does not bleed.

From Muromachi period (1336-1573) to Edo period (1603-1867), gampi papers are used as support for paintings because they increase sharpness of gold leaf decorations, very popular in those times.

Gampi was used in large quantities during the Meiji period (1868-1912), for the production of duplicating papers (cf.Tosa gampishi) used with the mimeograph or alcohol duplicator.
Currently, as cultivation is difficult, harvesting of shrubs growing in the wild, still exists. Fiber demand exceeds production so a part of gampi is imported from the Philippines.

One hundred kilograms of harvested gampi gives three to five kilograms of paper.

제지를 위한 준비 방법

일본:

Harvesting takes place every three years from mid-March to late April when the sap is rising and makes the fibers bright and makes debarking easier.
The bark is peeled off immediately without steaming and hung to dry.

At this stage the bark is called "black bark". Alkaline cooking is done at this stage and lasts 2 to 3 hours. The alkaline agent is wood ashes lye or lime or caustic soda. Bleaching is sometimes made with chlorine.

After cooking, barks are placed in water for several days to remove cooking residues. It also allows achieving bleaching.

Beating is done manually or with a small hollander beater. Removing impurities is done manually or, more recently, with diaphragm flat screen because the fibers are relatively short. In this case the sorting is done after pulp beating.

종이 명칭

일본:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

식물의 이용 부위:

Bark

제지에서의 사용:

Fiber

Langue:

French

Curcuma aromatica Salisb. © Flora of China

Botanical classification

Curcuma aromatica Salisb.

목:

Zingiberales

과:

Zingiberaceae

식물의 성장 영역

Curcuma aromatica occurs wild and cultivated mainly in Indo-Malesian region.

Bhutan, Burma, China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan, Xizang/Tibet, Yunnan, Zhejiang), India, Nepal, Sri Lanka.

It grows between 700-1100m and needs temperatures between 20 °C and 30 °C and a considerable amount of water.

제지에서의 사용 범위

China, Japan, Korea.

식물 재배 및 사용에 관한 일반성

Curcuma aromatica is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant. The foliage dies down in late autumn and the rhizomes remain dormant in winter. During summer monsoon season, the plant grows fast and can reach a height of about 40 cm tall.

Curcuma aromatica is used as a culinary ingredient, dye, cosmetic and herbal medicine with strong antibiotic properties.

The rhizome contains an essential oil and curcumin, a polyphenol, which is the active substance.

Curcumin is a pH indicator: in acidic solutions it turns yellow, whereas in basic solutions it turns red.

Turmeric has always had a symbolic place in the ceremonies and religious uses in India, Malaysia, Indonesia, Pacific islands (marriage, birth, initiation, death ...). In particular, it is used for dyeing in yellow the dress of the Buddhist monks. It makes a poor fabric dye, as it fades with exposure to sunlight; however, it is commonly used in Indian clothing.

제지를 위한 준비 방법

When harvesting the lateral rhizomes are taken to be cut into pieces and serve for replanting. The plants are gathered annually. They can be used fresh or prepared as a powder. In that instance, they must be boiled for several hours, then peeled from their skin and dried in the sun or in an oven. After complete drying they will be ground into powder. Fresh, they are crushed into a paste for immediate use.

Mordants used are aluminum (orange-yellow), iron (brown-black).

Chine:

Harvesting takes place when the leaves wilt, when the plant is about 1 year old.

The rhizomes are boiled and then dried in the sun.

They are ground into powder when they are dry or in paste when they are fresh for immediate use.

일본:

To extract the dye, the plant is immerged in alcohol.

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by their small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Usually the pulp is dyed in the vat before making the sheet.

한국:

The roots are boiled and the extract is filtered before using it for dyeing.

종이 명칭

식물의 이용 부위:

Root

제지에서의 사용:

Dye

찾기

Primary tabs

Gleditsia sinensis Lam.

Gleditsia sinensis Lam.

Gleditsia sinensis Lam.

Gleditsia sinensis Lam.

Gleditsia sinensis Lam.

Gleditsia sinensis Lam.

Areca catechu L.

Gleditsia sinensis Lam.

Wikstroemia sikokiania Franc. & Sav.

Curcuma aromatica Salisb.

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