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Language:

Korean

Local scripture:

고삼

Sophora flavescens Aiton © Flora of China

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre length
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated Cells
Special features	Looks like Broussonetia papyrifera but shorter fibers. Transparent membrane around the fibers.
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining	Red-brown.

Botanical classification

Sophora flavescens Aiton

Order:

Fabales

Family:

Fabaceae

Synonyms:

Sophora angustifolia Siebold & Zucc.

Sophora flavescens angustifolia f. angustifolia (Siebold & Zucc.) Yakovlev

Sophora macrosperma DC.

Plant growing area

China (All provinces), India, Japan, Korea, Russia.

Grows on hill slopes, in farm fields; below 1500 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan.

Japan:

Chubu (Shizuoka prefecture), Shikoku (Tokushima prefecture).

Plant cultivation and use

Evergreen shrub 1 to 2m high. Slow growing. Flowering from June to August and fruiting from July to October.

The plant adapts to light sandy soils as well as to heavy clay soils, or to acidic or basic soils but requires well-drained soils. Does not grow in the shade.

The root and stem are used as medicinal plants in China and Japan. The kushenin (a flavonoid compound) is commonly used in various treatments of the digestive system and skin diseases.

The bark is resistant to insects.

Japan:

Used during the Nara period (710-794). Use stops during the Heian period (794-1185). The use is mentioned in the Engishiki which is a compendium of laws dated 927.
It is no longer used in Japan.

Paper names

In Asia and particularly in China, Korea and Japan, the papers are intended for a wide range of use: Papers for calligraphy and art, Papers for ceremonies, Paper as a medium of exchange, money paper, Papers for making clothes, wall hangings and bedding, Papers for architecture, interior design, Papers for crafts of various kinds, for domestic purposes and leisure. The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Chinese

Local scripture:

苦参

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre length
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated Cells
Special features	Looks like Broussonetia papyrifera but shorter fibers. Transparent membrane around the fibers.
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining	Red-brown.

Botanical classification

Sophora flavescens Aiton

Order:

Fabales

Family:

Fabaceae

Synonyms:

Sophora angustifolia Siebold & Zucc.

Sophora flavescens angustifolia f. angustifolia (Siebold & Zucc.) Yakovlev

Sophora macrosperma DC.

Plant growing area

China (All provinces), India, Japan, Korea, Russia.

Grows on hill slopes, in farm fields; below 1500 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan.

Japan:

Chubu (Shizuoka prefecture), Shikoku (Tokushima prefecture).

Plant cultivation and use

Evergreen shrub 1 to 2m high. Slow growing. Flowering from June to August and fruiting from July to October.

The plant adapts to light sandy soils as well as to heavy clay soils, or to acidic or basic soils but requires well-drained soils. Does not grow in the shade.

The root and stem are used as medicinal plants in China and Japan. The kushenin (a flavonoid compound) is commonly used in various treatments of the digestive system and skin diseases.

The bark is resistant to insects.

Japan:

Used during the Nara period (710-794). Use stops during the Heian period (794-1185). The use is mentioned in the Engishiki which is a compendium of laws dated 927.
It is no longer used in Japan.

Paper names

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Japanese

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre length
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated Cells
Special features	Looks like Broussonetia papyrifera but shorter fibers. Transparent membrane around the fibers.
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining	Red-brown.

Botanical classification

Sophora flavescens Aiton

Order:

Fabales

Family:

Fabaceae

Synonyms:

Sophora angustifolia Siebold & Zucc.

Sophora flavescens angustifolia f. angustifolia (Siebold & Zucc.) Yakovlev

Sophora macrosperma DC.

Plant growing area

China (All provinces), India, Japan, Korea, Russia.

Grows on hill slopes, in farm fields; below 1500 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan.

Japan:

Chubu (Shizuoka prefecture), Shikoku (Tokushima prefecture).

Plant cultivation and use

Evergreen shrub 1 to 2m high. Slow growing. Flowering from June to August and fruiting from July to October.

The plant adapts to light sandy soils as well as to heavy clay soils, or to acidic or basic soils but requires well-drained soils. Does not grow in the shade.

The root and stem are used as medicinal plants in China and Japan. The kushenin (a flavonoid compound) is commonly used in various treatments of the digestive system and skin diseases.

The bark is resistant to insects.

Japan:

Used during the Nara period (710-794). Use stops during the Heian period (794-1185). The use is mentioned in the Engishiki which is a compendium of laws dated 927.
It is no longer used in Japan.

Paper names

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Edgeworthia chrysantha Lindl. © C. Laroque

Edgeworthia chrysantha Lindl. © L.B. Vilmont

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre lenght	3,5mm (1,5-5)
Average fibre width	19µm (7-30µm)
Fibre ends	Ends of various shapes: blunt, round, in forked shape.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Faint, Cross-markings.
Associated cells	Many parenchyma cells of various shapes, colored in blue forms. Contain a mucilage.
Special features	Rather short Fibers blades with pale marks on the surface with large central areas. Crystals in the parenchyma that does not exist in the gampi.
Herzberg staining	Yellow/bluish green.
Graff 'C' staining	Bright olive.

Botanical classification

Edgeworthia chrysantha Lindl.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Thymelaeaceae

Synonyms:

Edgeworthia papyrifera Siebold & Zucc.

Edgeworthia tomentosa (Thunb) Nakai

Magnolia tomentosa Thunb.

Plant growing area

China (Wild or cultivated. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Korea (Wild or cultivated), Japan (Cultivated and naturalized), Georgia.

Wild in forests, shrubby slopes but also cultivated.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

Japan:

Chubu (Fukui, Gifu, Ishikawa, Shizuoka, Yamanashi Prefectures), Chugoku (Okayama,Shimane,Tottori Prefectures), Kanto (Saitama), Shikoku (Ehime, Kochi, Tokushima Prefectures), Kyushu (Miyazaki, Saga Prefectures), Okinawa.

Korea:

Jeolla (south), Gyeongsang (south).

Plant cultivation and use

The Edgeworthia’s are shrubs of the Thymelaeaceae family, which includes nearly 500 species distributed in 44 genera. The Thymelaeaceae are base plants for paper making at the foot of the Himalayas. The plants are valued for the large amount of hemicelluloses contained in the bark. They are also much used in Chinese medicine.

There is a great confusion between different Daphnes and Edgeworthias; shrubs are very similar morphologically and names are assigned interchangeably. However the bark of the Edgeworthia is whiter and softer than that of Daphne.

Edgeworthia chrysantha is a deciduous shrub, growing slowly up to a height of 1,5m. Flowers are yellow or red and flowering occurs in March to April.

It grows wild in forests on the shrubby slopes but it can also be cultivated on the hillsides interspersed with cedars and cypresses. Its growth is faster in warmer and humid climates. It blooms from February to April. After 8 to 12 years, shrubs are no longer able to provide enough good quality bark for paper.

Its fruits are not edible. Its roots are used medicinally to treat eye diseases. The bark contains an insect repellent.

The stems which are very flexible can be tied or used as strings.

Japan:

The term mitsumata means triple (mitsu) branch (mata) and refers to the shape of the shrub.
Mitsumata fiber papers are much more expensive than kozo (cf. this term) papers because cultivation of the shrubs is more difficult. However, it is easier than the cultivation of gampi (cf. this term).
Generally, growing, harvesting and preparation of bark are carried out by farmers who supply raw bark, ready for cooking, to papermakers.

Mitsumata papers have different uses but they are especially popular for calligraphy and printing as they allow fine strokes.

The mitsumata fibers replace those of hemp during the Edo period (1603-1867), but their use had started from the Momoyama period (1573-1615).

Cultivation of mitsumata, as well as kozo, is encouraged at the beginning of the Edo period in the prefecture of Fukui.

The production of paper with mitsumata fibers begin with the papers called shuzenjigami after the name of the locality or Suruga hanshi after the name of the former province, in the prefectures of Shizuoka and Yamanashi. These papers are a mixture of gampi and mitsumata fibers but these terms also refer to paper made with gampi or kozo.

From the Meiji period (1868-1912), Shizuoka is also a production center of mitsumata paper for the manufacture of banknotes.

The valley of the Saji (Tottori prefecture) has become a major producing region of mitsumata and mitsumata papers during the Meiji period.

Currently, annual production is about 360 tons. The main producing prefectures of bark are those of Ehime, Kochi, Tokushima in Shikoku region, Okayama, Shimane in the Chugoku region.
One hundred kilograms of harvested mitsumata gives three to five kilos of paper.

Korea:

The term Samji daknamu, means three branches and refers to the shape of the shrub.

There are no specific reference to the beginning of its use as paper fibers or its cultuvation. It grows wild on the southern coasts of Korea.

Samjidak papers were mainly used for printing books and sutras.

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Harvesting takes place every three years in early winter when the leaves have fallen.
The branches are steamed for easy peeling. They are then dried before being stored. At this stage the bark is called "black bark" or "kurokawa".

The barks are soaked and then scraped with a knife; at this point the bark is called "bark unbleached" or "jikegawa". It is left to soak in water for several days to bleach. Bleaching is done in the sun but recently chlorine is used. The bark is called "white bark" or "Shirokawa".

Cooking is done at the jikegawa stage. It lasts around 2-3 hours. The alkaline solution is an ashes lye or lime or caustic soda. After cooking the barks are placed in running water for several days to remove residues of cooking. It also helps to complete the bleaching.

Beating is performed by hands or in a small size Japanese hollander called naginata. Specks removal is done by hand.

Sheet forming is done by nagashizuki method: in the nagashizuki method the sheet is made by superimposing layers of fibers successively until the desired thickness.

Paper names

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

キガンピ

黄雁皮

Wikstroemia trichotoma (Thunb.) Makino © Flora of China

Wikstroemia trichotoma (Thunb.) Makino © Asian Flowers

Wikstroemia trichotoma (Thunb.) Makino © T.H. Choi

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre lenght	4 mm
Average fibre width	19,8 μ
Fibre ends	Variable.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Cross-markings.
Associated cells
Special features	Faint wall.
Herzberg staining	Purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Reddish purple.

Botanical classification

Wikstroemia trichotoma (Thunb.) Makino

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Thymelaeaceae

Synonyms:

Diplomorpha ellipsocarpa (Maxim.) Nakai

Diplomorpha trichotoma (Thunb.) Nakai

Passerina japonica Siebold & Zucc.

Queria trichotoma Thunb.

Wikstroemai ellipsocarpa Maxim.

Wikstroemia japonica (Siebold & Zucc.) Miq.

Plant growing area

China (Anhui, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang), Japan (wild. Kiushu, West Japan), South Korea.

Grows in open forests, among shrubs on limestone hills, shaded places, roadsides, ca. 600 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

Wikstroemia trichotoma is a shrub of the Thymelaceae family, which includes nearly 500 species in 44 genera. There is a great confusion among the various Wikstroemias, Stelleras, Edgeworthias and especially Daphnes, because their morphologies are very similar.

Thymelaceaes are base plants for paper making in the Himalaya areas. The plants are valued for the large amount of hemicelluloses contained in the bark. They are also very much used in Chinese medicine.

Wikstroemia sikokiana is an evergreen shrub, from 0,5m to 3,5m tall. Blooming takes place in summer. Its fruits are not edible and it has no known medicinal use.

China:

There are 14 wikstroemia species in Yunnan among which 6 are located in the northwest (delavayi, leptophylla, canescens, lichiangensis, scytophylla, lamatsoensis).

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Harvesting takes place every three years from mid-March to late April when the sap is rising and makes the fibers bright and makes debarking easier.
The bark is peeled off immediately without steaming and hung to dry. At this stage the bark is called "black bark".

Alkaline cooking is done at this stage and lasts 2 to 3 hours. The alkaline agent is wood ashes lye or lime or caustic soda. Bleaching is sometimes made with chlorine.

After cooking barks are placed in water for several days to remove cooking residues. It also allows achieving bleaching.

Beating is done manually or with a small hollander beater. Sorting hard impurities is done manually or, more recently, with diaphragm flat screen because the fibers are relatively short. In this case the sorting is done after pulp beating.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber.
Average fibre lenght	5mm
Average fibre width	21μm
Fibre ends	Very variable, tapering rounded.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Faint crossmarkings.
Associated cells	Often present. Pitted vessel elements and parenchyma cells. Presence of cratered vessels larger than those of flax, but similar to hemp.
Special features	Short fibers. Irregularly shaped fiber ends and walls lumen. Looks like woodpulp (vessels) and straw pulp. Transverse shape: square or rectangular.
Herzberg staining	Blue.
Graff 'C' staining	Fiber in yellow with blue or green lumen.

Botanical classification

Hibiscus cannabinus L.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Malvaceae

Synonyms:

Abelmoschus verrucosus (Guill. & Perr.) Walp.

Furcaria cavanillesii Kostel.

Hibiscus unidens Lindl.

Hibiscus verrucosus Guill. & Perr.

Ketmia glandulosa Moench

Plant growing area

Native to Africa and India.

Cultivated in China (Guangdong, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Yunnan, Zhejiang), India, East-Asia, East Africa.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, India, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Hibiscus cannabinus is an annual herb which can reach more than 3 m high. The flowers are pale yellow or red with crimson centres. Blooming occurs from summer to autumn. Its growth is rapid; the plant can reach over four feet in four months.

Kenaf was grown in Egypt a millennium BC for making ropes and cloth (bags, sails).

The plant is grown all over Asia, mainly as fiber crop and for its oil which is used industrially. The fibers are used in the manufacture of coarse fabrics such as carpets.

Kenaf is used in India for the manufacture of cigarette paper. The rapid growth of the plant encourages papermakers to use it instead of wood in the production of paper pulp. Thus, the bast fibers or the whole stem itself are used.

Japan:

Kenaf is a modern paper fiber in Japan.

Preparation process for making paper

The harvest takes place in November-December when the stem has lost its leaves.

Paper names

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Korean

Local scripture:

산 닥나무

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre lenght	4 mm
Average fibre width	19,8 μ
Fibre ends	Variable.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Cross-markings.
Associated cells
Special features	Faint wall.
Herzberg staining	Purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Reddish purple.

Botanical classification

Wikstroemia trichotoma (Thunb.) Makino

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Thymelaeaceae

Synonyms:

Diplomorpha ellipsocarpa (Maxim.) Nakai

Diplomorpha trichotoma (Thunb.) Nakai

Passerina japonica Siebold & Zucc.

Queria trichotoma Thunb.

Wikstroemai ellipsocarpa Maxim.

Wikstroemia japonica (Siebold & Zucc.) Miq.

Plant growing area

China (Anhui, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang), Japan (wild. Kiushu, West Japan), South Korea.

Grows in open forests, among shrubs on limestone hills, shaded places, roadsides, ca. 600 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

Wikstroemia sikokiana is an evergreen shrub, from 0,5m to 3,5m tall. Blooming takes place in summer. Its fruits are not edible and it has no known medicinal use.

China:

There are 14 wikstroemia species in Yunnan among which 6 are located in the northwest (delavayi, leptophylla, canescens, lichiangensis, scytophylla, lamatsoensis).

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Alkaline cooking is done at this stage and lasts 2 to 3 hours. The alkaline agent is wood ashes lye or lime or caustic soda. Bleaching is sometimes made with chlorine.

After cooking barks are placed in water for several days to remove cooking residues. It also allows achieving bleaching.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

クロミノニシゴリ　

Symplocos paniculata Miq. © Flora of China

Symplocos paniculata Miq. © CFH Nature Museum

Botanical classification

Symplocos paniculata Miq.

Order:

Ericales

Family:

Symplocaceae

Synonyms:

Cotoneaster coreanus H. Lév.

Myrtus chinensis Lour.

Palura chinensis (Lour.) Koidz.

Palura chinensis var. pilosa Nakai

Palura sinica (Ker Gawl.) Miers

Prunus mairei H. Lév.

Prunus paniculata Thunb.

Symplocos chinensis var. vestita (Hemsl.) Hand.-Mazz.

Symplocos crataegoides Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don

Symplocos hunanensis Hand.-Mazz.

Symplocos simaoensis Y.Y. Qian

Symplocos sinica Ker Gawl.

Symplocos sinica var. vestita Hemsl.

Plant growing area

Native to northern Burma, South Vietnam and East Asia.

Bhutan, Burma, China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Xizang, Zhejiang), India (Sikkim), Japan, Korea, Laos, Pakistan, Vietnam.

Grows on slopes in mixed forests, from 800 to 2500 m altitude.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Symplocos paniculata is a deciduous shrub about 3m high but it can reach 10m high. The flowers are white and fragrant forming clusters. Flowering occurs from April to June The fruits are small blue-violet drupes, ripe in autumn. They are consumed as jams or jellies.

This shrub prefers well-drained and slightly calcareous soils. Sun exposure to partial shade is needed for its growth.

It has been introduced to many countries as an ornamental.

The bark, astringent and tonic is used for the treatment of intestinal disorders, ulcers and sprains.
A yellow dye is extracted from the leaves and bark of the shrub. It is mostly used as a base for red dyes.

The ashes produced by combustion of the plant are also used as mordant because they contain a high concentration of aluminum. Indeed Symplocos are bio-accumulators of aluminum, leaves storing naturally alum. The leaves, dried and ground, can also be directly employed.

Japan:

Symplocos paniculata is mentioned from the Edo period (1603-1868) as a mordant for violet shikon dyeing (Lithospermum erythorizon). The ashes are used as they contain a high amount of aluminum.

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Dyeing of paper is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).
To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

The papers are dyed in three ways: dyeing of the pulp (Seonyeombeop), dyeing of the sheet by dipping, brushing and spraying (Huyeombeop ), combination of the both methods (Honyeombeop). Then the paper can be hammered.

Paper names

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Leaf

Use for paper making:

Dye

Mordant

Language:

Korean

Local scripture:

검노린재나무

Botanical classification

Symplocos paniculata Miq.

Order:

Ericales

Family:

Symplocaceae

Synonyms:

Cotoneaster coreanus H. Lév.

Myrtus chinensis Lour.

Palura chinensis (Lour.) Koidz.

Palura chinensis var. pilosa Nakai

Palura sinica (Ker Gawl.) Miers

Prunus mairei H. Lév.

Prunus paniculata Thunb.

Symplocos chinensis var. vestita (Hemsl.) Hand.-Mazz.

Symplocos crataegoides Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don

Symplocos hunanensis Hand.-Mazz.

Symplocos simaoensis Y.Y. Qian

Symplocos sinica Ker Gawl.

Symplocos sinica var. vestita Hemsl.

Plant growing area

Native to northern Burma, South Vietnam and East Asia.

Grows on slopes in mixed forests, from 800 to 2500 m altitude.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

This shrub prefers well-drained and slightly calcareous soils. Sun exposure to partial shade is needed for its growth.

It has been introduced to many countries as an ornamental.

Japan:

Symplocos paniculata is mentioned from the Edo period (1603-1868) as a mordant for violet shikon dyeing (Lithospermum erythorizon). The ashes are used as they contain a high amount of aluminum.

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Korea:

Paper names

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Leaf

Use for paper making:

Dye

Mordant

Language:

Korean

Local scripture:

노린재나무

Botanical classification

Symplocos paniculata Miq.

Order:

Ericales

Family:

Symplocaceae

Synonyms:

Cotoneaster coreanus H. Lév.

Myrtus chinensis Lour.

Palura chinensis (Lour.) Koidz.

Palura chinensis var. pilosa Nakai

Palura sinica (Ker Gawl.) Miers

Prunus mairei H. Lév.

Prunus paniculata Thunb.

Symplocos chinensis var. vestita (Hemsl.) Hand.-Mazz.

Symplocos crataegoides Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don

Symplocos hunanensis Hand.-Mazz.

Symplocos simaoensis Y.Y. Qian

Symplocos sinica Ker Gawl.

Symplocos sinica var. vestita Hemsl.

Plant growing area

Native to northern Burma, South Vietnam and East Asia.

Grows on slopes in mixed forests, from 800 to 2500 m altitude.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

This shrub prefers well-drained and slightly calcareous soils. Sun exposure to partial shade is needed for its growth.

It has been introduced to many countries as an ornamental.

Japan:

Symplocos paniculata is mentioned from the Edo period (1603-1868) as a mordant for violet shikon dyeing (Lithospermum erythorizon). The ashes are used as they contain a high amount of aluminum.

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Korea:

Paper names

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Leaf

Use for paper making:

Dye

Mordant

Primary tabs

Sophora flavescens Aiton

Sophora flavescens Aiton

Sophora flavescens Aiton

Edgeworthia chrysantha Lindl.

Wikstroemia trichotoma (Thunb.) Makino

Hibiscus cannabinus L.

Wikstroemia trichotoma (Thunb.) Makino

Symplocos paniculata Miq.

Symplocos paniculata Miq.

Symplocos paniculata Miq.

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Primary tabs

Sophora flavescens Aiton

Sophora flavescens Aiton

Sophora flavescens Aiton

Edgeworthia chrysantha Lindl.

Wikstroemia trichotoma (Thunb.) Makino

Hibiscus cannabinus L.

Wikstroemia trichotoma (Thunb.) Makino

Symplocos paniculata Miq.

Symplocos paniculata Miq.

Symplocos paniculata Miq.

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