Search

Language:

Local scripture:

왕골

Identification

Fibre type	Grass (Stem)
Average fibre lenght	3,5 mm
Average fibre width	14,5 µm
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Very large vessel elements and abundant parenchyma cells. Prominent wall.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Reddish purple.

Botanical classification

Cyperus exaltatus Retz

Order:

Poales

Family:

Cyperaceae

Plant growing area

It grows in tropical south east Asia from India to Japan and southwards to southern Australia.

Bangladesh, Burma, China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, South Guizhou, Hainan, East Hubei, Jiangsu, Jilin, Shandong, Zhejiang), India, Indonesia, Japan, Kashmir, Korea, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.

It grows at altitudes between sea level and 1100 meters, in grasslands, pond margins; it appreciates sandy soil, moist or wet places.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Cyperus exaltatus is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant which grows in tufts to more than one meter.

Korea:

Cyperus exaltatus is used mixed with paper mulberry fibers as a supplement in the pulp.

Paper names

In Asia and particularly in China, Korea and Japan, the papers are intended for a wide range of use: Papers for calligraphy and art, Papers for ceremonies, Paper as a medium of exchange, money paper, Papers for making clothes, wall hangings and bedding, Papers for architecture, interior design, Papers for crafts of various kinds, for domestic purposes and leisure. The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Leaf

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

French

Identification

Fibre type	Grass (Stem)
Average fibre lenght	3,5 mm
Average fibre width	14,5 µm
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Very large vessel elements and abundant parenchyma cells. Prominent wall.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Reddish purple.

Botanical classification

Cyperus exaltatus Retz

Order:

Poales

Family:

Cyperaceae

Plant growing area

It grows in tropical south east Asia from India to Japan and southwards to southern Australia.

It grows at altitudes between sea level and 1100 meters, in grasslands, pond margins; it appreciates sandy soil, moist or wet places.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Cyperus exaltatus is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant which grows in tufts to more than one meter.

Korea:

Cyperus exaltatus is used mixed with paper mulberry fibers as a supplement in the pulp.

Paper names

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Leaf

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

カンエンガヤツリ

Identification

Fibre type	Grass (Stem)
Average fibre lenght	3,5 mm
Average fibre width	14,5 µm
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Very large vessel elements and abundant parenchyma cells. Prominent wall.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Reddish purple.

Botanical classification

Cyperus exaltatus Retz

Order:

Poales

Family:

Cyperaceae

Plant growing area

It grows in tropical south east Asia from India to Japan and southwards to southern Australia.

It grows at altitudes between sea level and 1100 meters, in grasslands, pond margins; it appreciates sandy soil, moist or wet places.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Cyperus exaltatus is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant which grows in tufts to more than one meter.

Korea:

Cyperus exaltatus is used mixed with paper mulberry fibers as a supplement in the pulp.

Paper names

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Leaf

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Chinese

Local scripture:

小叶桑

Morus australis Poir. © CFH Nature Museum

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre lenght	2,2 mm
Average fibre width	30 µm
Fibre ends	Blunt.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Cross-markings.
Associated cells
Special features	Less prominent fiber wall.
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Morus australis Poir.

Order:

Rosales

Family:

Moraceae

Synonyms:

Morus acidosa Griff.

Morus alba L. var. indica Bureau

Morus alba var. nigriformis Bureau

Morus alba var. stylosa Bureau

Morus australis var. hastifolia (F. T. Wang & T. Tang ex Z.Y. Cao) Z.Y. Cao

Morus australis var. incisa C. Y. Wu

Morus australis var. inusitata (H. Lév.) C.Y. Wu

Morus australis var. linearipartita Z.Y. Cao

Morus australis var. oblongifolia Z.Y. Cao

Morus bombycis Koidz.

Morus bombycis var. angustifolia Koidz.

Morus bombycis var. bifida Koidz.

Morus bombycis var. longistyla Koidz.

Morus bombycis var. tiliifolia Koidz.

Morus cavaleriei H. Lév.

Morus formosensis Hotta

Morus hastifolia F. T. Wang & T. Tang ex Z.Y. Cao

Morus inusitata H. Lév.

Morus longistylus Diels

Morus nigriformis (Bureau) Koidz.

Morus stylosa Ser. var. ovalifolia Ser.

Plant growing area

Grows in temperate and warm areas, in tropical areas.

Bhutan, Burma, China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, South East Xizang/Tibet, Yunnan, Zhejiang), India (Sikkim), Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Okinawa), Korea, Nepal, Taiwan.

Grows in limestone areas, forest margins, on mountain slopes, at an altitude from 500 to 2000 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Morus australis is a deciduous tree growing 10-15m. It is in flower from March to May. It prefers a warm well-drained loamy soil in a sunny position but can accommodate to various kinds of soils and grow in semi-shade.

The fruit, the bark, the leaf and the root have medicinal properties. The fruits are edible.

The fruits contain anthocyanins which are pigments. The colours vary from orange, red, purple, black, and blue. They are water-soluble and easily extractable.

Root contains also yellow dyes used for dyeing paper.The bark is used for making paper.

China:

The fibers are supposed to be used in papermaking.

Korea:

In Korea the bark is used to get fiber for papermaking; the roots are used for dye or medicine.

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Root

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Dye

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

ヤマグワ

山桑　

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre lenght	2,2 mm
Average fibre width	30 µm
Fibre ends	Blunt.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Cross-markings.
Associated cells
Special features	Less prominent fiber wall.
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Morus australis Poir.

Order:

Rosales

Family:

Moraceae

Synonyms:

Morus acidosa Griff.

Morus alba L. var. indica Bureau

Morus alba var. nigriformis Bureau

Morus alba var. stylosa Bureau

Morus australis var. hastifolia (F. T. Wang & T. Tang ex Z.Y. Cao) Z.Y. Cao

Morus australis var. incisa C. Y. Wu

Morus australis var. inusitata (H. Lév.) C.Y. Wu

Morus australis var. linearipartita Z.Y. Cao

Morus australis var. oblongifolia Z.Y. Cao

Morus bombycis Koidz.

Morus bombycis var. angustifolia Koidz.

Morus bombycis var. bifida Koidz.

Morus bombycis var. longistyla Koidz.

Morus bombycis var. tiliifolia Koidz.

Morus cavaleriei H. Lév.

Morus formosensis Hotta

Morus hastifolia F. T. Wang & T. Tang ex Z.Y. Cao

Morus inusitata H. Lév.

Morus longistylus Diels

Morus nigriformis (Bureau) Koidz.

Morus stylosa Ser. var. ovalifolia Ser.

Plant growing area

Grows in temperate and warm areas, in tropical areas.

Grows in limestone areas, forest margins, on mountain slopes, at an altitude from 500 to 2000 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

The fruit, the bark, the leaf and the root have medicinal properties. The fruits are edible.

The fruits contain anthocyanins which are pigments. The colours vary from orange, red, purple, black, and blue. They are water-soluble and easily extractable.

Root contains also yellow dyes used for dyeing paper.The bark is used for making paper.

China:

The fibers are supposed to be used in papermaking.

Korea:

In Korea the bark is used to get fiber for papermaking; the roots are used for dye or medicine.

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Root

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Dye

Language:

French

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre lenght	2,2 mm
Average fibre width	30 µm
Fibre ends	Blunt.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Cross-markings.
Associated cells
Special features	Less prominent fiber wall.
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Morus australis Poir.

Order:

Rosales

Family:

Moraceae

Synonyms:

Morus acidosa Griff.

Morus alba L. var. indica Bureau

Morus alba var. nigriformis Bureau

Morus alba var. stylosa Bureau

Morus australis var. hastifolia (F. T. Wang & T. Tang ex Z.Y. Cao) Z.Y. Cao

Morus australis var. incisa C. Y. Wu

Morus australis var. inusitata (H. Lév.) C.Y. Wu

Morus australis var. linearipartita Z.Y. Cao

Morus australis var. oblongifolia Z.Y. Cao

Morus bombycis Koidz.

Morus bombycis var. angustifolia Koidz.

Morus bombycis var. bifida Koidz.

Morus bombycis var. longistyla Koidz.

Morus bombycis var. tiliifolia Koidz.

Morus cavaleriei H. Lév.

Morus formosensis Hotta

Morus hastifolia F. T. Wang & T. Tang ex Z.Y. Cao

Morus inusitata H. Lév.

Morus longistylus Diels

Morus nigriformis (Bureau) Koidz.

Morus stylosa Ser. var. ovalifolia Ser.

Plant growing area

Grows in temperate and warm areas, in tropical areas.

Grows in limestone areas, forest margins, on mountain slopes, at an altitude from 500 to 2000 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

The fruit, the bark, the leaf and the root have medicinal properties. The fruits are edible.

The fruits contain anthocyanins which are pigments. The colours vary from orange, red, purple, black, and blue. They are water-soluble and easily extractable.

Root contains also yellow dyes used for dyeing paper.The bark is used for making paper.

China:

The fibers are supposed to be used in papermaking.

Korea:

In Korea the bark is used to get fiber for papermaking; the roots are used for dye or medicine.

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Root

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Dye

Language:

Chinese

Local scripture:

高秆莎草

Identification

Fibre type	Grass (Stem)
Average fibre lenght	3,5 mm
Average fibre width	14,5 µm
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Very large vessel elements and abundant parenchyma cells. Prominent wall.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Reddish purple.

Botanical classification

Cyperus exaltatus Retz

Order:

Poales

Family:

Cyperaceae

Plant growing area

It grows in tropical south east Asia from India to Japan and southwards to southern Australia.

It grows at altitudes between sea level and 1100 meters, in grasslands, pond margins; it appreciates sandy soil, moist or wet places.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Cyperus exaltatus is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant which grows in tufts to more than one meter.

Korea:

Cyperus exaltatus is used mixed with paper mulberry fibers as a supplement in the pulp.

Paper names

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Leaf

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Decorative paper made from paper mulberry fibers mixed with algae or bog moss, made during Joseon period (1392-1910). Used as stationary paper.

Origin:

Korea

Synonym:

Teajangji

Botanical name:

Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L’Hér. ex Vent.

Sphagnum palustre L.

Spirogyra turfosa F. Gray

Paper made from a mixture of bamboo, straws and paper mulberry barks. It has been used from the Joseon period (1392-1910). Yellow color paper.

Origin:

Korea

Synonym:

Hwanggoji

Botanical name:

Phyllostachys edulis (Carrière) J. Houz.

Oryza sativa L.

Triticum aestivum L.

Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis

Avena sativa L.

Hordeum vulgare L.

Pleioblastus amarus (Keng) Keng f.

Phellodendron amurense Rupr.

Phellodendron sachalinense (F. Schmidt) Sarg.

Botanical classification

Curcuma longa L.

Order:

Zingiberales

Family:

Zingiberaceae

Synonyms:

Amomum curcuma Jacq.

Curcuma domestica Valeton

Stissera curcuma Raeusch.

Kua domestica (L.) Medik.

Plant growing area

Native origin unknown but probably from India. Cultivated throughout tropical Asia (South-East Asia).

Afghanistan (Hazarajat), China (Cultivated in Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang/Tibet, Yunnan), India (Punjab), Pakistan.

Plant of forest edges.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Curcuma longa is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant and can reach a height of about 1m tall. It requests a hot and humid tropical climate, rich and well drained soils.

It is used as a spice, cosmetic and dye and also as tonic and diuretic.

The yellow dye contained in the roots is a mixture of curcuminoids, demethoxycurcumin and bis-demethoxycurcumin. The dye content is variable depending on the season and the cultivar.

It assumes protective properties throughout Asia. It has always had a symbolic place in the ceremonies and religious uses in India, Malaysia, Indonesia, Pacific islands (marriage, birth, initiation, death ...). In particular, it is used for dyeing the dress of the Buddhist monks. It makes a poor fabric dye, as it fades with exposure to sunlight; however, it is commonly used in Indian clothing.

China:

Its use is mentioned in the "Jiangxi sheng dashi" or "Main annals of Jiangxi province" by Wang Zongmu (1523-1591) and Lu Wangmai (1515-1600).

Japan:

The first uses date back to the Heian period (794-1185). The dye was used to dye cotton canvas bags in which were stored the screens because it contains an insecticide. The color is pale yellow. It is used in printing ukiyo-e.

Korea:

It is mainly used in dyeing fabrics.

Preparation process for making paper

When harvesting the lateral rhizomes are taken to be cut into pieces and serve for replanting. The harvest takes place at the end of the first year when the leaves are withered.

The plants are gathered annually. They can be used fresh or prepared as a powder. In that instance, they must be boiled for several hours, then peeled from their skin and dried in the sun or in an oven. After complete drying they will be ground into powder. Fresh, they are crushed into a paste for immediate use.

Mordants used are aluminum (orange-yellow), iron (brown-black).

China:

Harvesting takes place when the leaves wilt, when the plant is about 1 year old.

The rhizomes are boiled and then dried in the sun.

They are ground into powder when they are dry or in paste when they are fresh for immediate use.

Japan:

To extract the dye, the plant is immerged in alcohol.

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by their small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Usually the pulp is dyed in the vat before making the sheet.

Korea:

Harvesting takes places in autumn. The roots are cut into small pieces and left to swell in water; then they are crushed. Le dye bath is prepared in three infusions of 10 to 20 minutes. After filtering the three infusions are mixed.

The papers are dyed in three ways: dyeing of the pulp (Seonyeombeop), dyeing of the sheet by dipping, brushing and spraying (Huyeombeop ), combination of the both methods (Honyeombeop). Then the paper can be hammered.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Use for paper making:

Dye

Primary tabs

Cyperus exaltatus Retz

Cyperus exaltatus Retz

Cyperus exaltatus Retz

Morus australis Poir.

Morus australis Poir.

Morus australis Poir.

Cyperus exaltatus Retz

Curcuma longa L.

Pages

Search form

Search

Primary tabs

Cyperus exaltatus Retz

Cyperus exaltatus Retz

Cyperus exaltatus Retz

Morus australis Poir.

Morus australis Poir.

Morus australis Poir.

Cyperus exaltatus Retz

Curcuma longa L.

Pages