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収穫時期は11月から2月。繊維が柔らかい一年生の低木が好まれる。枝を1.20メートルの長さに切る。皮をはがしやすくするために、束をほぐして入れ、厚い粗布で覆って蒸気が逃げないようにする。このようにして5～7時間蒸す。 蒸した後、皮を木から直接はがし取り、日に干して乾燥させる。この段階の皮は外側の色から「黒皮」と呼ばれる。この黒い層はナイフで削り落とす。

白皮は1日、アルカリ性溶液に浸け、可溶性の部分を除去し、アルカリ性溶液を繊維に浸透させる。次に、皮を切って束にし、アルカリ性溶液中で煮る。皮は苛性アルカリ液の槽に入れ、3～4時間煮沸する。この作業により、リグニンと不要成分（ペクチン、スターチ）が取り除かれる。アルカリ性物質は、植物灰またはアルカリ性化学物質（苛性ソーダ、石灰、炭酸ナトリウム）である。 煮沸後、皮を流水で半日洗い、薬剤と溶け出した物質を取り除く。皮を日にさらして漂白するために、さらに数日間、流水に浸ける。

冷水中で、手で不純物を取り除く。

その後、パルプをさまざまな方法で叩く。例えば、石や木の平らな円板の上で棒を使って叩く方法、垂直型叩解機、そして最近では、なぎなたビーターと呼ばれる日本製ホランダー叩解機などがある。

抄紙作業に進むために、まず、槽に水を張り、パルプを流し込む。分散剤を加え、強く攪拌する。ここで使われる手法はwebal、ssangbal、jangpanjiと呼ばれる。webal法では、普通、2層のシートを作る。シートを板の上に寝かせる。1枚のみを寝かせるか、または両端を合わせて2枚目のシートを重ね、1枚のシートにする。 Ssangbal法は日本の流し漉きに由来し、1900年以降に復活した（この手法は15世紀初期に生産量を増やすために取り入れられていた）。 Jangpanji法は大判のシートの製造に使われ、2人のうちの各人が型の片側ずつを持つ。パルプを何層も重ねてシートにする。

すべての手法で、圧搾した後にはがしやすいよう、シートは取り外し可能な網と重ねて寝かせ、中間に挟むものを（糸、茎）入れる場合と入れない場合がある。網をはずす前に、重なったシートを木の棒で押さえ、気泡を押し出す。 圧搾は重しを載せるか、またはレバープレスを使って行う。排水には時間がかかる（12時間）。乾燥させるために、シートを滑らかな面の上に刷毛で貼り付ける。床の上の油紙を敷いた厚板や、蒸気で熱した金属板などが使われる。

カレンダー加工（Dochim）の段階では、紙を圧縮して目を詰め、表面の艶を出す。シートを湿らせて10枚ずつの小さいパックにまとめ、平らな石の上で足踏みハンマー（現在は機械式ハンマー）を使って叩く。

収穫時期は11月から2月。繊維が柔らかい一年生の低木が好まれる。枝を1.20メートルの長さに切る。皮をはがしやすくするために、束をほぐして入れ、厚い粗布で覆って蒸気が逃げないようにする。このようにして5～7時間蒸す。 蒸した後、皮を木から直接はがし取り、日に干して乾燥させる。この段階の皮は外側の色から「黒皮」と呼ばれる。この黒い層はナイフで削り落とす。

白皮は1日、アルカリ性溶液に浸け、可溶性の部分を除去し、アルカリ性溶液を繊維に浸透させる。次に、皮を切って束にし、アルカリ性溶液中で煮る。皮は苛性アルカリ液の槽に入れ、3～4時間煮沸する。この作業により、リグニンと不要成分（ペクチン、スターチ）が取り除かれる。アルカリ性物質は、植物灰またはアルカリ性化学物質（苛性ソーダ、石灰、炭酸ナトリウム）である。 煮沸後、皮を流水で半日洗い、薬剤と溶け出した物質を取り除く。皮を日にさらして漂白するために、さらに数日間、流水に浸ける。

冷水中で、手で不純物を取り除く。

その後、パルプをさまざまな方法で叩く。例えば、石や木の平らな円板の上で棒を使って叩く方法、垂直型叩解機、そして最近では、なぎなたビーターと呼ばれる日本製ホランダー叩解機などがある。

抄紙作業に進むために、まず、槽に水を張り、パルプを流し込む。分散剤を加え、強く攪拌する。ここで使われる手法はwebal、ssangbal、jangpanjiと呼ばれる。webal法では、普通、2層のシートを作る。シートを板の上に寝かせる。1枚のみを寝かせるか、または両端を合わせて2枚目のシートを重ね、1枚のシートにする。 Ssangbal法は日本の流し漉きに由来し、1900年以降に復活した（この手法は15世紀初期に生産量を増やすために取り入れられていた）。 Jangpanji法は大判のシートの製造に使われ、2人のうちの各人が型の片側ずつを持つ。パルプを何層も重ねてシートにする。

すべての手法で、圧搾した後にはがしやすいよう、シートは取り外し可能な網と重ねて寝かせ、中間に挟むものを（糸、茎）入れる場合と入れない場合がある。網をはずす前に、重なったシートを木の棒で押さえ、気泡を押し出す。 圧搾は重しを載せるか、またはレバープレスを使って行う。排水には時間がかかる（12時間）。乾燥させるために、シートを滑らかな面の上に刷毛で貼り付ける。床の上の油紙を敷いた厚板や、蒸気で熱した金属板などが使われる。

カレンダー加工（Dochim）の段階では、紙を圧縮して目を詰め、表面の艶を出す。シートを湿らせて10枚ずつの小さいパックにまとめ、平らな石の上で足踏みハンマー（現在は機械式ハンマー）を使って叩く。

収穫時期は11月から2月。繊維が柔らかい一年生の低木が好まれる。枝を1.20メートルの長さに切る。皮をはがしやすくするために、束をほぐして入れ、厚い粗布で覆って蒸気が逃げないようにする。このようにして5～7時間蒸す。 蒸した後、皮を木から直接はがし取り、日に干して乾燥させる。この段階の皮は外側の色から「黒皮」と呼ばれる。この黒い層はナイフで削り落とす。

白皮は1日、アルカリ性溶液に浸け、可溶性の部分を除去し、アルカリ性溶液を繊維に浸透させる。次に、皮を切って束にし、アルカリ性溶液中で煮る。皮は苛性アルカリ液の槽に入れ、3～4時間煮沸する。この作業により、リグニンと不要成分（ペクチン、スターチ）が取り除かれる。アルカリ性物質は、植物灰またはアルカリ性化学物質（苛性ソーダ、石灰、炭酸ナトリウム）である。 煮沸後、皮を流水で半日洗い、薬剤と溶け出した物質を取り除く。皮を日にさらして漂白するために、さらに数日間、流水に浸ける。

冷水中で、手で不純物を取り除く。

その後、パルプをさまざまな方法で叩く。例えば、石や木の平らな円板の上で棒を使って叩く方法、垂直型叩解機、そして最近では、なぎなたビーターと呼ばれる日本製ホランダー叩解機などがある。

抄紙作業に進むために、まず、槽に水を張り、パルプを流し込む。分散剤を加え、強く攪拌する。ここで使われる手法はwebal、ssangbal、jangpanjiと呼ばれる。webal法では、普通、2層のシートを作る。シートを板の上に寝かせる。1枚のみを寝かせるか、または両端を合わせて2枚目のシートを重ね、1枚のシートにする。 Ssangbal法は日本の流し漉きに由来し、1900年以降に復活した（この手法は15世紀初期に生産量を増やすために取り入れられていた）。 Jangpanji法は大判のシートの製造に使われ、2人のうちの各人が型の片側ずつを持つ。パルプを何層も重ねてシートにする。

すべての手法で、圧搾した後にはがしやすいよう、シートは取り外し可能な網と重ねて寝かせ、中間に挟むものを（糸、茎）入れる場合と入れない場合がある。網をはずす前に、重なったシートを木の棒で押さえ、気泡を押し出す。 圧搾は重しを載せるか、またはレバープレスを使って行う。排水には時間がかかる（12時間）。乾燥させるために、シートを滑らかな面の上に刷毛で貼り付ける。床の上の油紙を敷いた厚板や、蒸気で熱した金属板などが使われる。

カレンダー加工（Dochim）の段階では、紙を圧縮して目を詰め、表面の艶を出す。シートを湿らせて10枚ずつの小さいパックにまとめ、平らな石の上で足踏みハンマー（現在は機械式ハンマー）を使って叩く。

Harvesting takes place between November and February. One year shrubs are preferably chosen for their soft fibers. The branches are cut to a length of 1.20m; to facilitate the peeling of the bark, the bundles are spread in a metal pot filled with water and are covered with a thick coarse cloth which will retain the steam. The device is heated for 5-7 hours.

After steaming the bark can be directly separated from the wood and then dried in the sun. The bark is called at this stage "black bark" because of its outer layer which should be removed. It is scraped with a knife.

The white bark is left to soak for one day to facilitate the removal of soluble elements and penetration into the fibers of the alkaline solution. Then the bark is cut and assembled into bunches for an alkaline cooking. The barks are placed in a vat containing a caustic lye and boiled for three to four hours. This operation removes lignin and non desirable materials (pectins, starches). Alkaline agents are either plant ashes or alkaline chemicals (soda, lime or sodium carbonate). After cooking, the barks are rinsed in running water for half a day to remove detergent and dissolved substances. The barks are immersed longer in running water, for several days in order to expose them to sunlight and to bleach them.

The removal of hard impurities is done by hand in cold water.
The pulp is then beaten by various methods: using sticks on a flat stone or a wooden disk, a vertical beater and more recently in the Japanese hollander called naginata.
To proceed to sheet making, the tank is first filled with water and the pulp is poured into the vat. The dispersing agent is added and the pulp is whipped. The methods used are called webal, ssangbal and jangpanji. In the webal method, the sheet is usually formed of two layers. The sheet is couched on a wooden board; either one sheet is couched alone, or a second sheet is laid on its surface, head to tail to form a single sheet. The Ssangbal method is derived from Japanese nagashizuki returned after 1900 (the method had been imported in the early 15th century when production should be accelerated). In Jangpanji, which is used for the manufacture of large format sheets, the mould is maintained by two people at each large end. The sheet is formed by successive layers of pulp.
In all cases, the sheets are couched with the movable screen in a stack and are separated or not by an intermediate element (thread, grass stem) to facilitate separation after pressing. Before lifting the screen, the pile of sheets is pressed with a wooden roller to eliminate air bubbles. The pressing is carried out under load or in a lever press. The draining is slow (12 hours). To be dried, the sheets are brushed on a smooth surface: wooden desks, on the floor made with oiled papers, on a heated metal plate.

Calendering or Dochim is the step that makes paper more compact, less porous and gives it a smooth surface. The sheets are moistened into small packs of ten and are then hammered on a flat stone with a foot hammer (currently a motorized hammer).

Harvesting takes place between November and February. One year shrubs are preferably chosen for their soft fibers. The branches are cut to a length of 1.20m; to facilitate the peeling of the bark, the bundles are spread in a metal pot filled with water and are covered with a thick coarse cloth which will retain the steam. The device is heated for 5-7 hours.

After steaming the bark can be directly separated from the wood and then dried in the sun. The bark is called at this stage "black bark" because of its outer layer which should be removed. It is scraped with a knife.

The white bark is left to soak for a whole day to facilitate the removal of soluble elements and penetration into the fibers of the alkaline solution. Then the bark is cut and assembled into bunches for an alkaline cooking. The barks are placed in a tub containing a caustic lye and are boiled for three to four hours. This operation removes lignin and non desirable materials (pectins, starches). Alkaline agents are either plant ashes or alkaline chemicals (soda, lime or sodium carbonate).

After cooking, the barks are rinsed in running water for half a day to remove detergent and dissolved substances.

The barks can be also immersed longer in running water, for several days in order to expose them to sunlight and to bleach them.

The removal of impurities is done by hand in cold water.

The pulp is then beaten by various methods: using sticks on a flat stone or a wooden disk, a vertical beater and more recently in the Japanese hollander, naginata.

To proceed to sheet making, the tank is first filled with water and the pulp is poured into the vat. The dispersing agent is added and the pulp is whipped. The methods used are called webal, ssangbal and jangpanji. In the webal method, the sheet is usually formed of two layers. The sheet is couched on a wooden board; either one sheet is couched alone, or a second sheet is laid on its surface, head to tail to form a single sheet.

The Ssangbal method is derived from Japanese nagashizuki returned after 1900 (the method had been imported in the early 15th century when production should be accelerated).

In Jangpanji, which is used for the manufacture of large format sheets, the mold is maintained by two people at each large end. The sheet is formed by successive layers of pulp.

In all cases, the sheets are couched with the movable screen in a stack and are separated or not by an intermediate element (thread, stems) to facilitate separation after pressing. Before lifting the screen, the pile of sheets is pressed with a wooden roller to eliminate air bubbles.

The pressing is carried out under load or in a lever press. The draining is slow (12 hours).

To be dried, the sheets are brushed on a smooth surface: wood plank on the floor made with oiled papers, on a steam heated metal plate.

Calendering or Dochim is the step that makes paper more compact, less porous and gives it a smooth surface. The sheets are moistened into small packs of ten and are then hammered on a flat stone with a foot hammer (currently a motorized hammer).

La récolte a lieu entre novembre et février. Les arbustes d’un an sont choisis de préférence pour leurs fibres tendres. Les branches sont coupées à une longueur d’environ 1m20 ; pour faciliter le pelage des écorces, les fagots sont couchés dans un chaudron métallique rempli d’eau où ils sont recouverts d’une toile grossière épaisse qui permet de retenir la vapeur. Le dispositif est chauffé pendant 5 à 7 heures.

Après étuvage les écorces peuvent être directement séparées du bois puis mises à sécher au soleil.

L’écorce est appelée à ce stade « écorce noire » à cause de sa couche la plus externe qui doit être éliminée. Elle est grattée à l’aide d’une lame de couteau.

L’écorce blanche est laissée à tremper pendant toute une journée pour faciliter l’élimination des éléments solubles et la pénétration dans les fibres de la solution alcaline. Puis les écorces sont coupées et réunies en paquets pour la cuisson alcaline. Les écorces sont placées dans un baquet contenant une lessive caustique pour bouillir pendant trois à quatre heures. Cette opération permet d’éliminer la lignine et les matières incrustantes (pectines, amidons). Les lessives sont préparées soit à base de cendres de bois soit de réactifs alcalins (soude, chaux ou carbonate de sodium). Après cuisson, les écorces sont rincées dans l’eau courante pendant une demi-journée afin d’éliminer lessive et substances dissoutes.

Pour blanchir les écorces, leur immersion dans l’eau courante se prolonge pendant plusieurs jours afin de les exposer au soleil.

L’élimination des impuretés dures ou colorées est effectuée à la main dans l’eau froide

La pâte est ensuite écrasée selon diverses méthodes : à l’aide d’un long gourdin sur une pierre plate ou sur une planche de bois dur, d’un battoir vertical et plus récemment en pile hollandaise japonaise appelée naginata.

Pour procéder à la mise en feuille, la cuve est tout d’abord remplie d’eau puis la pâte est versée dans le cuvier. Un agent dispersant est rajouté à la pâte qui est brassée.

Les méthodes utilisées s’appellent webal, ssangbal et jangpanji.

Dans la méthode du Webal, la feuille est formée en général de deux couches. Elle est couchée sur une planche en bois : soit la feuille est déposée seule, soit une seconde feuille est déposée à sa surface, tête-bêche pour ne former qu’une seule feuille.

La méthode du Ssangbal est dérivée du nagashizuki japonais qui réapparait  après 1900 (la méthode avait été importée au début du 15^e siècle quand la production devait être accélérée).

Dans le Jangpanji, qui est utilisé pour la fabrication des feuilles de grand format, la forme est maintenue par deux personnes à chaque grande extrémité. La feuille est formée par couches successives de pâte. 

Dans tous les cas, les feuilles sont couchées à l’aide du tamis mobile en une pile ; elles sont séparées ou non par un élément intercalaire (fils, tiges) qui facilitera la séparation après le pressage. Avant de soulever le tamis, le tas de feuilles est pressé à l’aide d’un rouleau de bois afin d’éliminer les bulles d’air. Le pressage est réalisé sous charge ou dans une presse à levier. L’égouttage se fait lentement (12 heures). Pour être séchées, les feuilles sont brossées sur une surface lisse : planche de bois, sur le sol en papier huilé, chauffé, sur des plaques métalliques chauffées à la vapeur.

Le calandrage ou Dochim est l’étape qui rend le papier plus compact, moins poreux et qui lui donne une surface lisse. Les feuilles sont ré humidifiées en petits paquets d’une dizaine puis sont martelées sur une pierre plate à l’aide d’un maillet à pied.

La récolte a lieu entre novembre et février. Les arbustes d’un an sont choisis de préférence pour leurs fibres tendres.

Les branches sont coupées à 1m20; pour faciliter l’écorçage, les fagots sont couchés dans un chaudron métallique rempli d’eau  ils sont recouverts de paille ou de toile grossière épaisse qui permet de retenir la vapeur. Le dispositif est chauffé pendant 5 à 7 heures. Après étuvage les écorces peuvent être directement séparées du bois. L’écorce est alors mise à sécher au soleil. Elle est appelée à ce stade «écorce noire» car la couche la plus externe de l’écorce est sombre. Cette pellicule doit être éliminée par grattage avec une lame.

L’écorce blanche est laissée à tremper pendant toute une journée à nouveau pour faciliter l’élimination des éléments solubles et la pénétration dans les fibres de la solution alcaline. Puis les écorces sont coupées et réunies en paquets pour la cuisson alcaline.

Elles sont placées dans un baquet avec une lessive caustique pour bouillir pendant trois à quatre heures. Cette opération permet d’éliminer la lignine et les matières incrustantes (pectines, amidons).

La lessive alcaline est préparée à partir de cendres de plantes ou de réactifs chimiques (chaux, soude caustique ou carbonate de sodium).

Les écorces sont ensuite rincées dans l’eau courante pendant une demi-journée afin d’éliminer lessive et substances dissoutes.

L’immersion dans l’eau courante peut se prolonger pendant plusieurs jours afin d’exposer les fibres au soleil pour les blanchir.

L’élimination des impuretés est faite manuellement dans l’eau froide.

Les fibres sont ensuite essorées et battues sur une pierre plate ou une planche de bois dur à l’aide d’un gourdin en bois, un pilon et plus récemment la pile hollandaise japonaise, naginata.

Pour procéder à la mise en feuille, la cuve est tout d’abord remplie d’eau puis la pâte est versée dans le cuvier. L’agent dispersant est rajouté à la pâte qui est brassée.

Les méthodes utilisées s’appellent webal, ssangbal et jangpanji.

Dans la méthode du Webal, la feuille est formée en général de deux couches. Elle est couchée sur une planche en bois: soit la feuille est déposée seule, soit une seconde feuille est déposée à sa surface, tête-bêche pour ne former qu’une seule feuille (hapji).

La méthode du Ssangbal est dérivée du nagashizuki japonais qui réapparait après 1900 (la méthode avait été importée au début du 15^e siècle quand la production devait être accélérée).

Dans le Jangpanji, qui est utilisé pour la fabrication des feuilles de grand format, la forme est maintenue par deux personnes à chacune des grandes extrémités. La feuille est formée par couches successives de pâte.

Dans tous les cas, les feuilles sont couchées à l’aide du tamis mobile pour former une pile; elles sont séparées ou non par un élément intercalaire (fils, tiges) qui facilitera la séparation après le pressage. Avant de soulever le tamis, le tas de feuilles est pressé à l’aide d’un rouleau de bois afin d’éliminer les bulles d’air.

Le pressage est réalisé sous charge ou dans une presse à levier. L’égouttage se fait lentement (12 heures).

Pour être séchées, les feuilles sont brossées sur une surface lisse: planche de bois, sur le sol en papier huilé chauffé, sur des plaques métalliques chauffantes.

Le calandrage ou Dochim est l’étape qui rend le papier plus compact, moins poreux et qui lui donne une surface lisse. Les feuilles sont ré humidifiées en petits paquets d’une dizaine puis sont martelées sur une pierre plate à l’aide d’un maillet à pied (actuellement le maillet est motorisé).

Harvesting takes place between November and February. One year shrubs are preferably chosen for their soft fibers. The branches are cut to a length of 1.20m; to facilitate the peeling of the bark, the bundles are spread in a metal pot filled with water and are covered with a thick coarse cloth which will retain the steam. The device is heated for 5-7 hours.

After steaming the bark can be directly separated from the wood and then dried in the sun. The bark is called at this stage "black bark" because of its outer layer which should be removed. It is scraped with a knife.

The white bark is left to soak for one day to facilitate the removal of soluble elements and penetration into the fibers of the alkaline solution. Then the bark is cut and assembled into bunches for an alkaline cooking. The barks are placed in a vat containing a caustic lye and boiled for three to four hours. This operation removes lignin and non desirable materials (pectins, starches). Alkaline agents are either plant ashes or alkaline chemicals (soda, lime or sodium carbonate). After cooking, the barks are rinsed in running water for half a day to remove detergent and dissolved substances. The barks are immersed longer in running water, for several days in order to expose them to sunlight and to bleach them.

The removal of hard impurities is done by hand in cold water.
The pulp is then beaten by various methods: using sticks on a flat stone or a wooden disk, a vertical beater and more recently in the Japanese hollander called naginata.
To proceed to sheet making, the tank is first filled with water and the pulp is poured into the vat. The dispersing agent is added and the pulp is whipped. The methods used are called webal, ssangbal and jangpanji. In the webal method, the sheet is usually formed of two layers. The sheet is couched on a wooden board; either one sheet is couched alone, or a second sheet is laid on its surface, head to tail to form a single sheet. The Ssangbal method is derived from Japanese nagashizuki returned after 1900 (the method had been imported in the early 15th century when production should be accelerated). In Jangpanji, which is used for the manufacture of large format sheets, the mould is maintained by two people at each large end. The sheet is formed by successive layers of pulp.
In all cases, the sheets are couched with the movable screen in a stack and are separated or not by an intermediate element (thread, grass stem) to facilitate separation after pressing. Before lifting the screen, the pile of sheets is pressed with a wooden roller to eliminate air bubbles. The pressing is carried out under load or in a lever press. The draining is slow (12 hours). To be dried, the sheets are brushed on a smooth surface: wooden desks, on the floor made with oiled papers, on a heated metal plate.

Calendering or Dochim is the step that makes paper more compact, less porous and gives it a smooth surface. The sheets are moistened into small packs of ten and are then hammered on a flat stone with a foot hammer (currently a motorized hammer).

Harvesting takes place between November and February. One year shrubs are preferably chosen for their soft fibers. The branches are cut to a length of 1.20m; to facilitate the peeling of the bark, the bundles are spread in a metal pot filled with water and are covered with a thick coarse cloth which will retain the steam. The device is heated for 5-7 hours.

After steaming the bark can be directly separated from the wood and then dried in the sun. The bark is called at this stage "black bark" because of its outer layer which should be removed. It is scraped with a knife.

The white bark is left to soak for one day to facilitate the removal of soluble elements and penetration into the fibers of the alkaline solution. Then the bark is cut and assembled into bunches for an alkaline cooking. The barks are placed in a vat containing a caustic lye and boiled for three to four hours. This operation removes lignin and non desirable materials (pectins, starches). Alkaline agents are either plant ashes or alkaline chemicals (soda, lime or sodium carbonate). After cooking, the barks are rinsed in running water for half a day to remove detergent and dissolved substances. The barks are immersed longer in running water, for several days in order to expose them to sunlight and to bleach them.

The removal of hard impurities is done by hand in cold water.
The pulp is then beaten by various methods: using sticks on a flat stone or a wooden disk, a vertical beater and more recently in the Japanese hollander called naginata.
To proceed to sheet making, the tank is first filled with water and the pulp is poured into the vat. The dispersing agent is added and the pulp is whipped. The methods used are called webal, ssangbal and jangpanji. In the webal method, the sheet is usually formed of two layers. The sheet is couched on a wooden board; either one sheet is couched alone, or a second sheet is laid on its surface, head to tail to form a single sheet. The Ssangbal method is derived from Japanese nagashizuki returned after 1900 (the method had been imported in the early 15th century when production should be accelerated). In Jangpanji, which is used for the manufacture of large format sheets, the mould is maintained by two people at each large end. The sheet is formed by successive layers of pulp.
In all cases, the sheets are couched with the movable screen in a stack and are separated or not by an intermediate element (thread, grass stem) to facilitate separation after pressing. Before lifting the screen, the pile of sheets is pressed with a wooden roller to eliminate air bubbles. The pressing is carried out under load or in a lever press. The draining is slow (12 hours). To be dried, the sheets are brushed on a smooth surface: wooden desks, on the floor made with oiled papers, on a heated metal plate.

Calendering or Dochim is the step that makes paper more compact, less porous and gives it a smooth surface. The sheets are moistened into small packs of ten and are then hammered on a flat stone with a foot hammer (currently a motorized hammer).

Harvesting takes place between November and February. One year shrubs are preferably chosen for their soft fibers. The branches are cut to a length of 1.20m; to facilitate the peeling of the bark, the bundles are spread in a metal pot filled with water and are covered with a thick coarse cloth which will retain the steam. The device is heated for 5-7 hours.

After steaming the bark can be directly separated from the wood and then dried in the sun. The bark is called at this stage "black bark" because of its outer layer which should be removed. It is scraped with a knife.

The white bark is left to soak for one day to facilitate the removal of soluble elements and penetration into the fibers of the alkaline solution. Then the bark is cut and assembled into bunches for an alkaline cooking. The barks are placed in a vat containing a caustic lye and boiled for three to four hours. This operation removes lignin and non desirable materials (pectins, starches). Alkaline agents are either plant ashes or alkaline chemicals (soda, lime or sodium carbonate). After cooking, the barks are rinsed in running water for half a day to remove detergent and dissolved substances. The barks are immersed longer in running water, for several days in order to expose them to sunlight and to bleach them.

The removal of hard impurities is done by hand in cold water.
The pulp is then beaten by various methods: using sticks on a flat stone or a wooden disk, a vertical beater and more recently in the Japanese hollander called naginata.
To proceed to sheet making, the tank is first filled with water and the pulp is poured into the vat. The dispersing agent is added and the pulp is whipped. The methods used are called webal, ssangbal and jangpanji. In the webal method, the sheet is usually formed of two layers. The sheet is couched on a wooden board; either one sheet is couched alone, or a second sheet is laid on its surface, head to tail to form a single sheet. The Ssangbal method is derived from Japanese nagashizuki returned after 1900 (the method had been imported in the early 15th century when production should be accelerated). In Jangpanji, which is used for the manufacture of large format sheets, the mould is maintained by two people at each large end. The sheet is formed by successive layers of pulp.
In all cases, the sheets are couched with the movable screen in a stack and are separated or not by an intermediate element (thread, grass stem) to facilitate separation after pressing. Before lifting the screen, the pile of sheets is pressed with a wooden roller to eliminate air bubbles. The pressing is carried out under load or in a lever press. The draining is slow (12 hours). To be dried, the sheets are brushed on a smooth surface: wooden desks, on the floor made with oiled papers, on a heated metal plate.

Calendering or Dochim is the step that makes paper more compact, less porous and gives it a smooth surface. The sheets are moistened into small packs of ten and are then hammered on a flat stone with a foot hammer (currently a motorized hammer).

Harvesting takes place between November and February. One year shrubs are preferably chosen for their soft fibers. The branches are cut to a length of 1.20m; to facilitate the peeling of the bark, the bundles are spread in a metal pot filled with water and are covered with a thick coarse cloth which will retain the steam. The device is heated for 5-7 hours.

After steaming the bark can be directly separated from the wood and then dried in the sun. The bark is called at this stage "black bark" because of its outer layer which should be removed. It is scraped with a knife.

The white bark is left to soak for one day to facilitate the removal of soluble elements and penetration into the fibers of the alkaline solution. Then the bark is cut and assembled into bunches for an alkaline cooking. The barks are placed in a vat containing a caustic lye and boiled for three to four hours. This operation removes lignin and non desirable materials (pectins, starches). Alkaline agents are either plant ashes or alkaline chemicals (soda, lime or sodium carbonate). After cooking, the barks are rinsed in running water for half a day to remove detergent and dissolved substances. The barks are immersed longer in running water, for several days in order to expose them to sunlight and to bleach them.

The removal of hard impurities is done by hand in cold water.
The pulp is then beaten by various methods: using sticks on a flat stone or a wooden disk, a vertical beater and more recently in the Japanese hollander called naginata.
To proceed to sheet making, the tank is first filled with water and the pulp is poured into the vat. The dispersing agent is added and the pulp is whipped. The methods used are called webal, ssangbal and jangpanji. In the webal method, the sheet is usually formed of two layers. The sheet is couched on a wooden board; either one sheet is couched alone, or a second sheet is laid on its surface, head to tail to form a single sheet. The Ssangbal method is derived from Japanese nagashizuki returned after 1900 (the method had been imported in the early 15th century when production should be accelerated). In Jangpanji, which is used for the manufacture of large format sheets, the mould is maintained by two people at each large end. The sheet is formed by successive layers of pulp.
In all cases, the sheets are couched with the movable screen in a stack and are separated or not by an intermediate element (thread, grass stem) to facilitate separation after pressing. Before lifting the screen, the pile of sheets is pressed with a wooden roller to eliminate air bubbles. The pressing is carried out under load or in a lever press. The draining is slow (12 hours). To be dried, the sheets are brushed on a smooth surface: wooden desks, on the floor made with oiled papers, on a heated metal plate.

Calendering or Dochim is the step that makes paper more compact, less porous and gives it a smooth surface. The sheets are moistened into small packs of ten and are then hammered on a flat stone with a foot hammer (currently a motorized hammer).

Harvesting takes place between November and February. One year shrubs are preferably chosen for their soft fibers. The branches are cut to a length of 1.20m; to facilitate the peeling of the bark, the bundles are spread in a metal pot filled with water and are covered with a thick coarse cloth which will retain the steam. The device is heated for 5-7 hours.

After steaming the bark can be directly separated from the wood and then dried in the sun. The bark is called at this stage "black bark" because of its outer layer which should be removed. It is scraped with a knife.

The white bark is left to soak for one day to facilitate the removal of soluble elements and penetration into the fibers of the alkaline solution. Then the bark is cut and assembled into bunches for an alkaline cooking. The barks are placed in a vat containing a caustic lye and boiled for three to four hours. This operation removes lignin and non desirable materials (pectins, starches). Alkaline agents are either plant ashes or alkaline chemicals (soda, lime or sodium carbonate). After cooking, the barks are rinsed in running water for half a day to remove detergent and dissolved substances. The barks are immersed longer in running water, for several days in order to expose them to sunlight and to bleach them.

The removal of hard impurities is done by hand in cold water.
The pulp is then beaten by various methods: using sticks on a flat stone or a wooden disk, a vertical beater and more recently in the Japanese hollander called naginata.
To proceed to sheet making, the tank is first filled with water and the pulp is poured into the vat. The dispersing agent is added and the pulp is whipped. The methods used are called webal, ssangbal and jangpanji. In the webal method, the sheet is usually formed of two layers. The sheet is couched on a wooden board; either one sheet is couched alone, or a second sheet is laid on its surface, head to tail to form a single sheet. The Ssangbal method is derived from Japanese nagashizuki returned after 1900 (the method had been imported in the early 15th century when production should be accelerated). In Jangpanji, which is used for the manufacture of large format sheets, the mould is maintained by two people at each large end. The sheet is formed by successive layers of pulp.
In all cases, the sheets are couched with the movable screen in a stack and are separated or not by an intermediate element (thread, grass stem) to facilitate separation after pressing. Before lifting the screen, the pile of sheets is pressed with a wooden roller to eliminate air bubbles. The pressing is carried out under load or in a lever press. The draining is slow (12 hours). To be dried, the sheets are brushed on a smooth surface: wooden desks, on the floor made with oiled papers, on a heated metal plate.

Calendering or Dochim is the step that makes paper more compact, less porous and gives it a smooth surface. The sheets are moistened into small packs of ten and are then hammered on a flat stone with a foot hammer (currently a motorized hammer).