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Language:

Korean

Local scripture:

골풀

Juncus effusus var. decipiens Buchenau © J.G. Sturm 1796

Juncus effusus var. decipiens Buchenau © C.Laroque

Juncus effusus var. decipiens Buchenau © Flora Siberia

Juncus effusus var. decipiens Buchenau © T.Taylor

Identification

Fibre type	Grass
Average fibre lenght	2mm (1-3mm)
Average fibre width	70µm (50-90µm)
Fibre ends	Square.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells	Small taxodiods and cupressoid pits are present in mature fibres.
Special features	Fibres are wide, thin walled.
Herzberg staining	Pink/Purple
Graff 'C' staining	Pink/Purple

Botanical classification

Juncus effusus var. decipiens Buchenau

Order:

Poales

Family:

Juncaceae

Synonyms:

Juncus effusus var. solutus Fern. & Wiegand

Plant growing area

Widespread in temperate and mountainous tropical regions.

Bhutan, China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Korea, India (Sikkim), Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.

Grows at forest margins, wet grasslands, morasses, lakes, river banks, fields and rice fields at an altitude from 200 to 3400 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Juncus effusus is a perennial plant which grows in dense clumps that can reach 1.5 m in height by 0.5 m in diameter. The stems are straight and smooth, and contain a spongy pith. Roots are rhizomes allowing it to colonize the edges of water. Flowering occurs in summer.

The plant adapts to various types of soils and can grow in heavy clay soils; it needs moist soils and can grow in water and develop in partial shade.

Its leaves are edible and the stem pith is anti-inflammatory, diuretic, and febrifuge.
Stems are used in basketry, mats making and thatching; the straw, called igusa in Japan, is commonly used to make tatami mats, especially in Kumamoto Prefecture. Dried stems can be twisted into ropes. Pith is used as a wick for oil lamps.

The stems are used to produce paper fiber giving an off-white paper. They are used in combination with the fibers of the bark of mulberry trees for making stencil paper.

Korea:

Used in combination with the bark of paper mulberry during the Joseon period (1392-1910) as substitute material.

Preparation process for making paper

Korea:

The stems are harvested in late summer or autumn, they are cut into pieces and then soaked for 24 hours in clear water. They are then cooked for 2 hours with lye and beaten in a blender.

Paper names

In Asia and particularly in China, Korea and Japan, the papers are intended for a wide range of use: Papers for calligraphy and art, Papers for ceremonies, Paper as a medium of exchange, money paper, Papers for making clothes, wall hangings and bedding, Papers for architecture, interior design, Papers for crafts of various kinds, for domestic purposes and leisure. The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = papier.

Au Japon les papiers de kozo sont les plus nombreux.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

こひげ

Identification

Fibre type	Grass
Average fibre lenght	2mm (1-3mm)
Average fibre width	70µm (50-90µm)
Fibre ends	Square.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells	Small taxodiods and cupressoid pits are present in mature fibres.
Special features	Fibres are wide, thin walled.
Herzberg staining	Pink/Purple
Graff 'C' staining	Pink/Purple

Botanical classification

Juncus effusus var. decipiens Buchenau

Order:

Poales

Family:

Juncaceae

Synonyms:

Juncus effusus var. solutus Fern. & Wiegand

Plant growing area

Widespread in temperate and mountainous tropical regions.

Grows at forest margins, wet grasslands, morasses, lakes, river banks, fields and rice fields at an altitude from 200 to 3400 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

The plant adapts to various types of soils and can grow in heavy clay soils; it needs moist soils and can grow in water and develop in partial shade.

The stems are used to produce paper fiber giving an off-white paper. They are used in combination with the fibers of the bark of mulberry trees for making stencil paper.

Korea:

Used in combination with the bark of paper mulberry during the Joseon period (1392-1910) as substitute material.

Preparation process for making paper

Korea:

The stems are harvested in late summer or autumn, they are cut into pieces and then soaked for 24 hours in clear water. They are then cooked for 2 hours with lye and beaten in a blender.

Paper names

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = papier.

Au Japon les papiers de kozo sont les plus nombreux.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Mercurialis leiocarpa Siebold & Zucc.© Flora of China

Mercurialis leiocarpa Siebold & Zucc.© CFH Nature Museum

Botanical classification

Mercurialis leiocarpa Siebold & Zucc.

Order:

Malpighiales

Family:

Euphorbiaceae

Synonyms:

Mercurialis leiocarpa var. transmorrisonensis (Hayata) H. Keng

Mercurialis leiocarpa var. trichocarpa W. T. Wang

Mercurialis transmorrisonensis Hayata

Plant growing area

Bhutan, China (Anhui, North Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), North East India, Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Ryukyu), Korea, Nepal, North Thailand.

Grows on mountain slopes or in valleys or forests at 300-2800 m altitude.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Perennial rhizomatous herb; 30cm to 1m tall. Grows in clumps. It is dioecious and the small flowers bloom from March to April. It adapts to various exposures from sun to partial shade and to a variety of soils, acidic or calcareous.

A drying oil is obtained from the seed.

The chemical structure of the blue dyestuff is unknown. The proportion of colorant in the plant is low and contains impurities. The color fades easily.

Japan:

The dye was used primarily during the Nara period (710-794). Its use continued until the Edo period (1603-1868). It was famous for dyeing kimonos.

The dye was applied directly to the fabric leaving a blue-green color called suri-ai which means " rubbed blue."

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Leaves were harvested in summer and early autumn. After being left to macerate, they were rubbed directly onto the fabric which became blue.

Crushed roots and leaves could also be used to extract a liquid dye.

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

The papers are dyed in three ways: dyeing of the pulp (Seonyeombeop), dyeing of the sheet by dipping, brushing and spraying (Huyeombeop ), combination of the both methods (Honyeombeop). Then the paper can be hammered.

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.
In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Leaf

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

English

Identification

Fibre type	Grass
Average fibre lenght	2mm (1-3mm)
Average fibre width	70µm (50-90µm)
Fibre ends	Square.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells	Small taxodiods and cupressoid pits are present in mature fibres.
Special features	Fibres are wide, thin walled.
Herzberg staining	Pink/Purple
Graff 'C' staining	Pink/Purple

Botanical classification

Juncus effusus var. decipiens Buchenau

Order:

Poales

Family:

Juncaceae

Synonyms:

Juncus effusus var. solutus Fern. & Wiegand

Plant growing area

Widespread in temperate and mountainous tropical regions.

Grows at forest margins, wet grasslands, morasses, lakes, river banks, fields and rice fields at an altitude from 200 to 3400 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

The plant adapts to various types of soils and can grow in heavy clay soils; it needs moist soils and can grow in water and develop in partial shade.

The stems are used to produce paper fiber giving an off-white paper. They are used in combination with the fibers of the bark of mulberry trees for making stencil paper.

Korea:

Used in combination with the bark of paper mulberry during the Joseon period (1392-1910) as substitute material.

Preparation process for making paper

Korea:

The stems are harvested in late summer or autumn, they are cut into pieces and then soaked for 24 hours in clear water. They are then cooked for 2 hours with lye and beaten in a blender.

Paper names

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = papier.

Au Japon les papiers de kozo sont les plus nombreux.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Chinese

Local scripture:

五味子

Botanical classification

Kadsura japonica (L.) Dunal

Order:

Austrobaileyales

Family:

Schisandraceae

Synonyms:

Uvaria japonica L.

Kadsura matsudae Hayata

Plant growing area

China (Fujian), Japan, Korea, Taiwan.

Grows in tropical and temperate Asia forests, often near rivers, from near sea level to 2000 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Lorea, Japan.

Japan:

Chubu (Aichi prefecture).

Plant cultivation and use

Kadsura Japonica is a persistent woody vine. It is in flower from June to September. The plant adapts to various kinds of soils; it prefers semi-shade exposition.

The fruits are edible. They are used in the pharmacopoeia.

Kadzura japonica is used both as a dispersing agent and as a dyeing agent (fruits). Its acid pH can adjust the color.

A mucilage is extracted from the roots and the stem which is used as formation aid in paper making. This viscous material is added to the pulp to increase its viscosity and thus delay the settling of fibers in the tank. In addition, the mucilage allows a better dispersion of the long fibers.

Japan:

It has been used as a formation aid but has been replaced by Tororo aoi since the end of the Meiji period (1868-1912) until the 1990s.

Binan Kazura is preferably used in summer because the mucilage does not lose its properties in hot weather. It is much less used than other Neri plants.

Paper names

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Leaf

Fruit

Stem

Use for paper making:

Formation aid

Dyeing aid

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

さねかずら

サネカズラ

Botanical classification

Kadsura japonica (L.) Dunal

Order:

Austrobaileyales

Family:

Schisandraceae

Synonyms:

Uvaria japonica L.

Kadsura matsudae Hayata

Plant growing area

China (Fujian), Japan, Korea, Taiwan.

Grows in tropical and temperate Asia forests, often near rivers, from near sea level to 2000 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Lorea, Japan.

Japan:

Chubu (Aichi prefecture).

Plant cultivation and use

Kadsura Japonica is a persistent woody vine. It is in flower from June to September. The plant adapts to various kinds of soils; it prefers semi-shade exposition.

The fruits are edible. They are used in the pharmacopoeia.

Kadzura japonica is used both as a dispersing agent and as a dyeing agent (fruits). Its acid pH can adjust the color.

Japan:

It has been used as a formation aid but has been replaced by Tororo aoi since the end of the Meiji period (1868-1912) until the 1990s.

Binan Kazura is preferably used in summer because the mucilage does not lose its properties in hot weather. It is much less used than other Neri plants.

Paper names

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Leaf

Fruit

Stem

Use for paper making:

Formation aid

Dyeing aid

Language:

Korean

Local scripture:

오미자

Botanical classification

Kadsura japonica (L.) Dunal

Order:

Austrobaileyales

Family:

Schisandraceae

Synonyms:

Uvaria japonica L.

Kadsura matsudae Hayata

Plant growing area

China (Fujian), Japan, Korea, Taiwan.

Grows in tropical and temperate Asia forests, often near rivers, from near sea level to 2000 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Lorea, Japan.

Japan:

Chubu (Aichi prefecture).

Plant cultivation and use

Kadsura Japonica is a persistent woody vine. It is in flower from June to September. The plant adapts to various kinds of soils; it prefers semi-shade exposition.

The fruits are edible. They are used in the pharmacopoeia.

Kadzura japonica is used both as a dispersing agent and as a dyeing agent (fruits). Its acid pH can adjust the color.

Japan:

It has been used as a formation aid but has been replaced by Tororo aoi since the end of the Meiji period (1868-1912) until the 1990s.

Binan Kazura is preferably used in summer because the mucilage does not lose its properties in hot weather. It is much less used than other Neri plants.

Paper names

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Leaf

Fruit

Stem

Use for paper making:

Formation aid

Dyeing aid

Language:

French

Identification

Fibre type	Grass
Average fibre lenght	2mm (1-3mm)
Average fibre width	70µm (50-90µm)
Fibre ends	Square.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells	Small taxodiods and cupressoid pits are present in mature fibres.
Special features	Fibres are wide, thin walled.
Herzberg staining	Pink/Purple
Graff 'C' staining	Pink/Purple

Botanical classification

Juncus effusus var. decipiens Buchenau

Order:

Poales

Family:

Juncaceae

Synonyms:

Juncus effusus var. solutus Fern. & Wiegand

Plant growing area

Widespread in temperate and mountainous tropical regions.

Grows at forest margins, wet grasslands, morasses, lakes, river banks, fields and rice fields at an altitude from 200 to 3400 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

The plant adapts to various types of soils and can grow in heavy clay soils; it needs moist soils and can grow in water and develop in partial shade.

The stems are used to produce paper fiber giving an off-white paper. They are used in combination with the fibers of the bark of mulberry trees for making stencil paper.

Korea:

Used in combination with the bark of paper mulberry during the Joseon period (1392-1910) as substitute material.

Preparation process for making paper

Korea:

The stems are harvested in late summer or autumn, they are cut into pieces and then soaked for 24 hours in clear water. They are then cooked for 2 hours with lye and beaten in a blender.

Paper names

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = papier.

Au Japon les papiers de kozo sont les plus nombreux.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Chinese

Local scripture:

日本南五味子

Botanical classification

Kadsura japonica (L.) Dunal

Order:

Austrobaileyales

Family:

Schisandraceae

Synonyms:

Uvaria japonica L.

Kadsura matsudae Hayata

Plant growing area

China (Fujian), Japan, Korea, Taiwan.

Grows in tropical and temperate Asia forests, often near rivers, from near sea level to 2000 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Lorea, Japan.

Japan:

Chubu (Aichi prefecture).

Plant cultivation and use

Kadsura Japonica is a persistent woody vine. It is in flower from June to September. The plant adapts to various kinds of soils; it prefers semi-shade exposition.

The fruits are edible. They are used in the pharmacopoeia.

Kadzura japonica is used both as a dispersing agent and as a dyeing agent (fruits). Its acid pH can adjust the color.

Japan:

It has been used as a formation aid but has been replaced by Tororo aoi since the end of the Meiji period (1868-1912) until the 1990s.

Binan Kazura is preferably used in summer because the mucilage does not lose its properties in hot weather. It is much less used than other Neri plants.

Paper names

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Leaf

Fruit

Stem

Use for paper making:

Formation aid

Dyeing aid

Language:

Chinese

Local scripture:

灯心草

Identification

Fibre type	Grass
Average fibre lenght	2mm (1-3mm)
Average fibre width	70µm (50-90µm)
Fibre ends	Square.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells	Small taxodiods and cupressoid pits are present in mature fibres.
Special features	Fibres are wide, thin walled.
Herzberg staining	Pink/Purple
Graff 'C' staining	Pink/Purple

Botanical classification

Juncus effusus var. decipiens Buchenau

Order:

Poales

Family:

Juncaceae

Synonyms:

Juncus effusus var. solutus Fern. & Wiegand

Plant growing area

Widespread in temperate and mountainous tropical regions.

Grows at forest margins, wet grasslands, morasses, lakes, river banks, fields and rice fields at an altitude from 200 to 3400 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

The plant adapts to various types of soils and can grow in heavy clay soils; it needs moist soils and can grow in water and develop in partial shade.

The stems are used to produce paper fiber giving an off-white paper. They are used in combination with the fibers of the bark of mulberry trees for making stencil paper.

Korea:

Used in combination with the bark of paper mulberry during the Joseon period (1392-1910) as substitute material.

Preparation process for making paper

Korea:

The stems are harvested in late summer or autumn, they are cut into pieces and then soaked for 24 hours in clear water. They are then cooked for 2 hours with lye and beaten in a blender.

Paper names

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = papier.

Au Japon les papiers de kozo sont les plus nombreux.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Primary tabs

Juncus effusus var. decipiens Buchenau

Juncus effusus var. decipiens Buchenau

Mercurialis leiocarpa Siebold & Zucc.

Juncus effusus var. decipiens Buchenau

Kadsura japonica (L.) Dunal

Kadsura japonica (L.) Dunal

Kadsura japonica (L.) Dunal

Juncus effusus var. decipiens Buchenau

Kadsura japonica (L.) Dunal

Juncus effusus var. decipiens Buchenau

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Primary tabs

Juncus effusus var. decipiens Buchenau

Juncus effusus var. decipiens Buchenau

Mercurialis leiocarpa Siebold & Zucc.

Juncus effusus var. decipiens Buchenau

Kadsura japonica (L.) Dunal

Kadsura japonica (L.) Dunal

Kadsura japonica (L.) Dunal

Juncus effusus var. decipiens Buchenau

Kadsura japonica (L.) Dunal

Juncus effusus var. decipiens Buchenau

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