Search

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

せいようあかね

Botanical classification

Rubia tinctorum L.

Order:

Gentianales

Family:

Rubiaceae

Synonyms:

Rubia iberica ( Fisch. ex DC.) K. Koch

Rubia tinctorum var. iberica Fisch. Ex DC.

Plant growing area

This species is native to western and central Asia. It was spread by cultivation in temperate regions.

China, Korea, India (Kashmir), Iraq, Iran, Japan (Honshu), Jordan, Lebanon, Pakistan, Russia (Crimea), Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Rubia tinctorum is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial roots plant which can reach 1m in height. It prefers porous and loose soils. The nature of the soils (acid or alkaline) influences the final color. Calcareous soils increase the amount of dye in the roots. The flowers are very small, have a yellow-green color. Flowering occurs in July. The fruits are small and black.

This is one of the oldest dyes in India and Egypt (archaeological remains in these two regions dating back to the second millennium BC.). It is also used as a pigment (especially for painting) since the Greco-Roman antiquity. It owes its success firstly because of the range of colors it provides especially in the combination with other dyes and secondly to its low cost compared to animal reds; thus, it was used in the Antiquity as an excellent imitation of the murex purple. Its introduction in the Far East is also very old. Its use will disappear with the advent of aniline dyes.

It is also used for its medicinal properties, in particular antibacterial properties and in removing kidney stones.

The rhizomes contain 19 anthraquinonic dyes which the most important are alizarin and purpurin in greater concentration in the bark of rhizomes. The inner part of the root contains a yellow liquid which becomes red in contact with the air. Drying of the rhizome has implications in the contained amount of purpurin: fresh rhizome contains a little amount because purpurin is formed by the transformation of pseudopurpurine.

Japan:

The plant is native to Japan. Its use in textiles dates back to the 4th century. The dye is used in dyeing fabrics and also for prints.

The advent of synthetic alizarin has significantly reduced demand for natural dye.

Other Rubia grown in Japan for their dye are : Rubia cordifolia L., Rubia argyi (H. Léveillé & Vaniot) H. Hara ex Lauener & DK Ferguson better known as Rubia akane Nakai.

Preparation process for making paper

Madder is propagated by planting seed or root division. The plants are harvested in the third year of the plant because the concentration of dye is greater. The harvest takes place at the end of autumn.

The roots are sorted, scrubbed, dried and the bark is stripped from the roots. This bark is crushed into powder. The powder is stored in barrels to age before being sold to the dyers.

Madder contains two colorants: one is red and the second is dark yellowish and soluble in water. To separate them, it is necessary to dissolve the madder powder in water and make it decant. The yellow supernatant water is removed and the operation is repeated until the water runs clear.
Then madder is boiled for several hours and then filtered through a cloth. It is kept liquid.

Another method is to get what is called "madder flower". The roots powder is treated with acidulated water and then rinsed to remove the yellow dyes, mucilages and minerals. The resulting powder has a better dyeing power.

The mordant is generally alum. The use of iron as mordant gives a violet color.

Japan:

The plant is torn when it is 18 to 30 months, at the end of summer when the stems begin to fade. The roots are dried either in the open air or in an oven for several days. They are then crushed into powder. They can be stored in this form before being used for dyeing.

Immediate use: the root is cut into pieces and placed in water to soak. The extract is filtered. Then fresh water is added and the operation is repeated for several extracts which will be mixed together. The second extract which tends to be orange is sometimes discarded.

Alum must be used as mordant to set the color to the fibers.

Dyeing is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

Fermented rice starch is used for the separation of red and yellow dyes. The roots cut in pieces, are boiled for 2 to 3 hours and then the starch is introduced into the tank. The filtered liquid is ready to use.

Alum is used as mordant to get an orange tint and an alkaline mordant will give a bright red.

The papers are dyed in three ways: dyeing of the pulp (Seonyeombeop), dyeing of the sheet by dipping, brushing and spraying (Huyeombeop ), combination of the both methods (Honyeombeop). Then the paper can be hammered.

Paper names

In Asia and particularly in China, Korea and Japan, the papers are intended for a wide range of use: Papers for calligraphy and art, Papers for ceremonies, Paper as a medium of exchange, money paper, Papers for making clothes, wall hangings and bedding, Papers for architecture, interior design, Papers for crafts of various kinds, for domestic purposes and leisure. The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.
In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

French

Botanical classification

Rubia tinctorum L.

Order:

Gentianales

Family:

Rubiaceae

Synonyms:

Rubia iberica ( Fisch. ex DC.) K. Koch

Rubia tinctorum var. iberica Fisch. Ex DC.

Plant growing area

This species is native to western and central Asia. It was spread by cultivation in temperate regions.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

It is also used for its medicinal properties, in particular antibacterial properties and in removing kidney stones.

Japan:

The plant is native to Japan. Its use in textiles dates back to the 4th century. The dye is used in dyeing fabrics and also for prints.

The advent of synthetic alizarin has significantly reduced demand for natural dye.

Other Rubia grown in Japan for their dye are : Rubia cordifolia L., Rubia argyi (H. Léveillé & Vaniot) H. Hara ex Lauener & DK Ferguson better known as Rubia akane Nakai.

Preparation process for making paper

The roots are sorted, scrubbed, dried and the bark is stripped from the roots. This bark is crushed into powder. The powder is stored in barrels to age before being sold to the dyers.

The mordant is generally alum. The use of iron as mordant gives a violet color.

Japan:

Alum must be used as mordant to set the color to the fibers.

Dyeing is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

Alum is used as mordant to get an orange tint and an alkaline mordant will give a bright red.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.
In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

Chinese

Local scripture:

染色茜草

Botanical classification

Rubia tinctorum L.

Order:

Gentianales

Family:

Rubiaceae

Synonyms:

Rubia iberica ( Fisch. ex DC.) K. Koch

Rubia tinctorum var. iberica Fisch. Ex DC.

Plant growing area

This species is native to western and central Asia. It was spread by cultivation in temperate regions.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

It is also used for its medicinal properties, in particular antibacterial properties and in removing kidney stones.

Japan:

The plant is native to Japan. Its use in textiles dates back to the 4th century. The dye is used in dyeing fabrics and also for prints.

The advent of synthetic alizarin has significantly reduced demand for natural dye.

Other Rubia grown in Japan for their dye are : Rubia cordifolia L., Rubia argyi (H. Léveillé & Vaniot) H. Hara ex Lauener & DK Ferguson better known as Rubia akane Nakai.

Preparation process for making paper

The roots are sorted, scrubbed, dried and the bark is stripped from the roots. This bark is crushed into powder. The powder is stored in barrels to age before being sold to the dyers.

The mordant is generally alum. The use of iron as mordant gives a violet color.

Japan:

Alum must be used as mordant to set the color to the fibers.

Dyeing is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

Alum is used as mordant to get an orange tint and an alkaline mordant will give a bright red.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.
In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Use for paper making:

Dye

Hibiscus manihot L. var. manihot © Flora of China

Hibiscus manihot L. var. manihot © C. Laroque

Botanical classification

Hibiscus manihot L. var. manihot

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Malvaceae

Synonyms:

Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik. var. manihot

Hibiscus japonicus Miq.

Plant growing area

China: (Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan), India, Japan, Korea, Nepal, Philippines, Taiwan, North Thailand.

Grows in grasslands, on streamsides, margins of cultivated fields, from 1000 to 2100 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

Hibiscus manihot is a perennial plant with annuals flowers, 1 to 2 m in height that grows rather in temperate zones. It prefers well-drained soil but of various kinds and a sunny exposure. The flower color varies from white to light yellow. Flowering occurs between August and October.
The plant has medicinal properties, it is emmenagogue and sedative for pain. Its flowers and leaves are edible.

The roots contain a mucilage which is a polysaccharide, a copolymer of D-galacturonic acid and L-rhamnose. This viscous material is added to pulp to increase its viscosity and thus delay the settling of fibers in the tank. In addition, the mucilage allows a better dispersion of the long fibers. The solution is unstable and its viscosity decreases with the heat, prolonged exposure to air and mechanical agitation. So, during the work, the papermaker will add mucilage gradually as its viscosity decreases.

In the late 19th century, it seems that the use of the mucilage from the Hibiscus manihot replaced the use of other plants to become the dominant mucilage throughout East Asia.

China:

Hibiscus manihot is used during the South Song dynasty (1127-1279) but the beginning of its use is probably older. The use of Hibiscus manihot is quoted in the stories of "Guixinzashi " or "Miscellaneous news from Guixin street" by Zhou Mi (mid 13th century). Other references show that it is still used as formation aid at the end of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), particularly for the manufacture of paper made with paper mulberry fibers; its use is documented in the "Wulixiaoshi" or "Some Knowledge of Physics" written by Fang Yishi in 1643.

Japan:

The plant grows wild throughout Japan. When it is grown on rich soils it has less coarse roots than the plants grown on poor soils. The leaves and flowers are removed to allow better root growth. The plant is torn from the ground when the leaves turn yellow, the roots are separated from the rest of the plant, bundled and placed in a dry place.

During the warm season the mucilage should be used immediately because it quickly loses its properties by fermenting.

Korea:

The plant was probably imported from China. In the past all plant parts were used to give the mucilage (stem, leaves, roots).

She is quoted in an encyclopedia dated 1850 “Ojuyeonmunjangjeonsango” by Igyujyeong.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

The plant is sown in spring and harvest usually takes place in late fall before the frost. The flowers are removed regularly to allow better root growth.

The plant is torn from the ground when the leaves turn yellow. The outer bark is peeled from the root. The root is crushed or coarsely grated. It is then placed in a cloth bag and submerged in a bucket of water. After formation of the mucilage, the bag is pressed or suspended to extract it.

Japan:

Seeds are sown at the same time as mungo beans.

The plant is torn from the ground when the leaves turn yellow, usually in June and it is dried until a later use. Or the roots are recovered to be used immediately, in November December. They can also be kept immersed in creosote.

The outer bark is peeled from the root. The root is crushed or coarsely grated. It is then placed in a cloth bag and submerged in a bucket of water. After formation of the mucilage the bag is pressed or suspended to extract it.

Korea:

The plant is sown in spring and harvest usually takes place in late fall before the frost. The flowers are removed regularly to allow better root growth.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Use for paper making:

Formation aid

Botanical classification

Hibiscus syriacus L.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Malvaceae

Synonyms:

Hibiscus acerifolius Salisb.

Hibiscus floridus Salisb.

Hibiscus rhombifolius Cav.

Ketmia arborea Moench

Ketmia syriaca (L.) Scop.

Ketmia syrorum Medik.

Plant growing area

Cultivated in most tropical and temperate regions of Asia.

Native to China (Anhui, Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangsu, Sichuan,Yunnan, and Zhejiang; cultivated in Fujian, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Xizang), Taiwan.

Sea cliffs, hillsides, along streams, roadsides, also extensively cultivated; below 1200 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Hibiscus syriacus is a bushy plant measuring 1.50m to 4m high. The flowers, hermaphrodite, are purple, pink or white; they can be isolated or grouped in inflorescences. Flowering occurs from July to October. The plant adapts to various soil types if they are well drained. It likes full sun.

Its was taken in cultivation very early along trade routes to the Middle East and to Europe. Hibiscus syriacus is grown as an ornamental plant in gardens.

The flowers are edible. The plant was used in traditional medicine, the flowers for their emollient properties, leaves for their diuretic properties and root for their antipyretic and anthelmintic properties.

The fibers of the stem are used in the manufacture of ropes.

A mucilage is extracted from the roots which is used as formation aid in paper making. This viscous material is added to the pulp to increase its viscosity and thus delay the settling of fibers in the tank. In addition, the mucilage allows a better dispersion of the long fibers.

China:

The use of hibiscus syriacus is quoted in the stories of "Guixinzashi" or "Miscellaneous news from Guixin street" by Zhou Mi (mid 13th century).

Korea:

Hibiscus syriacus is the national emblem of South Korea. Mugung means eternity.

Silla kingdom (57av JC -. 935) called itself the land of hibiscus. A Chinese document from the Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) mentions that Korea is the land of hibiscus. It is the poet Lee Gyu-bo (1168-1241) during the Goryeo dynasty who first used the name "mugungwha."

The plant adorns the gardens in Korea from immemorial time ; its leaves were brewed into an herbal tea and flowers were eaten.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Fang Yishi (1611-1671) in « Wuli xiaoshi » or « Some Knowledge of Physics » , published in 1643, describes how the rose of Sharon roots are reduced to a slurry which was poured into the tank with the mulberry fibers before making paper sheets.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Leaf

Use for paper making:

Formation aid

Phellodendron sachalinense (F. Schmidt) Sarg. © Flora of China

Phellodendron sachalinense (F. Schmidt) Sarg. © Plantillustrations

Identification

Type de fibres Fibre type
Longueur moyenne des fibres Average fibre lenght
Largeur moyenne des fibres Average fibre width
Extrémités des fibres Fibre ends
Striations, noeuds, plis de flexion Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Cellules associées Associated cells
Caractéritiques particulières Special features
Coloration Herzberg Herzberg staining
Coloration Graff 'C' Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Phellodendron sachalinense (F. Schmidt) Sarg.

Order:

Sapindales

Family:

Rutaceae

Synonyms:

Phellodendron amurense var. sacchalinense F. Schmitt

Plant growing area

Originaire de l'Asie orientale et du nord.

Chine (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Corée, Japon, Russie (Sakhaline).

Forêts mixtes de feuillus, plus ou moins denses; pousse à une altitude allant de 800 à3000 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Chine, Corée, Japon.

Plant cultivation and use

Phellodendron amurense est un arbre pouvant atteindre 10 à 15m de hauteur qui possède des branches irrégulères. Sa croissance est rapide. Rustique, il s’accommode de sols de diverses natures mais il préfère une exposition ensoleillée. Les fleurs de couleur jaune sont regroupées en grappes. La floraison a lieu au début de l’été. Il est souvent considéré comme une variété locale de Phellodendron amurense mais son écorce est plus fine ; comme celui-ci ses fruits produisent une huile dont les propriétés insecticides sont similaires à celles du pyrèthre.

Phellodendron sachalinense présente des propriétés tinctoriales grâce aux alcaloïdes qu’il contient (principalement la berbérine). La couleur varie du jaune pale au brun suivant la concentration.

Phellodendron amurense et Phellodendron sachalinense sont utilisés aux mêmes usages. Il est possible de les distinguer par l’analyse des proportions de leurs alcaloïdes.

China:

Son emploi en Chine est le même que pour Phellodendron amurense.

Japan:

Son emploi au Japon est le même que pour Phellodendron amurense.

Korea:

Son emploi en Corée est le même que pour Phellodendron amurense.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

L’écorce externe de Phellodendron, réduite en morceaux est placée dans un sac, immergé dans l’eau et mis à bouillir ; puis le filtrat, liquide jaune et amer, est recueilli en pressant l’écorce.

Les résidus sont de nouveaux pilés et bouillis à trois reprises et les filtrats des trois bains sont mélangés. Cela permet d’obtenir plus de liquide et une couleur moins saturée. Ce liquide est appelé Huang po.

Le papier à teindre doit être non encollé pour que la teinture pénètre mieux. Le papier une fois teint a une apparence brillante.

Japan:

Le bois est découpé en petits morceaux qui sont mis à bouillir. L’extrait est filtré avant utilisation.

La teinture des papiers se fait de deux façons : teinture de la pâte à papier (sukizome) ou de la feuille (hitachizome par trempage ou hikizome par brossage).

Pour teindre du papier par trempage, les feuilles sont pincées une à une entre deux plaquettes de bois par le petit coté. Cela permet de garder la feuille plate pendant le trempage.

Korea:

Le bois est découpé en petits morceaux qui sont mis à bouillir. L’extrait est filtré avant utilisation.

Les papiers teints avec Phellodendron amurense sont fixés par mordançage avec des tanins extraits de l’écorce du châtaignier ou des glands de chêne.

La teinture des papiers se fait de deux façons : teinture de la pâte à papier (Seonyeombeop) ou de la feuille par trempage, brossage ou pulvérisation (Huyeombeop ) ou par combinaison des deux méthodes (Honyeombeop). Le papier peut ensuite être martelé.

Paper names

En Asie et plus particulièrement en Chine, Corée et Japon, les papiers sont destinés à une grande variété d’usage: Papiers pour la calligraphie et les arts, Papiers pour les cérémonies, Papiers comme moyen d’échange, Papier monnaie Papiers pour la confection des vêtements, de tentures murales et la literie, Papiers pour l’architecture, la décoration intérieure, Papiers pour les objets d’artisanat de diverses natures, destinés à des usages domestiques ou de loisirs. Les noms attribués aux papiers se réfèrent à diverses notions: Le matériau utilisé, Le lieu de production, La méthode de production, L’apparence, Les dimensions, L’utilisation, Le nom d’un artiste ou d’un atelier etc.

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.
In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.
Suffixes zhi or chih = papier.
En Chine, à la différence de la Corée et du Japon, les papiers de fibres de mûrier à papier ne sont pas prédominants, la production de papier de fibre de bambou étant la plus importante.

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.
In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.
Suffixes kami, gami, shi = papier.
Au Japon les papiers de kozo sont les plus nombreux.

Korea:

Suffixe ji = papier.
En Corée les papiers d’écorces de mûriers à papier sont les plus nombreux.

Used part of the plant:

樹皮

茎

Use for paper making:

染料

Made during the Goryeo period (918-1392). Mixture of wisteria fibers (Wisteria floribunda) and paper mulberry.

Origin:

Korea

Synonym:

Botanical name:

Broussonetia kazinoki Siebold & Zucc.

Wisteria floribunda (willd.) DC

Mixture of paper mulberry and rice straw.

Origin:

Japan

Synonym:

Semiisen

Botanical name:

Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L’Hér. ex Vent.

Oryza sativa L.

Literally mulberry paper money.

Origin:

Korea

Botanical name:

Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L’Hér. ex Vent.

Language:

English

Botanical classification

Hibiscus manihot L. var. manihot

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Malvaceae

Synonyms:

Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik. var. manihot

Hibiscus japonicus Miq.

Plant growing area

China: (Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan), India, Japan, Korea, Nepal, Philippines, Taiwan, North Thailand.

Grows in grasslands, on streamsides, margins of cultivated fields, from 1000 to 2100 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

In the late 19th century, it seems that the use of the mucilage from the Hibiscus manihot replaced the use of other plants to become the dominant mucilage throughout East Asia.

China:

Japan:

During the warm season the mucilage should be used immediately because it quickly loses its properties by fermenting.

Korea:

The plant was probably imported from China. In the past all plant parts were used to give the mucilage (stem, leaves, roots).

She is quoted in an encyclopedia dated 1850 “Ojuyeonmunjangjeonsango” by Igyujyeong.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

The plant is sown in spring and harvest usually takes place in late fall before the frost. The flowers are removed regularly to allow better root growth.

Japan:

Seeds are sown at the same time as mungo beans.

Korea:

The plant is sown in spring and harvest usually takes place in late fall before the frost. The flowers are removed regularly to allow better root growth.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Use for paper making:

Formation aid

Primary tabs

Rubia tinctorum L.

Rubia tinctorum L.

Rubia tinctorum L.

Hibiscus manihot L. var. manihot

Hibiscus syriacus L.

Phellodendron sachalinense (F. Schmidt) Sarg.

Hibiscus manihot L. var. manihot

Pages

Search form

Search

Primary tabs

Rubia tinctorum L.

Rubia tinctorum L.

Rubia tinctorum L.

Hibiscus manihot L. var. manihot

Hibiscus syriacus L.

Phellodendron sachalinense (F. Schmidt) Sarg.

Hibiscus manihot L. var. manihot

Pages