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Identification

Fibre type	Wood fibers
Average fibre lenght	1,5 mm (0.7 – 1.8)
Average fibre width	16,5 µm (8.4 – 21)
Fibre ends	Blunt.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	No cross-marking.
Associated cells
Special features	Less prominent fiber wall.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple
Graff 'C' staining	Yellow

Botanical classification

Salix purpurea L.

Order:

Malpighiales

Family:

Synonyms:

Salix caesifolia Drobow

Plant growing area

Native to most of European and western Asia countries.

Grows along rivers in sandy soils.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Salix purpurea is a deciduous small tree growing to 1-2 m and rarely to 6 m tall.Bloom ing occurs before the leaves, from March to April.

The bark and buds have medicinal properties especially antipyretic and analgesic. The use of Salix purpurea as dying and medicinal materials is very ancient in Egypt and in northern Europe.

The bark contains chalcones and leaves, flavonols and condensed tannins, and their extracts are used in the dyeing of fabrics in grey-black.

The shoots called withies are used in basketry.

Japan:

It is used for dyeing.

Korea:

From the Joseon period (1392-1910), raw materials traditionally used for paper production, mainly bark of Broussonetias begin to fail. Papermakers face a growing demand for paper stimulated by the development of publications initiated during the Goryeo period (907-1392). Other plants will be used to provide a fiber supplement such as wisteria, rice, oat and barley straws, bamboo, jute and hemp but also reeds, the bark and needles of pine, the leaves of willow. Indeed, the willow leaves seem to be used as a complementary fiber source to fibers of paper mulberry from the 15th century.
It is used also for handicrafts objects.

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Preparation for dyeing: trees that have at least 4 to 8 years are harvested in the spring. The branches are peeled, crushed into powder or chipped and are steeped in a small volume of water for several days. Water is added to obtain the necessary amount for the dyeing bath and gradually heated until boiling for 2 to 3 hours. The dye is filtered before use.

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by their small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Usually three jars of dye are prepared with decreasing concentrations. The paper is dipped in the less concentrated dye jar and oxidation occurs in the air; the paper is then soaked in the little bit more concentrated dye. After oxidation, the sheet is dipped into the third jar with the strongest concentration. The process can be repeated several times to obtain a color more or less intense. The sheet is dried by exposing the surface to air; the color changes by oxidation.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Leaf

Twigs

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Dye

Formation aid

Language:

Wikstroemia chamaedaphne © Plantillustrations

Wikstroemia chamaedaphne © CFH Nature Museum

Identification

Fibre type
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Wikstroemia chamaedaphne (Bunge) Meisn.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Synonyms:

Daphne canescens Wall.

Daphne chamaedaphne (Bunge) Halda

Daphne sericea Wall. ex D.Don

Diplomorpha canescens (Wall. ex Meisn.) C.A. Mey.

Diplomorpha chamaedaphne (Bunge) C.A. Mey.

Diplomorpha virgata (Wall.) C.A. Mey.

Wiskstroemia canescens Wall. ex Meisn.

Wikstroemia salicifolia Decne.

Wikstroemia virgata Wall. ex Meisn.

Plant growing area

China (Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan).

Grows in open mixed forests, on bushy slopes, among boulders and on roadsides at an altitude from 500 to 1900m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China.

Plant cultivation and use

Wikstroemia chamaedaphne is a shrub of the Thymelaceae family, family, which includes nearly 500 species in 44 genera. There is a great confusion among the various Wikstroemias, Stelleras, Edgeworthias and especially Daphnes, because their morphologies are very similar.

Thymelaceaes are base plants for paper making in the Himalaya areas. The plants are valued for the large amount of hemicelluloses contained in the bark. They are also very much used in Chinese medicine.

Wikstroemia Chamaedaphne is an evergreen shrub that reaches 1m to 1.50m high.

China:

There are 14 wikstroemia species in Yunnan among which 6 are located in the northwest (delavayi, leptophylla, canescens, lichiangensis, scytophylla, lamatsoensis).

Paper names

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Chinese

Local scripture:

河朔荛花

Synonym:

Yao hua

Identification

Fibre type
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Wikstroemia chamaedaphne (Bunge) Meisn.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Synonyms:

Daphne canescens Wall.

Daphne chamaedaphne (Bunge) Halda

Daphne sericea Wall. ex D.Don

Diplomorpha canescens (Wall. ex Meisn.) C.A. Mey.

Diplomorpha chamaedaphne (Bunge) C.A. Mey.

Diplomorpha virgata (Wall.) C.A. Mey.

Wiskstroemia canescens Wall. ex Meisn.

Wikstroemia salicifolia Decne.

Wikstroemia virgata Wall. ex Meisn.

Plant growing area

China (Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan).

Grows in open mixed forests, on bushy slopes, among boulders and on roadsides at an altitude from 500 to 1900m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China.

Plant cultivation and use

Wikstroemia Chamaedaphne is an evergreen shrub that reaches 1m to 1.50m high.

China:

There are 14 wikstroemia species in Yunnan among which 6 are located in the northwest (delavayi, leptophylla, canescens, lichiangensis, scytophylla, lamatsoensis).

Paper names

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Korean

Local scripture:

당키버들

Identification

Fibre type	Wood fibers
Average fibre lenght	1,5 mm (0.7 – 1.8)
Average fibre width	16,5 µm (8.4 – 21)
Fibre ends	Blunt.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	No cross-marking.
Associated cells
Special features	Less prominent fiber wall.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple
Graff 'C' staining	Yellow

Botanical classification

Salix purpurea L.

Order:

Malpighiales

Family:

Synonyms:

Salix caesifolia Drobow

Plant growing area

Native to most of European and western Asia countries.

Grows along rivers in sandy soils.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Salix purpurea is a deciduous small tree growing to 1-2 m and rarely to 6 m tall.Bloom ing occurs before the leaves, from March to April.

The bark and buds have medicinal properties especially antipyretic and analgesic. The use of Salix purpurea as dying and medicinal materials is very ancient in Egypt and in northern Europe.

The bark contains chalcones and leaves, flavonols and condensed tannins, and their extracts are used in the dyeing of fabrics in grey-black.

The shoots called withies are used in basketry.

Japan:

It is used for dyeing.

Korea:

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by their small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Leaf

Twigs

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Dye

Formation aid

Language:

Identification

Fibre type	Wood fibers
Average fibre lenght	1,5 mm (0.7 – 1.8)
Average fibre width	16,5 µm (8.4 – 21)
Fibre ends	Blunt.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	No cross-marking.
Associated cells
Special features	Less prominent fiber wall.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple
Graff 'C' staining	Yellow

Botanical classification

Salix purpurea L.

Order:

Malpighiales

Family:

Synonyms:

Salix caesifolia Drobow

Plant growing area

Native to most of European and western Asia countries.

Grows along rivers in sandy soils.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Salix purpurea is a deciduous small tree growing to 1-2 m and rarely to 6 m tall.Bloom ing occurs before the leaves, from March to April.

The bark and buds have medicinal properties especially antipyretic and analgesic. The use of Salix purpurea as dying and medicinal materials is very ancient in Egypt and in northern Europe.

The bark contains chalcones and leaves, flavonols and condensed tannins, and their extracts are used in the dyeing of fabrics in grey-black.

The shoots called withies are used in basketry.

Japan:

It is used for dyeing.

Korea:

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by their small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Leaf

Twigs

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Dye

Formation aid

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

セイヨウコリヤナギ

Identification

Fibre type	Wood fibers
Average fibre lenght	1,5 mm (0.7 – 1.8)
Average fibre width	16,5 µm (8.4 – 21)
Fibre ends	Blunt.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	No cross-marking.
Associated cells
Special features	Less prominent fiber wall.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple
Graff 'C' staining	Yellow

Botanical classification

Salix purpurea L.

Order:

Malpighiales

Family:

Synonyms:

Salix caesifolia Drobow

Plant growing area

Native to most of European and western Asia countries.

Grows along rivers in sandy soils.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Salix purpurea is a deciduous small tree growing to 1-2 m and rarely to 6 m tall.Bloom ing occurs before the leaves, from March to April.

The bark and buds have medicinal properties especially antipyretic and analgesic. The use of Salix purpurea as dying and medicinal materials is very ancient in Egypt and in northern Europe.

The bark contains chalcones and leaves, flavonols and condensed tannins, and their extracts are used in the dyeing of fabrics in grey-black.

The shoots called withies are used in basketry.

Japan:

It is used for dyeing.

Korea:

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by their small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Leaf

Twigs

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Dye

Formation aid

Language:

French

Identification

Fibre type
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Wikstroemia chamaedaphne (Bunge) Meisn.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Synonyms:

Daphne canescens Wall.

Daphne chamaedaphne (Bunge) Halda

Daphne sericea Wall. ex D.Don

Diplomorpha canescens (Wall. ex Meisn.) C.A. Mey.

Diplomorpha chamaedaphne (Bunge) C.A. Mey.

Diplomorpha virgata (Wall.) C.A. Mey.

Wiskstroemia canescens Wall. ex Meisn.

Wikstroemia salicifolia Decne.

Wikstroemia virgata Wall. ex Meisn.

Plant growing area

China (Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan).

Grows in open mixed forests, on bushy slopes, among boulders and on roadsides at an altitude from 500 to 1900m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China.

Plant cultivation and use

Wikstroemia Chamaedaphne is an evergreen shrub that reaches 1m to 1.50m high.

China:

There are 14 wikstroemia species in Yunnan among which 6 are located in the northwest (delavayi, leptophylla, canescens, lichiangensis, scytophylla, lamatsoensis).

Paper names

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Identification

Fibre type
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Wikstroemia chamaedaphne (Bunge) Meisn.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Synonyms:

Daphne canescens Wall.

Daphne chamaedaphne (Bunge) Halda

Daphne sericea Wall. ex D.Don

Diplomorpha canescens (Wall. ex Meisn.) C.A. Mey.

Diplomorpha chamaedaphne (Bunge) C.A. Mey.

Diplomorpha virgata (Wall.) C.A. Mey.

Wiskstroemia canescens Wall. ex Meisn.

Wikstroemia salicifolia Decne.

Wikstroemia virgata Wall. ex Meisn.

Plant growing area

China (Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan).

Grows in open mixed forests, on bushy slopes, among boulders and on roadsides at an altitude from 500 to 1900m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China.

Plant cultivation and use

Wikstroemia Chamaedaphne is an evergreen shrub that reaches 1m to 1.50m high.

China:

There are 14 wikstroemia species in Yunnan among which 6 are located in the northwest (delavayi, leptophylla, canescens, lichiangensis, scytophylla, lamatsoensis).

Paper names

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Identification

Fibre type	Wood fibers
Average fibre lenght	1,5 mm (0.7 – 1.8)
Average fibre width	16,5 µm (8.4 – 21)
Fibre ends	Blunt.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	No cross-marking.
Associated cells
Special features	Less prominent fiber wall.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple
Graff 'C' staining	Yellow

Botanical classification

Salix purpurea L.

Order:

Malpighiales

Family: