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Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaudich. © Flora of China

Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaudich. © C.Laroque

Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaudich. © L.B. Vilmont

섬유 식별 요소들

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre lenght	60 – 250 mm
Average fibre width	17 – 80 μm
Fibre ends	Round ends (rarely present).
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Longitudinal stratifications of the wall, many crosses.
Associated cells	Crystals of calcium oxalate.
Special features	Fibers are flat, ribbon-shaped and tend to twist and tangle; they have a large lumen and a membrane. Cross-section: flatter than tubular, lumen and walls of varying thickness.
Herzberg staining	Orange red.
Graff 'C' staining	Red.

Botanical classification

Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaudich.

목:

Rosales

과:

Urticaceae

동의어:

Boehmeria nivea (L.) Hook. f. & Arn.

Urtica nivea L. (pour Boehmeria nivea var. nivea)

Ramium niveum (L.) Kuntze

식물의 성장 영역

Originated in tropical areas of Asia.

Bhutan, Cambodia, China (South Anhui, Fujian, South Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, South Henan, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, South Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Laos, Nepal, Sikkim, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.

Forest margins, thickets, moist places along streams, roadsides, often cultivated; 200-1700 m.

제지에서의 사용 범위

China, Korea, Japan.

식물 재배 및 사용에 관한 일반성

Boehmerias form one of the genera of the Urticaceae family; the genus includes one hundred species. There are about 65 tropical or subtropical species of which 6 are endemic in China. These are flowering plants, but unlike other members of the same family, genus bears no stinging hairs.

Boehmeria nivea or white ramie or is a large perennial herb. It spreads by fragmentation of rhizomes. The stems reach 2 to 3m high. The plant likes sandy and well drained soils.

The plant is cultivated for its resistant bast fibers. It is possible to obtain 2-4 harvests per year depending on the climate of the region.

Its fibers are shorter than those of hemp, but they are very strong in the manufacture of ropes and nets. The longest fibers are reserved for the textile industry while the shortest are for paper manufacturing.

This is one of the oldest textile plants because its use would have started more than 6000 years ago (it was used in the manufacture of strips for the preparation of mummies in Egypt).

However, the fibers are difficult to extract from the plant. Indeed, it is difficult to peel them in tow because they are very embedded with gums.

The fibers are difficult to dye due to high molecular crystallinity. They have a shiny appearance that made them qualify as silk plant.

The other species appreciated for textiles, is the green ramie (Boehmeria utilis, Boehmeria tenacissima), which is also cultivated in China.

Ramie has medical uses in particular it is febrifuge. Leaves and roots are also eaten.
Boehmeria nivea can also be grown as forage plant.

중국:

The cultivation of ramie is reflected in China over 3000 years. The documents refer mainly to its culture as a textile plant. It grew around in the wild in China, especially in north and west areas, such as flax, hemp, jute. All these plants are called “ma” in old Chinese documents.

According to Ying-Hsing in « Tiangong kaiwu » or « Creations of nature and work of man » (circa 1600-1660) there are two varieties, green and yellow. Stems can be harvested two or three times a year. The fiber is different from flax, hemp and jute as it is covered with pectin, which is not easy to remove by bacterial action.

The process of elimination of pectin to get the fiber, is described by Lu Chi in the "Shih Ching" from the 3rd century: Remove the bark with a bamboo or iron knife; boil the internal fibers. This textile is used as furnishing textile throughout southern China.

The process of elimination of pectin was not well known in northern China that is why the clothes made with ramie were produced and worn especially in the south. They are known to be light for summer and are worn by the common people. It also used to make curtains, mosquito nets.
The Mongolian government in the13th century tried to introduce its culture in northern China but without success because the ramie does not grow well in the north, too dry. It survived in the south to the development of cotton cultivation. In the 19th century there is a flourishing trade in Canton for export to Europe.

Ramie is one of the oldest fibers used in China in the manufacture of paper. From the Tang Dynasty (618-907), there is a strong demand for hemp textiles; hemp reserved for textiles use, will be progressively replaced by ramie in the manufacture of paper. Its use will disappear at the end of the dynasty.

일본:

It was mainly used as a textile plant in particular in the production of a very fine fabric called Miyako-Jōfu from the Miyako-jima Islands (Okinawa Prefecture). The fabric allows making clothes well adapted to local climatic conditions.

한국:

It has rarely been used in Korea as a paper plant but mainly as a textile plant.

제지를 위한 준비 방법

Chine:

Harvesting is made when stems turn to brown. The leaves are removed from the stems, the stems are steamed and the fibres stripped off. This inside bark is dried to avoid rotting.

The fibres are cooked for 2 hours with lye (fresh material might require longer cooking). They are then beaten in a Hollander beater.

종이 명칭

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

식물의 이용 부위:

Stem

제지에서의 사용:

Fiber

Langue:

Broussonetia Papyrifera (L.) L’Hér. ex Vent. © Flora of China

Broussonetia Papyrifera (L.) L’Hér. ex Vent. © C. Laroque

Broussonetia Papyrifera (L.) L’Hér. ex Vent.

Broussonetia Papyrifera (L.) L’Hér. ex Vent. © L.B. Vilmont

섬유 식별 요소들

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre length	10 mm
Average fibre width	28µm (25-35µm)
Fibre ends	Ends of various shapes, pointed or blunt, scalloped, forked, spatulated.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Faint, Cross-markings.
Associated Cells	Parenchyma cells. Rectangular associated cells which turn blue.
Special features	Irregurlarly shaped fiber ends and walls. Looks like woodpulp (vessels) and straw pulp. Fibers often covered with a translucent membrane which is the most characteristic element of the paper mulberry fiber. Very long fibers. Usually thick but irregular fiber walls with crosses.
Herzberg stain	Red with blue lumen membrane.
C. Graff stain	Red with blue lumen membrane.

Botanical classification

Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L’Hér. ex Vent.

목:

Rosales

과:

동의어:

Morus papyrifera L.

Smithiodendron artocarpioideum Hu

Papyrius papyrifera (L.) Kuntze

식물의 성장 영역

Native to the Pacific region (Polynesia).

Native or cultivated in Burma, Cambodia, China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, South East Xizang/Tibet, Yunnan, Zhejiang), India (Sikkim), Japan, Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Thailand, Taiwan, Vietnam.

Grows in China until 2500m.

제지에서의 사용 범위

China, Korea, Japan, Thailand.

중국:

Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hainan, Hebei, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shanxi,Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, South East Xizang (Tibet), Yunnan, Zhejiang.

일본:

Chūbu (Niigata,Toyama, Ishikawa,Fukui, Nagano, Gifu, Shizuoka, Aichi Prefectures), Chūgoku (Shimane Prefecture), Kansai (Kyoto, Hyogo, Nara Prefectures), Kantō (Ibaraki, Tochigi, Saitama Prefectures), Kyūshū (Fukuoka, Kumamoto, Oita, Kagoshima Prefectures), Shikoku (Tokushima, Ehime, Kochi Prefectures), Tōhoku (Iwate , Miyagi, Fukushima Prefectures).

한국:

Gyeonggi (Gapyeong, Mungyeong, Gyeongin, Yeongin), Gangwon (Wonju), Chungcheong (Danyang, Goesan) Gyeongsang (Andong, Chongsong, Uiryeong, Hamyang, Jinju), Jeolla (Imsil, Namwon, Jeonjiu).

태국:

Chiangmai

식물 재배 및 사용에 관한 일반성

Brousonnetias are a genus of the Moraceae family, which includes several species which the main are B. papyrifera, B. kazinoki, B. kaempferi, B. kurzii.
Brousonnetia papyrifera is a deciduous shrub which grows in the wild but can be cultivated; it can reach 15m in height. The species is dioecious. The fruits are edible. It grows as well on flat ground, allowing an easy harvest, as on hillside, where land is less desirable for other cultures. It accommodates both dry lands and wetlands.
Its cultivation is quite easy but it's Brousonnetia kazinoki being simpler, the two species are often planted in mixed fields. Cultivated shrubs provide better fibers than the wild ones; they are thick, long and strong. Its growth is slow, however, the harvest can take place each year.
Shrubs provide bark used for ever in East Asia and the Pacific arc. They are mainly used in paper manufacturing, but also in traditional medicine as are the leaves and fruits of the shrub.

중국:

Paper mulberry in the past and until now grows or is cultivated throughout China.

The use of Broussonetia barks in the manufacture of paper, originated probably in the ancient production of barkcloth (tapa), especially in the South and Southwest.

Paper mulberry is harvested, grown or sold for the manufacture of cloth very early, under the Shang (-17th / 11th-century).

The earliest mention of the use of bark in the manufacture of paper can be found in the biography of Cai-Lun, within the "Hou Han shu " or "History of the Later Han Dynasty" by Fan Yeh, dating from the 5th century and the use seems to have started with Cai Lun in the second century.

Papers made with paper mulberry are already popular under the Jin (265-420); under the Tang (618-907), these papers are quite common for writing. Papers for calligraphy and painting in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) are often made from a mixture of bark and bamboo or sometimes straw.

At all times they are also used for making money paper, clothes, for bookbinding, in the interiors, etc. At the end of the Tang Dynasty lightweight armors are made with paper, which are able to stop the arrows; they will be used even under the Qing (1644-1911) by the tribes of the south, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi.

일본:

Papermakers formerly cultivated their own fields of kozo (Broussonetia papyrifera) but now with rare exceptions, kozo or kazinoki (Broussonetia kazinoki) are grown by farmers in addition to food crops and are sold to paper makers. However, some papermakers still gather together to grow and harvest the bark at the place where paper is manufactured. The paper is produced in many regions of Japan.

Kozo was used early in the manufacture of paper. The earliest papers in Japan (family records of families from Mino - Gifu, Chikuzen – Fukuoka et Buzen – Oita) dating from 702, are kozo papers.

The first great era of paper production in Japan covers the Nara period (710-794) and Heian period (794-1185). During these periods, Japan is dominated by a bureaucracy on the Chinese model that requires the use of large quantities of paper. The practice of copying sutras also requires the production of high quality white paper. The government encourages the establishment of paper mills but they remain under the control of local authorities. Local lords control the production because paper is a ware used as tax. The first papers are produced by the tamezuki method up to the Heian period when they are replaced by the nagashizuki method (see papermaking process).

Techniques improve during the Heian period and kozo and gampi (Wikstroemia) will take the place of hemp. Kozo takes the greatest space because it is easier than hemp and can be grown easily everywhere; gampi has a more limited use because as it could not be cultivated, harvesting is restricted to wild shrubs.

The second great period runs from the Kamakura period (1185-1333) until the end of the Meiji period (1868-1912). The demand for paper increases enormously during the feudal period. Production increases in quantity, quality and variety. During the Edo period (1603-1868), kozo is grown and used in paper manufactures in many parts of Japan. The paper changes its status, from taxes, it takes the status of goods exported to the large cities. This lucrative trade is under the control of the clans of samurais.

The pure kozo paper (choshi) is used for calligraphy, official documents, printing.

Papers for calligraphy are sized to prevent the ink to spread and appear dull and flat. At present papers for calligraphy may contain other fibers such as bamboo or rice straw to expand the range of aesthetic effects to be obtained.

In the arts, kozo papers are used as support for painting, prints, scroll paintings mounting, screens or sliding doors.

They are widely used in homes to cover windows, sliding doors, walls and floors and in different crafts where they are used to make domestic purpose objects, boxes, jars, umbrellas, lanterns, fans, textiles, toys etc

Finally, they are also found in religious or ceremonial articles.

They are also used for making fabrics: the paper sheet is used directly after being treated to increase its strength (Kamiko) or after making threads. The fabric is obtained by weaving mixed threads, paper threads and textiles threads such as silk, cotton or hemp (Shifu).

한국:

The word "dak" in Korean is a generic term for "paper mulberry". The two species Broussonetia papyrifera and Broussonetia Kazinoki were hybridized early and the two names "Daknamu” (Broussonetia Kazinoki) and “Kkujinamu” (Broussonetia papyrifera) are often confused; the term Daknamu is most often used but may designate one or other of the two species. However, it seems that Broussonetia Kazinoki is most commonly used.

The plant grew throughout Korea and its cultivation increased with the development of the paper industry.

Dak fibers appear to have been used early in the manufacture of paper between the second and fourth centuries AD. The rough surface of the first papers is flattened by hammering or "dochim", a practice that seems to rise in the 8th century.

During the Goryeo period (918-1392) the government encourages the development of the paper industry and Buddhism introduced in the fourth century, became in this period the dominant religion, sacred texts are widely copied and then printed. The development of printing that allows the publication of numerous books, enhance the need to produce more paper.

The Joseon government (1392 - 1910) in front of the magnitude of demand will encourage the diversification of raw materials. Gradually fibers of various kinds are mixed with dak fibers and quality which made the reputation of Korean paper at the beginning of the Joseon period, decreased significantly from the 16th century.

The mulberry papers are used for calligraphy, official documents, printing. In the arts, they serve as support for painting, prints, scroll paintings mounting, screens or sliding doors.

Thailand:

In Thailand, the use of Broussonetia started with the Japanese occupation (linked to a growing demand for paper from Japanese) during the Second World War. It replaced the Streblus asper (Khoi), fiber traditionally used in Thailand, which was missing while Broussonetia was abundant in northern Thailand.

제지를 위한 준비 방법

Chine:

Harvesting takes place in the spring. The bark is peeled directly from the branches or after steaming. In this case, the branches are put in bundles and the peeling of the bark is done after steaming or cooking in boiling water inside a closed tank. The bark can then either be dried in the sun or let to ferment. In the first case, the impurities are removed by an alkaline cooking (ash lye) that can last several days. If the fermentation process is used, the barks are immersed in water to ferment for several days. They are then rinsed and brown bark is scraped with a knife. They are then immersed in a lime bath for several weeks. The operation is followed by further rinsing.

Bleaching is carried out by exposing the bark to the sun with water spraying for 7 to 11 weeks.
The bark is then crushed by various methods: in a mortar with a pestle or with a trip hammer (foot hammer or with cams activated by water power) on a stone or beaten with mallets or wooden sticks or crushed in a grinder moved by an animal.

Before making the sheets, a dispersing agent is added to the pulp which is brewed.
Sheet forming uses several methods: bailing in one or several scoops depending on the desired thickness.

The sheets are couched in a pile before being put under weight or in press during one night. They are then brushed on a heated or not heated wall to dry.

일본:

The bark is then rinsed and let to dry on racks. The bark is ready to make paper after two or three years of storage.

Before cooking the bark can be bleached: it is exposed to sunlight in the cold water of a river or on the snow. Cooking in an alkaline solution allows the removal of lignin, pectins, gums and waxes, which would block the separation of fibers during the beating. Alcaline solutions are either made from wood ash or alkaline chemicals (sodium hydroxide or lime). Cooking lasts about two hours but the duration varies depending on the age of the bark and the alkali used. After cooking the barks are rinsed to remove alkali residues. Removing of foreign particles is done by hands in cold water.

The pulp is then beaten manually with mallets or sticks, or in the Japanese hollander, the naginata.The pulp is poured into a wooden vat already filled with water and a dispersing agent is added to the pulp which is whipped using a wooden rake.Two methods are used to make the sheet: nagashizuki or tamezuki. In the tamezuki method the amount of needed pulp is taken at once to form the sheet. In the nagashizuki method the sheet is made by superimposing layers of fibers successively until the desired thickness.The sheets are laid one by one on a board equipped with marks, with or without spacer (thread, gras stem) for better separation after pressing. The pressing is done by placing the paper stack under load or in a lever press. The pressing is done at the end of the workday, it lasts usually one night. To make them dry, the sheets are brushed on wooden boards which will be placed outdoors or indoors. Currently heated metal plates are also used.Finally, the sheets are sorted and usually trimmed with a knife using a template.

한국:

Harvesting takes place between November and February. One year shrubs are preferably chosen for their soft fibers. The branches are cut to a length of 1.20m; to facilitate the peeling of the bark, the bundles are spread in a metal pot filled with water and are covered with a thick coarse cloth which will retain the steam. The device is heated for 5-7 hours.

After steaming the bark can be directly separated from the wood and then dried in the sun. The bark is called at this stage "black bark" because of its outer layer which should be removed. It is scraped with a knife.

The white bark is left to soak for one day to facilitate the removal of soluble elements and penetration into the fibers of the alkaline solution. Then the bark is cut and assembled into bunches for an alkaline cooking. The barks are placed in a vat containing a caustic lye and boiled for three to four hours. This operation removes lignin and non desirable materials (pectins, starches). Alkaline agents are either plant ashes or alkaline chemicals (soda, lime or sodium carbonate). After cooking, the barks are rinsed in running water for half a day to remove detergent and dissolved substances. The barks are immersed longer in running water, for several days in order to expose them to sunlight and to bleach them.

The removal of hard impurities is done by hand in cold water.
The pulp is then beaten by various methods: using sticks on a flat stone or a wooden disk, a vertical beater and more recently in the Japanese hollander called naginata.
To proceed to sheet making, the tank is first filled with water and the pulp is poured into the vat. The dispersing agent is added and the pulp is whipped. The methods used are called webal, ssangbal and jangpanji. In the webal method, the sheet is usually formed of two layers. The sheet is couched on a wooden board; either one sheet is couched alone, or a second sheet is laid on its surface, head to tail to form a single sheet. The Ssangbal method is derived from Japanese nagashizuki returned after 1900 (the method had been imported in the early 15th century when production should be accelerated). In Jangpanji, which is used for the manufacture of large format sheets, the mould is maintained by two people at each large end. The sheet is formed by successive layers of pulp.
In all cases, the sheets are couched with the movable screen in a stack and are separated or not by an intermediate element (thread, grass stem) to facilitate separation after pressing. Before lifting the screen, the pile of sheets is pressed with a wooden roller to eliminate air bubbles. The pressing is carried out under load or in a lever press. The draining is slow (12 hours). To be dried, the sheets are brushed on a smooth surface: wooden desks, on the floor made with oiled papers, on a heated metal plate.

Calendering or Dochim is the step that makes paper more compact, less porous and gives it a smooth surface. The sheets are moistened into small packs of ten and are then hammered on a flat stone with a foot hammer (currently a motorized hammer).

태국:

Harvesting takes place when the shrub has reached a certain maturity. The bark is peeled directly from the branches. The barks are first placed in clean water for a day to soften them. Then they are boiled in water with lime or in wood ash lye for 5 hours and finally rinsed. The removal of hard impurities is done by hand.
Beating is done manually using wooden mallets on a wooden table or the Japanese hollander (naginata).
The paper mould used to make the sheet is non movable, it is a cotton canvas stretched over wooden bars. Two methods are used to form the sheets: the mould is immersed and agitated to allow the distribution of the paste, the mould is set to float on the surface of the tank and the pulp measured in the right quantity and diluted in a container is poured over the mould to be evenly distributed by hand.
For drying, the mould is placed at an angle in the sun. After complete drying the sheet will be detached by peeling.

종이 명칭

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

일본:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

한국:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

태국:

Papers made with paper mulberry fibers are a modern production in Thailand.

식물의 이용 부위:

Bark

제지에서의 사용:

Fiber

Langue:

섬유 식별 요소들

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre length	10 mm
Average fibre width	28µm (25-35µm)
Fibre ends	Ends of various shapes, pointed or blunt, scalloped, forked, spatulated.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Faint, Cross-markings.
Associated Cells	Parenchyma cells. Rectangular associated cells which turn blue.
Special features	Irregurlarly shaped fiber ends and walls. Looks like woodpulp (vessels) and straw pulp. Fibers often covered with a translucent membrane which is the most characteristic element of the paper mulberry fiber. Very long fibers. Usually thick but irregular fiber walls with crosses.
Herzberg stain	Red with blue lumen membrane.
C. Graff stain	Red with blue lumen membrane.

Botanical classification

Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L’Hér. ex Vent.

목:

Rosales

과:

동의어:

Morus papyrifera L.

Smithiodendron artocarpioideum Hu

Papyrius papyrifera (L.) Kuntze

식물의 성장 영역

Native to the Pacific region (Polynesia).

Grows in China until 2500m.

제지에서의 사용 범위

China, Korea, Japan, Thailand.

중국:

Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hainan, Hebei, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shanxi,Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, South East Xizang (Tibet), Yunnan, Zhejiang.

일본:

한국:

태국:

Chiangmai

식물 재배 및 사용에 관한 일반성

중국:

Paper mulberry in the past and until now grows or is cultivated throughout China.

The use of Broussonetia barks in the manufacture of paper, originated probably in the ancient production of barkcloth (tapa), especially in the South and Southwest.

Paper mulberry is harvested, grown or sold for the manufacture of cloth very early, under the Shang (-17th / 11th-century).

일본:

Kozo was used early in the manufacture of paper. The earliest papers in Japan (family records of families from Mino - Gifu, Chikuzen – Fukuoka et Buzen – Oita) dating from 702, are kozo papers.

The pure kozo paper (choshi) is used for calligraphy, official documents, printing.

In the arts, kozo papers are used as support for painting, prints, scroll paintings mounting, screens or sliding doors.

Finally, they are also found in religious or ceremonial articles.

한국:

The plant grew throughout Korea and its cultivation increased with the development of the paper industry.

The mulberry papers are used for calligraphy, official documents, printing. In the arts, they serve as support for painting, prints, scroll paintings mounting, screens or sliding doors.

Thailand:

제지를 위한 준비 방법

Chine:

Before making the sheets, a dispersing agent is added to the pulp which is brewed.
Sheet forming uses several methods: bailing in one or several scoops depending on the desired thickness.

The sheets are couched in a pile before being put under weight or in press during one night. They are then brushed on a heated or not heated wall to dry.

일본:

The bark is then rinsed and let to dry on racks. The bark is ready to make paper after two or three years of storage.

한국:

태국:

종이 명칭

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

일본:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

한국:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

태국:

Papers made with paper mulberry fibers are a modern production in Thailand.

식물의 이용 부위:

Bark

제지에서의 사용:

Fiber

Langue:

Chinese

지역 표기:

楮

构

穀

동의어:

Gou

섬유 식별 요소들

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre length	10 mm
Average fibre width	28µm (25-35µm)
Fibre ends	Ends of various shapes, pointed or blunt, scalloped, forked, spatulated.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Faint, Cross-markings.
Associated Cells	Parenchyma cells. Rectangular associated cells which turn blue.
Special features	Irregurlarly shaped fiber ends and walls. Looks like woodpulp (vessels) and straw pulp. Fibers often covered with a translucent membrane which is the most characteristic element of the paper mulberry fiber. Very long fibers. Usually thick but irregular fiber walls with crosses.
Herzberg stain	Red with blue lumen membrane.
C. Graff stain	Red with blue lumen membrane.

Botanical classification

Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L’Hér. ex Vent.

목:

Rosales

과:

동의어:

Morus papyrifera L.

Smithiodendron artocarpioideum Hu

Papyrius papyrifera (L.) Kuntze

식물의 성장 영역

Native to the Pacific region (Polynesia).

Grows in China until 2500m.

제지에서의 사용 범위

China, Korea, Japan, Thailand.

중국:

Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hainan, Hebei, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shanxi,Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, South East Xizang (Tibet), Yunnan, Zhejiang.

일본:

한국:

태국:

Chiangmai

식물 재배 및 사용에 관한 일반성

중국:

Paper mulberry in the past and until now grows or is cultivated throughout China.

The use of Broussonetia barks in the manufacture of paper, originated probably in the ancient production of barkcloth (tapa), especially in the South and Southwest.

Paper mulberry is harvested, grown or sold for the manufacture of cloth very early, under the Shang (-17th / 11th-century).

일본:

Kozo was used early in the manufacture of paper. The earliest papers in Japan (family records of families from Mino - Gifu, Chikuzen – Fukuoka et Buzen – Oita) dating from 702, are kozo papers.

The pure kozo paper (choshi) is used for calligraphy, official documents, printing.

In the arts, kozo papers are used as support for painting, prints, scroll paintings mounting, screens or sliding doors.

Finally, they are also found in religious or ceremonial articles.

한국:

The plant grew throughout Korea and its cultivation increased with the development of the paper industry.

The mulberry papers are used for calligraphy, official documents, printing. In the arts, they serve as support for painting, prints, scroll paintings mounting, screens or sliding doors.

Thailand:

제지를 위한 준비 방법

Chine:

Before making the sheets, a dispersing agent is added to the pulp which is brewed.
Sheet forming uses several methods: bailing in one or several scoops depending on the desired thickness.

The sheets are couched in a pile before being put under weight or in press during one night. They are then brushed on a heated or not heated wall to dry.

일본:

The bark is then rinsed and let to dry on racks. The bark is ready to make paper after two or three years of storage.

한국:

태국:

종이 명칭

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

일본:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

한국:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

태국:

Papers made with paper mulberry fibers are a modern production in Thailand.

식물의 이용 부위:

Bark

제지에서의 사용:

Fiber

Broussonetia Kazinoki Siebold & Zucc. © Flora of China

Broussonetia Kazinoki Siebold & Zucc. © C.Laroque

Broussonetia Kazinoki Siebold & Zucc. © T.H. Choi

섬유 식별 요소들

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre lenght	8,7 mm
Average fibre width	22,5 µm
Fibre ends	Variable.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Cross markings. Less prominent fiber wall.
Associated cells
Special features	Transparent membrane around fibers.
Herzberg staining	Purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Reddish brown.

Botanical classification

Broussonetia kazinoki Siebold & Zucc.

목:

Rosales

과:

동의어:

Broussonetia kazinoki var. ruyangensis P.H. Ling & X.W. Wei

Broussonetia monoica Hance

식물의 성장 영역

Can be traced along migration routes from China through Southeast Asia and into the Pacific regions.

Native or cultivated in China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Japan, Korea,Taiwan.

Grows on forest margins, low mountains.

제지에서의 사용 범위

China, Korea, Japan.

일본:

Tohoku (Fukushima and Miyagi Prefectures).

한국:

Gyeongsang, Jeolla.

식물 재배 및 사용에 관한 일반성

Brousonnetias are a genus of the Moraceae family, which includes several species which the main are papyrifera, B. kazinoki, B. kaempferi, B. kurzii.

Brousonnetia kazinoki is a deciduous shrub which grows in the wild but can be cultivated; it can reach 15m in height. The species is dioecious. Flowering occurs from April to May. The fruits are edible. It grows as well on flat ground, allowing an easy harvest, as on hillside, where land is less desirable for other cultures. It accommodates both dry lands as wetlands.

Cultivation of Brousonnetia kazinoki is easier than that of Broussonnetia payrifera and the two species are often planted in mixed fields.

Shrubs provide bark used for ever in East Asia and the Pacific arc. They are mainly used in paper manufacturing, but also in traditional medicine as are the leaves and fruits of the shrub.

The leaves of Broussonetia Kazinoki are wider than those of Broussonetia papyrifera. In Japan, they were used during the summer festivals of Tanabata to write poems.

Cultivated shrubs provide better fiber than the wild ones; they are thick, long and strong. The fibers of Kazinoki are longer and stronger than those of Broussonetia papyrifera. Its growth is slow, however, the harvest can take place each year.

중국:

Paper mulberry in the past and until now grows or is cultivated throughout China.

일본:

The main production areas of the bark are in the Fukushima Prefecture.

It is difficult to separate the use of kozo from the use of kazinoki in the manufacture of paper, their use having evolved over time (analysis of ancient documents does not provide information because it is impossible to determine both species by analyzing fiber). However, it seems that Broussonetia papyrifera is the most commonly used. Currently the both species are often grown together and used as a mixture. The method of preparation does not change from one species to another.
Refer to Broussonetia payrifera for historical elements.

The pure kozo paper (choshi) is used for calligraphy, official documents, printing.

In the arts, kozo papers are used as support for painting, prints, scroll paintings mounting, screens or sliding doors.

Finally, they are also found in religious or ceremonial articles.

한국:

The plant grew throughout Korea and its cultivation increased with the development of the paper industry.

During the Goryeo period (918-1392) the government encourages the development of the paper industry and Buddhism introduced in the fourth century became in this period, the dominant religion; sacred texts are widely copied and then printed. The development of printing that allows the publication of numerous books, enhance the need to produce more paper.

The Joseon government (1392-1910) before the magnitude of demand will encourage the diversification of raw materials. Gradually fibers of various kinds are mixed with dak fibers and quality that made the reputation of Korean paper at the beginning of the Joseon period, decreased significantly from the 16th century.

The mulberry papers are used for calligraphy, official documents, printing. In the arts, they serve as support for painting, prints, scroll paintings mounting, screens or sliding doors. They are widely used in homes to cover windows, sliding doors, walls and floors and in different crafts where they are used to make domestic purpose objects, boxes, jars, umbrellas, lanterns, fans, textiles, toys etc. Finally, they are also found in religious or ceremonial articles.

Thailand:

제지를 위한 준비 방법

일본:

Harvesting begins when the leaves have fallen in November, December. The branches are cut into equal pieces of one meter in length to form bundles. These bundles are placed in an oven for two to three hours to facilitate the peeling of the bark. The bark at this stage is called "black bark" because of its outside layer to be removed before ensiling. It is scraped with a knife.
The bark is then rinsed and allowed to dry on rack. The bark is ready to make paper after two or three years of storage.
Before cooking, the bark can be bleached: it is exposed to sunlight in the cold water of a river or on the snow. Cooking in an alkaline solution allows the removal of lignin, pectins, gums and waxes, which would block the separation of fibers during the beating. Alcaline solutions are either wood ash or alkaline chemicals (sodium hydroxide or lime). Cooking lasts about two hours but the duration varies depending on the age of the bark and the alkali used. After cooking the barks are rinsed to remove alkali residues. Removing of foreign particles is done by hands in cold water.

The pulp is then beaten manually with mallets or sticks, or in the Japanese hollander, the naginata.
The pulp is poured into a wooden tub already filled with water and the dispersing agent is added to the paste which is whipped using a wooden rake.
Two methods are used to make the sheet: nagashizuki or tamezuki. In the tamezuki method the amount of needed pulp is taken at once to form the sheet. In the nagashizuki method the sheet is made by superimposing layers of fibers successively until the desired thickness.
The sheets are laid one by one on a board equipped with marks, with or without spacer (thread, stems) for better separation after pressing. The pressing is done by placing the paper stack under load or in a lever press, at the end of the workday; it lasts usually one night. To make them dry, the sheets are brushed on wooden boards which will be placed outdoors or indoors. Currently heated metal plates are also used.
Finally, the sheets are sorted and usually trimmed with a knife using a template.

한국:

The white bark is left to soak for a whole day to facilitate the removal of soluble elements and penetration into the fibers of the alkaline solution. Then the bark is cut and assembled into bunches for an alkaline cooking. The barks are placed in a tub containing a caustic lye and are boiled for three to four hours. This operation removes lignin and non desirable materials (pectins, starches). Alkaline agents are either plant ashes or alkaline chemicals (soda, lime or sodium carbonate).

After cooking, the barks are rinsed in running water for half a day to remove detergent and dissolved substances.

The barks can be also immersed longer in running water, for several days in order to expose them to sunlight and to bleach them.

The removal of impurities is done by hand in cold water.

The pulp is then beaten by various methods: using sticks on a flat stone or a wooden disk, a vertical beater and more recently in the Japanese hollander, naginata.

To proceed to sheet making, the tank is first filled with water and the pulp is poured into the vat. The dispersing agent is added and the pulp is whipped. The methods used are called webal, ssangbal and jangpanji. In the webal method, the sheet is usually formed of two layers. The sheet is couched on a wooden board; either one sheet is couched alone, or a second sheet is laid on its surface, head to tail to form a single sheet.

The Ssangbal method is derived from Japanese nagashizuki returned after 1900 (the method had been imported in the early 15th century when production should be accelerated).

In Jangpanji, which is used for the manufacture of large format sheets, the mold is maintained by two people at each large end. The sheet is formed by successive layers of pulp.

In all cases, the sheets are couched with the movable screen in a stack and are separated or not by an intermediate element (thread, stems) to facilitate separation after pressing. Before lifting the screen, the pile of sheets is pressed with a wooden roller to eliminate air bubbles.

The pressing is carried out under load or in a lever press. The draining is slow (12 hours).

To be dried, the sheets are brushed on a smooth surface: wood plank on the floor made with oiled papers, on a steam heated metal plate.

태국:

Harvesting takes place when the shrub has reached a certain maturity. The bark is peeled directly from the branches. The barks are first placed in clean water for a day to soften them. Then they are boiled in water with lime or in wood ash lye for 5 hours and finally rinsed. The removal of impurities is done by hand.Beating is done manually using wooden mallets on a wooden table or in the Japanese hollander (naginata). The dye is added to the pulp.The paper mold used to make the sheet is non movable, it is a cotton canvas stretched over bamboo bars. Two methods are used to form the sheets: the mold is immersed and agitated to allow the distribution of the paste, ot the mold is set to float on the surface of the tank and the pulp measured in the right quantity and diluted in a container is poured over the mold to be evenly distributed by hand.For drying, the mold is placed at an angle in the sun. After complete drying the sheet will be detached by peeling.

종이 명칭

일본:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

한국:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

태국:

The papers made from paper mulberry fibers are a modern production in Thailand.

식물의 이용 부위:

Bark

제지에서의 사용:

Fiber

Langue:

섬유 식별 요소들

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre lenght	8,7 mm
Average fibre width	22,5 µm
Fibre ends	Variable.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Cross markings. Less prominent fiber wall.
Associated cells
Special features	Transparent membrane around fibers.
Herzberg staining	Purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Reddish brown.

Botanical classification

Broussonetia kazinoki Siebold & Zucc.

목:

Rosales

과:

동의어:

Broussonetia kazinoki var. ruyangensis P.H. Ling & X.W. Wei

Broussonetia monoica Hance

식물의 성장 영역

Can be traced along migration routes from China through Southeast Asia and into the Pacific regions.

Native or cultivated in China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Japan, Korea,Taiwan.

Grows on forest margins, low mountains.

제지에서의 사용 범위

China, Korea, Japan.

일본:

Tohoku (Fukushima and Miyagi Prefectures).

한국:

Gyeongsang, Jeolla.

식물 재배 및 사용에 관한 일반성

Brousonnetias are a genus of the Moraceae family, which includes several species which the main are papyrifera, B. kazinoki, B. kaempferi, B. kurzii.

Cultivation of Brousonnetia kazinoki is easier than that of Broussonnetia payrifera and the two species are often planted in mixed fields.

Shrubs provide bark used for ever in East Asia and the Pacific arc. They are mainly used in paper manufacturing, but also in traditional medicine as are the leaves and fruits of the shrub.

The leaves of Broussonetia Kazinoki are wider than those of Broussonetia papyrifera. In Japan, they were used during the summer festivals of Tanabata to write poems.

중국:

Paper mulberry in the past and until now grows or is cultivated throughout China.

일본:

The main production areas of the bark are in the Fukushima Prefecture.

The pure kozo paper (choshi) is used for calligraphy, official documents, printing.

In the arts, kozo papers are used as support for painting, prints, scroll paintings mounting, screens or sliding doors.

Finally, they are also found in religious or ceremonial articles.

한국:

The plant grew throughout Korea and its cultivation increased with the development of the paper industry.

Thailand:

제지를 위한 준비 방법

일본:

한국:

After cooking, the barks are rinsed in running water for half a day to remove detergent and dissolved substances.

The barks can be also immersed longer in running water, for several days in order to expose them to sunlight and to bleach them.

The removal of impurities is done by hand in cold water.

The pulp is then beaten by various methods: using sticks on a flat stone or a wooden disk, a vertical beater and more recently in the Japanese hollander, naginata.

The Ssangbal method is derived from Japanese nagashizuki returned after 1900 (the method had been imported in the early 15th century when production should be accelerated).

In Jangpanji, which is used for the manufacture of large format sheets, the mold is maintained by two people at each large end. The sheet is formed by successive layers of pulp.

The pressing is carried out under load or in a lever press. The draining is slow (12 hours).

To be dried, the sheets are brushed on a smooth surface: wood plank on the floor made with oiled papers, on a steam heated metal plate.

태국:

Harvesting takes place when the shrub has reached a certain maturity. The bark is peeled directly from the branches. The barks are first placed in clean water for a day to soften them. Then they are boiled in water with lime or in wood ash lye for 5 hours and finally rinsed. The removal of impurities is done by hand.Beating is done manually using wooden mallets on a wooden table or in the Japanese hollander (naginata). The dye is added to the pulp.The paper mold used to make the sheet is non movable, it is a cotton canvas stretched over bamboo bars. Two methods are used to form the sheets: the mold is immersed and agitated to allow the distribution of the paste, ot the mold is set to float on the surface of the tank and the pulp measured in the right quantity and diluted in a container is poured over the mold to be evenly distributed by hand.For drying, the mold is placed at an angle in the sun. After complete drying the sheet will be detached by peeling.

종이 명칭

일본:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

한국:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

태국:

The papers made from paper mulberry fibers are a modern production in Thailand.

식물의 이용 부위:

Bark

제지에서의 사용:

Fiber

Langue:

Wikstroemia sikokiana Franc. & Sav. © LB Vilmont

섬유 식별 요소들

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre lenght	3mm (2-4mm)
Average fibre width	12µm (4-20µm)
Fibre ends	Very variable.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Faint surface markings. V or zigzag cross-markings under polarized light.
Associated cells	Many associated cells of various shapes (rectangular), often broken.
Special features	Quiet short fibers with broad central portions. Flater fibers than mitsumata; may be twisted.
Herzberg staining	Yellow/ Bluish Green.
Graff 'C' staining	Bright blue.

Botanical classification

Wikstroemia sikokiania Franc. & Sav.

목:

Malvales

과:

동의어:

Daphne sikokiana (Franch. & Sav.) Halda

Diplomorpha sikokiana (Franch. & Sav.) Nakai

식물의 성장 영역

China, Korea, Japan.

Wikstroemia sikokiana grows in temperate climates, among the rocks on the mountain slopes between 1000 to 2800m (until 3500m), in the vicinity of sunny forest areas.

제지에서의 사용 범위

China, Korea, Japan.

일본:

Chubu (Fukui, Nagano, Ishikawa, Shizuoka prefectures ), Chugoku (Shimane, Tottori, Yamaguchi prefectures), Kansai (Hyogo, Kyoto, Nara, Osaka, Shiga, Wakayama prefectures), Kanto (Saitama prefecture), Kyushu (Miyazaki, Saga prefecture), Okinawa, Shikoku (Ehime, Kagawa, Kochi, Tokushima prefectures).

식물 재배 및 사용에 관한 일반성

Wikstroemia sikokiana is a shrub of the Thymelaceae family, family, which includes nearly 500 species in 44 genera. There is a great confusion among the various Wikstroemias, Stelleras, Edgeworthias and especially Daphnes, because their morphologies are very similar.

Thymelaceaes are base plants for paper making in the Himalaya areas. The plants are valued for the large amount of hemicelluloses contained in the bark. They are also very much used in Chinese medicine.

Wikstroemia sikokiana is a deciduous shrub, growing slowly up to 2m. Blooming takes place between May and June. Its fruits are not edible and it has no known medicinal use.

The plant is often harvested in the wild because if it can be domesticated, it is with difficulty. It takes 5 to 7 years for the plant reaches a sufficient height (2m) to be harvested for its bark.

The sap is toxic and it is probably the reason why the paper is resistant to insects.

중국:

There are 14 Wikstroemia species in Yunnan among which 6 are located in the northwest (W. delavayi, W. leptophylla, W. canescens, W. lichiangensis, W. scytophylla, W. lamatsoensis).

일본:

Gampi fibers would be used since the Nara period (710-794). There is evidence that the papers are highly valued at the court during the Heian period (794-1185) for writing poems, and these papers were dyed or may be decorated.

The Torinoko (cf. this name) of the former province of Echizen (Fukui Prefecture) appears in the middle ages, and it owes its name "bird’s child" because of its eggshell color and its glossy surface. It is used for calligraphy as it is a shinny paper on which ink does not bleed.

From Muromachi period (1336-1573) to Edo period (1603-1867), gampi papers are used as support for paintings because they increase sharpness of gold leaf decorations, very popular in those times.

Gampi was used in large quantities during the Meiji period (1868-1912), for the production of duplicating papers (cf.Tosa gampishi) used with the mimeograph or alcohol duplicator.
Currently, as cultivation is difficult, harvesting of shrubs growing in the wild, still exists. Fiber demand exceeds production so a part of gampi is imported from the Philippines.

One hundred kilograms of harvested gampi gives three to five kilograms of paper.

제지를 위한 준비 방법

일본:

Harvesting takes place every three years from mid-March to late April when the sap is rising and makes the fibers bright and makes debarking easier.
The bark is peeled off immediately without steaming and hung to dry.

At this stage the bark is called "black bark". Alkaline cooking is done at this stage and lasts 2 to 3 hours. The alkaline agent is wood ashes lye or lime or caustic soda. Bleaching is sometimes made with chlorine.

After cooking, barks are placed in water for several days to remove cooking residues. It also allows achieving bleaching.

Beating is done manually or with a small hollander beater. Removing impurities is done manually or, more recently, with diaphragm flat screen because the fibers are relatively short. In this case the sorting is done after pulp beating.

종이 명칭

일본:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

식물의 이용 부위:

Bark

제지에서의 사용:

Fiber

Wikstroemia retusa A. Gray © CFH Nature Museum

섬유 식별 요소들

Fibre type
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Wikstroemia retusa A. Gray

목:

Malvales

과:

동의어:

Daphne grayana Halda

Wikstroemia obavata Hemsl.

식물의 성장 영역

Japan, Philippines,Taiwan.

Grows in forest thickets, deforested slopes, grasslands.

제지에서의 사용 범위

Japan.

식물 재배 및 사용에 관한 일반성

Wikstroemia canescens is a shrub of the Thymelaceae family, family, which includes nearly 500 species in 44 genera. There is a great confusion among the various Wikstroemias, Stelleras, Edgeworthias and especially Daphnes, because their morphologies are very similar.

Wikstroemia retusa is an evergreen shrub, 1 to 3m high.

중국:

There are 14 wikstroemia species in Yunnan among which 6 are located in the northwest (delavayi, leptophylla, canescens, lichiangensis, scytophylla, lamatsoensis).

일본:

It has been used since the Nara period (710-793).

제지를 위한 준비 방법

일본:

Harvesting takes place every three years from mid-March to late April when the sap is rising and makes the fibers bright and debarking easier.

The bark is peeled off immediately without steaming and hung to dry. At this stage the bark is called "black bark".

Alkaline cooking is done at this stage and lasts 2 to 3 hours. The alkaline agent is wood ashes lye or lime or caustic soda. Bleaching is sometimes made with chlorine. After cooking barks are placed in water for several days to remove cooking residues. It also allows achieving bleaching.

Beating is done manually or with a small hollander beater.

Removing hard impurities is done manually or, more recently, with diaphragm flat screen because the fibers are relatively short. In this case the sorting is done after pulp beating.

종이 명칭

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

식물의 이용 부위:

Bark

제지에서의 사용:

Fiber

Langue:

Edgeworthia chrysantha Lindl. © C. Laroque

Edgeworthia chrysantha Lindl. © L.B. Vilmont

섬유 식별 요소들

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre lenght	3,5mm (1,5-5)
Average fibre width	19µm (7-30µm)
Fibre ends	Ends of various shapes: blunt, round, in forked shape.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Faint, Cross-markings.
Associated cells	Many parenchyma cells of various shapes, colored in blue forms. Contain a mucilage.
Special features	Rather short Fibers blades with pale marks on the surface with large central areas. Crystals in the parenchyma that does not exist in the gampi.
Herzberg staining	Yellow/bluish green.
Graff 'C' staining	Bright olive.

Botanical classification

Edgeworthia chrysantha Lindl.

목:

Malvales

과:

동의어:

Edgeworthia papyrifera Siebold & Zucc.

Edgeworthia tomentosa (Thunb) Nakai

Magnolia tomentosa Thunb.

식물의 성장 영역

China (Wild or cultivated. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Korea (Wild or cultivated), Japan (Cultivated and naturalized), Georgia.

Wild in forests, shrubby slopes but also cultivated.

제지에서의 사용 범위

China, Korea, Japan.

일본:

Chubu (Fukui, Gifu, Ishikawa, Shizuoka, Yamanashi Prefectures), Chugoku (Okayama,Shimane,Tottori Prefectures), Kanto (Saitama), Shikoku (Ehime, Kochi, Tokushima Prefectures), Kyushu (Miyazaki, Saga Prefectures), Okinawa.

한국:

Jeolla (south), Gyeongsang (south).

식물 재배 및 사용에 관한 일반성

The Edgeworthia’s are shrubs of the Thymelaeaceae family, which includes nearly 500 species distributed in 44 genera. The Thymelaeaceae are base plants for paper making at the foot of the Himalayas. The plants are valued for the large amount of hemicelluloses contained in the bark. They are also much used in Chinese medicine.

There is a great confusion between different Daphnes and Edgeworthias; shrubs are very similar morphologically and names are assigned interchangeably. However the bark of the Edgeworthia is whiter and softer than that of Daphne.

Edgeworthia chrysantha is a deciduous shrub, growing slowly up to a height of 1,5m. Flowers are yellow or red and flowering occurs in March to April.

It grows wild in forests on the shrubby slopes but it can also be cultivated on the hillsides interspersed with cedars and cypresses. Its growth is faster in warmer and humid climates. It blooms from February to April. After 8 to 12 years, shrubs are no longer able to provide enough good quality bark for paper.

Its fruits are not edible. Its roots are used medicinally to treat eye diseases. The bark contains an insect repellent.

The stems which are very flexible can be tied or used as strings.

일본:

The term mitsumata means triple (mitsu) branch (mata) and refers to the shape of the shrub.
Mitsumata fiber papers are much more expensive than kozo (cf. this term) papers because cultivation of the shrubs is more difficult. However, it is easier than the cultivation of gampi (cf. this term).
Generally, growing, harvesting and preparation of bark are carried out by farmers who supply raw bark, ready for cooking, to papermakers.

Mitsumata papers have different uses but they are especially popular for calligraphy and printing as they allow fine strokes.

The mitsumata fibers replace those of hemp during the Edo period (1603-1867), but their use had started from the Momoyama period (1573-1615).

Cultivation of mitsumata, as well as kozo, is encouraged at the beginning of the Edo period in the prefecture of Fukui.

The production of paper with mitsumata fibers begin with the papers called shuzenjigami after the name of the locality or Suruga hanshi after the name of the former province, in the prefectures of Shizuoka and Yamanashi. These papers are a mixture of gampi and mitsumata fibers but these terms also refer to paper made with gampi or kozo.

From the Meiji period (1868-1912), Shizuoka is also a production center of mitsumata paper for the manufacture of banknotes.

The valley of the Saji (Tottori prefecture) has become a major producing region of mitsumata and mitsumata papers during the Meiji period.

Currently, annual production is about 360 tons. The main producing prefectures of bark are those of Ehime, Kochi, Tokushima in Shikoku region, Okayama, Shimane in the Chugoku region.
One hundred kilograms of harvested mitsumata gives three to five kilos of paper.

한국:

The term Samji daknamu, means three branches and refers to the shape of the shrub.

There are no specific reference to the beginning of its use as paper fibers or its cultuvation. It grows wild on the southern coasts of Korea.

Samjidak papers were mainly used for printing books and sutras.

제지를 위한 준비 방법

일본:

Harvesting takes place every three years in early winter when the leaves have fallen.
The branches are steamed for easy peeling. They are then dried before being stored. At this stage the bark is called "black bark" or "kurokawa".

The barks are soaked and then scraped with a knife; at this point the bark is called "bark unbleached" or "jikegawa". It is left to soak in water for several days to bleach. Bleaching is done in the sun but recently chlorine is used. The bark is called "white bark" or "Shirokawa".

Cooking is done at the jikegawa stage. It lasts around 2-3 hours. The alkaline solution is an ashes lye or lime or caustic soda. After cooking the barks are placed in running water for several days to remove residues of cooking. It also helps to complete the bleaching.

Beating is performed by hands or in a small size Japanese hollander called naginata. Specks removal is done by hand.

Sheet forming is done by nagashizuki method: in the nagashizuki method the sheet is made by superimposing layers of fibers successively until the desired thickness.

종이 명칭

일본:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

식물의 이용 부위:

Bark

제지에서의 사용:

Fiber

Langue:

섬유 식별 요소들

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre lenght	3,5mm (1,5-5)
Average fibre width	19µm (7-30µm)
Fibre ends	Ends of various shapes: blunt, round, in forked shape.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Faint, Cross-markings.
Associated cells	Many parenchyma cells of various shapes, colored in blue forms. Contain a mucilage.
Special features	Rather short Fibers blades with pale marks on the surface with large central areas. Crystals in the parenchyma that does not exist in the gampi.
Herzberg staining	Yellow/bluish green.
Graff 'C' staining	Bright olive.

Botanical classification

Edgeworthia chrysantha Lindl.

목:

Malvales

과:

동의어:

Edgeworthia papyrifera Siebold & Zucc.

Edgeworthia tomentosa (Thunb) Nakai

Magnolia tomentosa Thunb.

식물의 성장 영역

China (Wild or cultivated. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Korea (Wild or cultivated), Japan (Cultivated and naturalized), Georgia.

Wild in forests, shrubby slopes but also cultivated.

제지에서의 사용 범위

China, Korea, Japan.

일본:

한국:

Jeolla (south), Gyeongsang (south).

식물 재배 및 사용에 관한 일반성

Edgeworthia chrysantha is a deciduous shrub, growing slowly up to a height of 1,5m. Flowers are yellow or red and flowering occurs in March to April.

Its fruits are not edible. Its roots are used medicinally to treat eye diseases. The bark contains an insect repellent.

The stems which are very flexible can be tied or used as strings.

일본:

Mitsumata papers have different uses but they are especially popular for calligraphy and printing as they allow fine strokes.

The mitsumata fibers replace those of hemp during the Edo period (1603-1867), but their use had started from the Momoyama period (1573-1615).

Cultivation of mitsumata, as well as kozo, is encouraged at the beginning of the Edo period in the prefecture of Fukui.

From the Meiji period (1868-1912), Shizuoka is also a production center of mitsumata paper for the manufacture of banknotes.

The valley of the Saji (Tottori prefecture) has become a major producing region of mitsumata and mitsumata papers during the Meiji period.

한국:

The term Samji daknamu, means three branches and refers to the shape of the shrub.

There are no specific reference to the beginning of its use as paper fibers or its cultuvation. It grows wild on the southern coasts of Korea.

Samjidak papers were mainly used for printing books and sutras.

제지를 위한 준비 방법

일본:

Beating is performed by hands or in a small size Japanese hollander called naginata. Specks removal is done by hand.

Sheet forming is done by nagashizuki method: in the nagashizuki method the sheet is made by superimposing layers of fibers successively until the desired thickness.

종이 명칭

일본:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

식물의 이용 부위:

Bark

제지에서의 사용:

Fiber

Langue:

섬유 식별 요소들

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre lenght	3,5mm (1,5-5)
Average fibre width	19µm (7-30µm)
Fibre ends	Ends of various shapes: blunt, round, in forked shape.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Faint, Cross-markings.
Associated cells	Many parenchyma cells of various shapes, colored in blue forms. Contain a mucilage.
Special features	Rather short Fibers blades with pale marks on the surface with large central areas. Crystals in the parenchyma that does not exist in the gampi.
Herzberg staining	Yellow/bluish green.
Graff 'C' staining	Bright olive.

Botanical classification

Edgeworthia chrysantha Lindl.

목:

Malvales

과: