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Identification

Fibre type	Wood fibers
Average fibre lenght	1,5 mm (0.7 – 1.8)
Average fibre width	16,5 µm (8.4 – 21)
Fibre ends	Blunt.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	No cross-marking.
Associated cells
Special features	Less prominent fiber wall.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple
Graff 'C' staining	Yellow

Botanical classification

Salix purpurea L.

Order:

Malpighiales

Family:

Salicaceae

Synonyms:

Salix caesifolia Drobow

Plant growing area

Native to most of European and western Asia countries.

Grows along rivers in sandy soils.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Salix purpurea is a deciduous small tree growing to 1-2 m and rarely to 6 m tall.Bloom ing occurs before the leaves, from March to April.

The bark and buds have medicinal properties especially antipyretic and analgesic. The use of Salix purpurea as dying and medicinal materials is very ancient in Egypt and in northern Europe.

The bark contains chalcones and leaves, flavonols and condensed tannins, and their extracts are used in the dyeing of fabrics in grey-black.

The shoots called withies are used in basketry.

Japan:

It is used for dyeing.

Korea:

From the Joseon period (1392-1910), raw materials traditionally used for paper production, mainly bark of Broussonetias begin to fail. Papermakers face a growing demand for paper stimulated by the development of publications initiated during the Goryeo period (907-1392). Other plants will be used to provide a fiber supplement such as wisteria, rice, oat and barley straws, bamboo, jute and hemp but also reeds, the bark and needles of pine, the leaves of willow. Indeed, the willow leaves seem to be used as a complementary fiber source to fibers of paper mulberry from the 15th century.
It is used also for handicrafts objects.

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Preparation for dyeing: trees that have at least 4 to 8 years are harvested in the spring. The branches are peeled, crushed into powder or chipped and are steeped in a small volume of water for several days. Water is added to obtain the necessary amount for the dyeing bath and gradually heated until boiling for 2 to 3 hours. The dye is filtered before use.

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by their small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Usually three jars of dye are prepared with decreasing concentrations. The paper is dipped in the less concentrated dye jar and oxidation occurs in the air; the paper is then soaked in the little bit more concentrated dye. After oxidation, the sheet is dipped into the third jar with the strongest concentration. The process can be repeated several times to obtain a color more or less intense. The sheet is dried by exposing the surface to air; the color changes by oxidation.

Paper names

In Asia and particularly in China, Korea and Japan, the papers are intended for a wide range of use: Papers for calligraphy and art, Papers for ceremonies, Paper as a medium of exchange, money paper, Papers for making clothes, wall hangings and bedding, Papers for architecture, interior design, Papers for crafts of various kinds, for domestic purposes and leisure. The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Leaf

Twigs

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Dye

Formation aid

Language:

French

Identification

Fibre type	Wood fibers
Average fibre lenght	1,5 mm (0.7 – 1.8)
Average fibre width	16,5 µm (8.4 – 21)
Fibre ends	Blunt.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	No cross-marking.
Associated cells
Special features	Less prominent fiber wall.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple
Graff 'C' staining	Yellow

Botanical classification

Salix purpurea L.

Order:

Malpighiales

Family:

Salicaceae

Synonyms:

Salix caesifolia Drobow

Plant growing area

Native to most of European and western Asia countries.

Grows along rivers in sandy soils.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Salix purpurea is a deciduous small tree growing to 1-2 m and rarely to 6 m tall.Bloom ing occurs before the leaves, from March to April.

The bark and buds have medicinal properties especially antipyretic and analgesic. The use of Salix purpurea as dying and medicinal materials is very ancient in Egypt and in northern Europe.

The bark contains chalcones and leaves, flavonols and condensed tannins, and their extracts are used in the dyeing of fabrics in grey-black.

The shoots called withies are used in basketry.

Japan:

It is used for dyeing.

Korea:

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by their small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Leaf

Twigs

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Dye

Formation aid

Wikstroemia chamaedaphne © Plantillustrations

Wikstroemia chamaedaphne © CFH Nature Museum

Identification

Fibre type
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Wikstroemia chamaedaphne (Bunge) Meisn.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Thymelaeaceae

Synonyms:

Daphne canescens Wall.

Daphne chamaedaphne (Bunge) Halda

Daphne sericea Wall. ex D.Don

Diplomorpha canescens (Wall. ex Meisn.) C.A. Mey.

Diplomorpha chamaedaphne (Bunge) C.A. Mey.

Diplomorpha virgata (Wall.) C.A. Mey.

Wiskstroemia canescens Wall. ex Meisn.

Wikstroemia salicifolia Decne.

Wikstroemia virgata Wall. ex Meisn.

Plant growing area

China (Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan).

Grows in open mixed forests, on bushy slopes, among boulders and on roadsides at an altitude from 500 to 1900m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China.

Plant cultivation and use

Wikstroemia chamaedaphne is a shrub of the Thymelaceae family, family, which includes nearly 500 species in 44 genera. There is a great confusion among the various Wikstroemias, Stelleras, Edgeworthias and especially Daphnes, because their morphologies are very similar.

Thymelaceaes are base plants for paper making in the Himalaya areas. The plants are valued for the large amount of hemicelluloses contained in the bark. They are also very much used in Chinese medicine.

Wikstroemia Chamaedaphne is an evergreen shrub that reaches 1m to 1.50m high.

China:

There are 14 wikstroemia species in Yunnan among which 6 are located in the northwest (delavayi, leptophylla, canescens, lichiangensis, scytophylla, lamatsoensis).

Paper names

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Morus australis Poir. © CFH Nature Museum

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre lenght	2,2 mm
Average fibre width	30 µm
Fibre ends	Blunt.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Cross-markings.
Associated cells
Special features	Less prominent fiber wall.
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Morus australis Poir.

Order:

Rosales

Family:

Moraceae

Synonyms:

Morus acidosa Griff.

Morus alba L. var. indica Bureau

Morus alba var. nigriformis Bureau

Morus alba var. stylosa Bureau

Morus australis var. hastifolia (F. T. Wang & T. Tang ex Z.Y. Cao) Z.Y. Cao

Morus australis var. incisa C. Y. Wu

Morus australis var. inusitata (H. Lév.) C.Y. Wu

Morus australis var. linearipartita Z.Y. Cao

Morus australis var. oblongifolia Z.Y. Cao

Morus bombycis Koidz.

Morus bombycis var. angustifolia Koidz.

Morus bombycis var. bifida Koidz.

Morus bombycis var. longistyla Koidz.

Morus bombycis var. tiliifolia Koidz.

Morus cavaleriei H. Lév.

Morus formosensis Hotta

Morus hastifolia F. T. Wang & T. Tang ex Z.Y. Cao

Morus inusitata H. Lév.

Morus longistylus Diels

Morus nigriformis (Bureau) Koidz.

Morus stylosa Ser. var. ovalifolia Ser.

Plant growing area

Grows in temperate and warm areas, in tropical areas.

Bhutan, Burma, China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, South East Xizang/Tibet, Yunnan, Zhejiang), India (Sikkim), Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Okinawa), Korea, Nepal, Taiwan.

Grows in limestone areas, forest margins, on mountain slopes, at an altitude from 500 to 2000 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Morus australis is a deciduous tree growing 10-15m. It is in flower from March to May. It prefers a warm well-drained loamy soil in a sunny position but can accommodate to various kinds of soils and grow in semi-shade.

The fruit, the bark, the leaf and the root have medicinal properties. The fruits are edible.

The fruits contain anthocyanins which are pigments. The colours vary from orange, red, purple, black, and blue. They are water-soluble and easily extractable.

Root contains also yellow dyes used for dyeing paper.The bark is used for making paper.

China:

The fibers are supposed to be used in papermaking.

Korea:

In Korea the bark is used to get fiber for papermaking; the roots are used for dye or medicine.

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Root

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Dye

Botanical classification

Caesalpinia sappan L.

Order:

Fabales

Family:

Caesalpiniaceae

Plant growing area

Native origin unknown, maybe India.

Cambodia, China (Cultivated. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan, Yunnan), India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Vietnam.

Grows on hills in low and medium altitudes.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Sappan is a small evergreen thorny tree, 3 to 6 m tall. It prefers clay and limestone lands.

The heartwood contains a red dye and is used medicinally to relieve pain. It is also used as dye for textiles, for prints and in ink making.

Use of sappan wood in the Far East is probably ancient; archaeological remains (silk textiles from the Loulan site) attest its use in the 2nd century BC.

Red wood were imported into Europe from the Far East to the discovery of America.

The coloring matter contained in the wood are brazilin, present in all red woods and flavanoids which are not very much colored; the red dye, brasilein, is obtained after oxidation of brazilin.

This is a very sensitive dye to light; it is not easy to use and it fixes better on animal fibers than on plant fibers.

China:

Sappan wood was imported to China from India, 10 centuries before JC. Its use is mentioned in the "Jiangxi sheng dashi" or "Large annals of Jiangxi province" dating from the early 16th century.

Japan:

Used for dyeing Emperor Clothes.

Used for printing ukiyo-e.

Korea:

The dye is used during the Joseon period (1392-1910) because the red color is very popular for clothing. It is probably imported from China. This red dye was used extensively until the advent of synthetic dyes.

Preparation process for making paper

Wood is cut into small pieces so that brasilin oxidizes with air contact and to allow good extraction of the dye. It is allowed to swell for one day before boiling it for one hour. The dyeing is achieved by three successive extractions, reducing the amount of water each time. The three infusions are then mixed after filtering.

The mordants used are mainly aluminum (which gives a red color) and iron (which gives a brown color). A violet color is obtained by applying successively an iron mordant and then an aluminum mordant.

China:

Cutting takes place every six years. The heart wood alone is used. It is reduced to small fragments which are soaked for several hours in a heated bath.

After filtering, the liquid is ready for use.

The paper sheets are then soaked in the dye bath.

Japan:

The heart of the trunk and larger branches only are used for the extraction of the dye.

The wood is shredded and then crushed in a pestle. The powder can be left to ferment to increase its dyeing power.

The powder is mixed with water during 3 hours in a big amount of water (20 times its weight). Then the decoction is leaved for fermentation during several days according to the color expected to obtain.

After filtering, the liquid is ready for dyeing.

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by their small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Usually the pulp is dyed in the vat before forming the sheets.

Korea:

Wood is cut in small pieces which are then boiled. The extract is filtered before using it to dye. Dyeing is usually carried out using a highly concentrated bath and then repeating the operation several times.

The papers are dyed in three ways: dyeing of the pulp (Seonyeombeop), dyeing of the sheet by dipping, brushing and spraying (Huyeombeop ), combination of the both methods (Honyeombeop). Then the paper can be hammered.

Paper names

Used part of the plant:

Wood

Use for paper making:

Dye

Mordant

Language:

Japanese

Salix koreensis Andersson © Flora of China

Salix koreensis Andersson © Cornell University

Identification

Fibre type
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Salix koreensis Andersson

Order:

Malpighiales

Family:

Salicaceae

Synonyms:

Salix pierotii Miq.

Plant growing area

China: (Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong), Japan, Korea, Far East of Russia.

Grows along rivers, damp mountain slopes, or is cultivated; near sea level to 700 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Korea.

Korea:

Gyeongsangdo, Jeonrado, Gangwondo, Chungcheongdo.

Plant cultivation and use

Salix koreensis is a tree that can reach 20m in height.

Korea:

From the Joseon period (1392-1910), raw materials traditionally used for paper production, mainly bark of Broussonetias begin to fail. Papermakers face to a growing demand for paper stimulated by the development of publications initiated during the Goryeo period (907-1392). Other plants will be used to provide a fiber supplement such as wisteria, rice, oat and barley straws, bamboo, jute, cotton and hemp but also reeds, the bark and needles of pine, the leaves of willow. Indeed, the willow leaves seem to be used as a complementary fiber source to fibers of paper mulberry from the 15th century.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Twigs

Leaf

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch © Curtis's Botanical Magazine 1875

Botanical classification

Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch

Order:

Alismatales

Family:

Araceae

Synonyms:

Amorphophallus mairei H. Lév.

Amorphophallus nanus H. Li & C. L. Long

Amorphophallus rivieri Durieu ex Riv.

Brachyspatha konjac (K. Koch) K. Koch

Hydrosme rivieri (Durieu ex Riv.) Engl.

Proteinophallus rivieri (Durieu ex Riv.) J. D. Hook. f.

Plant growing area

China (Yunnan where the species occurs wild), Indonesia, Japan, Korea (Cultivated).

Found in open situations, forest margins and thickets between 200 and 3000 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

The plant has a rhizome which can weigh up to 4 kg.

It is grown in Indonesia, Korea and Japan mainly as a vegetable (as cakes and noodles), but also for its medicinal properties in treatment of cancer or diabete.

In Japan, konnyaku (made by mixing Konjac flour with water lime) is used to strengthen the paper used as Kamiko (cf. papers).

China:

Used as dyeing aid.

Japan:

A viscous liquid obtained from the Konnyaku flour is brushed on the surface of paper to make it more resistant to water before dyeing in particular with indigo. The concentration is 0.5% weight / liquid.

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Konnyaku flour is mixed with water and then heated to form a viscous liquid.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Use for paper making:

Dyeing aid

Language:

English

Botanical classification

Areca catechu L.

Order:

Arecales

Family:

Arecaceae

Synonyms:

Areca catechu Willd.

Areca faufel Gaertn.

Areca himalayana Griff. ex H. Wendl.

Areca hortensis Lour.

Areca nigra Giseke ex H. Wendl.

Sublimia areca Comm. ex Mart.

Plant growing area

Originated probably from Indonesia or India. Cultivated in the warm regions of Asia (Southeast Asia, Indonesia), China (Guangxi, Guangzhou-Canton area, Hainan, Yunnan), Taiwan.

Grows in rainforests, in undergrowth.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Areca catechu is a palm-tree which reaches 10 - 20m height. Fruits are abundant, orange and have an oval shape. The betelnut palm is now cultivated across the Asian tropics as a cash crop.

Throughout South and Southeast Asia, the chewing of nut is an ancient tradition for millions of people. The nut is used in combination with the betel leaf (Piper betel, Piperaceae family) and lime, to chew because it is credited with stimulating properties. Thus, the nut is used in many medicinal preparations because of the alkaloids it contains.

Its use has been mentioned in ancient texts for almost 2,000 years. The flower of the areca palm is also cooked.The dye extracted from the nut is used to dye silk and cotton. The coloring principle is the cachou, tannin extracted from the nut; it is a combination of catechol and / or epicatechol (procyanidins).

China:

Used as dye.

Japan:

Used for dyeing in black silk textiles. It is called Binroji zome.

Korea:

Also used as medicine. Not native but imported.

Thailand:

In Thailand papermakers use the shells of the nuts they have burnt to extract a mate black color which is brushed on documents written in yellow; these papers are used during certain temple ceremonies.

Preparation process for making paper

The cachou is prepared by boiling the nut crushed into powder and after filtering, the liquid is concentrated by evaporation until obtaining a thick material which is poured into moulds. These blocks are stored and sold in that form.

Cachou is melted in hot water to use it as dye. The color varies with the pH. The use of an iron mordant gives a black color.

Japan:

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by their small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

Paper names

Used part of the plant:

Fruit

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

English

Botanical classification

Areca catechu L.

Order:

Arecales

Family:

Arecaceae

Synonyms:

Areca catechu Willd.

Areca faufel Gaertn.

Areca himalayana Griff. ex H. Wendl.

Areca hortensis Lour.

Areca nigra Giseke ex H. Wendl.

Sublimia areca Comm. ex Mart.

Plant growing area

Originated probably from Indonesia or India. Cultivated in the warm regions of Asia (Southeast Asia, Indonesia), China (Guangxi, Guangzhou-Canton area, Hainan, Yunnan), Taiwan.

Grows in rainforests, in undergrowth.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Areca catechu is a palm-tree which reaches 10 - 20m height. Fruits are abundant, orange and have an oval shape. The betelnut palm is now cultivated across the Asian tropics as a cash crop.

China:

Used as dye.

Japan:

Used for dyeing in black silk textiles. It is called Binroji zome.

Korea:

Also used as medicine. Not native but imported.

Thailand:

Preparation process for making paper

Cachou is melted in hot water to use it as dye. The color varies with the pH. The use of an iron mordant gives a black color.

Japan:

Korea:

Paper names

Used part of the plant:

Fruit

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

English

Botanical classification

Areca catechu L.

Order:

Arecales

Family:

Arecaceae

Synonyms:

Areca catechu Willd.

Areca faufel Gaertn.

Areca himalayana Griff. ex H. Wendl.

Areca hortensis Lour.

Areca nigra Giseke ex H. Wendl.

Sublimia areca Comm. ex Mart.

Plant growing area

Originated probably from Indonesia or India. Cultivated in the warm regions of Asia (Southeast Asia, Indonesia), China (Guangxi, Guangzhou-Canton area, Hainan, Yunnan), Taiwan.

Grows in rainforests, in undergrowth.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Areca catechu is a palm-tree which reaches 10 - 20m height. Fruits are abundant, orange and have an oval shape. The betelnut palm is now cultivated across the Asian tropics as a cash crop.

China:

Used as dye.

Japan:

Used for dyeing in black silk textiles. It is called Binroji zome.

Korea:

Also used as medicine. Not native but imported.

Thailand:

Preparation process for making paper

Cachou is melted in hot water to use it as dye. The color varies with the pH. The use of an iron mordant gives a black color.

Japan:

Korea:

Paper names

Used part of the plant:

Fruit

Use for paper making:

Dye

Primary tabs

Salix purpurea L.

Salix purpurea L.

Wikstroemia chamaedaphne (Bunge) Meisn.

Morus australis Poir.

Caesalpinia sappan L.

Salix koreensis Andersson

Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch

Areca catechu L.

Areca catechu L.

Areca catechu L.

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Primary tabs

Salix purpurea L.

Salix purpurea L.

Wikstroemia chamaedaphne (Bunge) Meisn.

Morus australis Poir.

Caesalpinia sappan L.

Salix koreensis Andersson

Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch

Areca catechu L.

Areca catechu L.

Areca catechu L.

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