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Juncus effusus var. decipiens Buchenau © J.G. Sturm 1796

Juncus effusus var. decipiens Buchenau © C.Laroque

Juncus effusus var. decipiens Buchenau © Flora Siberia

Juncus effusus var. decipiens Buchenau © T.Taylor

Identification

Fibre type	Grass
Average fibre lenght	2mm (1-3mm)
Average fibre width	70µm (50-90µm)
Fibre ends	Square.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells	Small taxodiods and cupressoid pits are present in mature fibres.
Special features	Fibres are wide, thin walled.
Herzberg staining	Pink/Purple
Graff 'C' staining	Pink/Purple

Botanical classification

Juncus effusus var. decipiens Buchenau

Order:

Poales

Family:

Juncaceae

Synonyms:

Juncus effusus var. solutus Fern. & Wiegand

Plant growing area

Widespread in temperate and mountainous tropical regions.

Bhutan, China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Korea, India (Sikkim), Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.

Grows at forest margins, wet grasslands, morasses, lakes, river banks, fields and rice fields at an altitude from 200 to 3400 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Juncus effusus is a perennial plant which grows in dense clumps that can reach 1.5 m in height by 0.5 m in diameter. The stems are straight and smooth, and contain a spongy pith. Roots are rhizomes allowing it to colonize the edges of water. Flowering occurs in summer.

The plant adapts to various types of soils and can grow in heavy clay soils; it needs moist soils and can grow in water and develop in partial shade.

Its leaves are edible and the stem pith is anti-inflammatory, diuretic, and febrifuge.
Stems are used in basketry, mats making and thatching; the straw, called igusa in Japan, is commonly used to make tatami mats, especially in Kumamoto Prefecture. Dried stems can be twisted into ropes. Pith is used as a wick for oil lamps.

The stems are used to produce paper fiber giving an off-white paper. They are used in combination with the fibers of the bark of mulberry trees for making stencil paper.

Korea:

Used in combination with the bark of paper mulberry during the Joseon period (1392-1910) as substitute material.

Preparation process for making paper

Korea:

The stems are harvested in late summer or autumn, they are cut into pieces and then soaked for 24 hours in clear water. They are then cooked for 2 hours with lye and beaten in a blender.

Paper names

In Asia and particularly in China, Korea and Japan, the papers are intended for a wide range of use: Papers for calligraphy and art, Papers for ceremonies, Paper as a medium of exchange, money paper, Papers for making clothes, wall hangings and bedding, Papers for architecture, interior design, Papers for crafts of various kinds, for domestic purposes and leisure. The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = papier.

Au Japon les papiers de kozo sont les plus nombreux.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

English

Identification

Fibre type	Stem, straw
Average fibre lenght	1,6 mm (1.5– 3,2)
Average fibre width	23 µm (7.5 – 29.7)
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells	Abundant parenchyma cells.
Special features	Faint walls.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Purple.

Botanical classification

Coix lacryma-jobi L.

Order:

Poales

Family:

Poaceae

Synonyms:

Coix lacryma-jobi L. var. frumentacea Makino

Coix lacryma-jobi var. ma-yuen (Rom. Caill.) Stapf. ex Hook f.

Coix lacryma-jobi subsp. ma-yuen (Rom. Caill.) T. Koyama

Plant growing area

This species is native to warm-temperate regions of Asia. It is now widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the world.

Bhutan Burma, China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.

It grows near the streams, in marshy valleys, moist fields.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Coix lacryma-jobi is widely cultivated in all tropical and subtropical regions. It is an annual tall grain-bearing plant.

Throughout East Asia, Job's Tears are available in dried form and cooked as a grain (in Korea and China, liquors are also distilled from the grain).

It is also used in traditional Chinese and Lao medicines as diuretic.

Korea:

Coix lachryma-jobi is used in combination with the paper mulberry fibers, as a complement.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Straw

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Chinese

Local scripture:

薏苡

Identification

Fibre type	Stem, straw
Average fibre lenght	1,6 mm (1.5– 3,2)
Average fibre width	23 µm (7.5 – 29.7)
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells	Abundant parenchyma cells.
Special features	Faint walls.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Purple.

Botanical classification

Coix lacryma-jobi L.

Order:

Poales

Family:

Poaceae

Synonyms:

Coix lacryma-jobi L. var. frumentacea Makino

Coix lacryma-jobi var. ma-yuen (Rom. Caill.) Stapf. ex Hook f.

Coix lacryma-jobi subsp. ma-yuen (Rom. Caill.) T. Koyama

Plant growing area

This species is native to warm-temperate regions of Asia. It is now widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the world.

It grows near the streams, in marshy valleys, moist fields.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Coix lacryma-jobi is widely cultivated in all tropical and subtropical regions. It is an annual tall grain-bearing plant.

Throughout East Asia, Job's Tears are available in dried form and cooked as a grain (in Korea and China, liquors are also distilled from the grain).

It is also used in traditional Chinese and Lao medicines as diuretic.

Korea:

Coix lachryma-jobi is used in combination with the paper mulberry fibers, as a complement.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Straw

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

English

Identification

Fibre type	Grass
Average fibre lenght	2mm (1-3mm)
Average fibre width	70µm (50-90µm)
Fibre ends	Square.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells	Small taxodiods and cupressoid pits are present in mature fibres.
Special features	Fibres are wide, thin walled.
Herzberg staining	Pink/Purple
Graff 'C' staining	Pink/Purple

Botanical classification

Juncus effusus var. decipiens Buchenau

Order:

Poales

Family:

Juncaceae

Synonyms:

Juncus effusus var. solutus Fern. & Wiegand

Plant growing area

Widespread in temperate and mountainous tropical regions.

Grows at forest margins, wet grasslands, morasses, lakes, river banks, fields and rice fields at an altitude from 200 to 3400 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

The plant adapts to various types of soils and can grow in heavy clay soils; it needs moist soils and can grow in water and develop in partial shade.

The stems are used to produce paper fiber giving an off-white paper. They are used in combination with the fibers of the bark of mulberry trees for making stencil paper.

Korea:

Used in combination with the bark of paper mulberry during the Joseon period (1392-1910) as substitute material.

Preparation process for making paper

Korea:

The stems are harvested in late summer or autumn, they are cut into pieces and then soaked for 24 hours in clear water. They are then cooked for 2 hours with lye and beaten in a blender.

Paper names

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = papier.

Au Japon les papiers de kozo sont les plus nombreux.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Botanical classification

Alcea rosea L.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Malvaceae

Synonyms:

Althaea rosea (L.) Cav.

Althaea rosea var. sinensis (Cav.) S. Y. Hu

Althaea sinensis Cav.

Plant growing area

Not known in the wild but believed to have originated in China or from the tropical areas of South-East Asia.

Widely cultivated as an ornamental. China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Sichuan, Yunnan), Pakistan, Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

Biennial or perennial herb up to 2 to 3m high, cultivated as an ornamental. It is in flower from July to September. The flowers have colors ranging from white through pink and dark red to black.The purple flowers provide purple and blue-violet dyes.

The dying components are anthocyanidols: cyanidol, delphinidol, malvidin. The leaves contain a green dye and the flowers, a red one.

The dye was used to dye silk, wool, cotton and hides.

The roots and the flowers are used in Tibetan medicine: flowers and root are demulcent, diuretic and astringent.

The plant has also nutritional properties: the young leaves are eatable; a nutritious starch is obtained from the root and a tea is made from the flower petals.

China:

It is mainly used for its medicinal properties. It is used to dye ceremony papers and cards of scholars.

Japan:

Used as dye for fabrics.

Korea:

Used as dye for fabrics.

Preparation process for making paper

Using alum and tartar mordants allow a range of colors from blue to purple. Iron gives very dark red, almost black.

China:

The flowers are harvested when they are opened and are dried for later use. The dye is extracted from the petals. The petals can be used either fresh or dried.

Japan:

Dyeing is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

The papers are dyed in three ways: dyeing of the pulp (Seonyeombeop), dyeing of the sheet by dipping, brushing and spraying (Huyeombeop ), combination of the both methods (Honyeombeop). Then the paper can be hammered.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Used part of the plant:

Leaf

Flower

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

Chinese

Local scripture:

灯心草

Identification

Fibre type	Grass
Average fibre lenght	2mm (1-3mm)
Average fibre width	70µm (50-90µm)
Fibre ends	Square.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells	Small taxodiods and cupressoid pits are present in mature fibres.
Special features	Fibres are wide, thin walled.
Herzberg staining	Pink/Purple
Graff 'C' staining	Pink/Purple

Botanical classification

Juncus effusus var. decipiens Buchenau

Order:

Poales

Family:

Juncaceae

Synonyms:

Juncus effusus var. solutus Fern. & Wiegand

Plant growing area

Widespread in temperate and mountainous tropical regions.

Grows at forest margins, wet grasslands, morasses, lakes, river banks, fields and rice fields at an altitude from 200 to 3400 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

The plant adapts to various types of soils and can grow in heavy clay soils; it needs moist soils and can grow in water and develop in partial shade.

The stems are used to produce paper fiber giving an off-white paper. They are used in combination with the fibers of the bark of mulberry trees for making stencil paper.

Korea:

Used in combination with the bark of paper mulberry during the Joseon period (1392-1910) as substitute material.

Preparation process for making paper

Korea:

The stems are harvested in late summer or autumn, they are cut into pieces and then soaked for 24 hours in clear water. They are then cooked for 2 hours with lye and beaten in a blender.

Paper names

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = papier.

Au Japon les papiers de kozo sont les plus nombreux.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

ジュズダマ

Identification

Fibre type	Stem, straw
Average fibre lenght	1,6 mm (1.5– 3,2)
Average fibre width	23 µm (7.5 – 29.7)
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells	Abundant parenchyma cells.
Special features	Faint walls.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Purple.

Botanical classification

Coix lacryma-jobi L.

Order:

Poales

Family:

Poaceae

Synonyms:

Coix lacryma-jobi L. var. frumentacea Makino

Coix lacryma-jobi var. ma-yuen (Rom. Caill.) Stapf. ex Hook f.

Coix lacryma-jobi subsp. ma-yuen (Rom. Caill.) T. Koyama

Plant growing area

This species is native to warm-temperate regions of Asia. It is now widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the world.

It grows near the streams, in marshy valleys, moist fields.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Coix lacryma-jobi is widely cultivated in all tropical and subtropical regions. It is an annual tall grain-bearing plant.

Throughout East Asia, Job's Tears are available in dried form and cooked as a grain (in Korea and China, liquors are also distilled from the grain).

It is also used in traditional Chinese and Lao medicines as diuretic.

Korea:

Coix lachryma-jobi is used in combination with the paper mulberry fibers, as a complement.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Straw

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

French

Identification

Fibre type	Stem, straw
Average fibre lenght	1,6 mm (1.5– 3,2)
Average fibre width	23 µm (7.5 – 29.7)
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells	Abundant parenchyma cells.
Special features	Faint walls.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Purple.

Botanical classification

Coix lacryma-jobi L.

Order:

Poales

Family:

Poaceae

Synonyms:

Coix lacryma-jobi L. var. frumentacea Makino

Coix lacryma-jobi var. ma-yuen (Rom. Caill.) Stapf. ex Hook f.

Coix lacryma-jobi subsp. ma-yuen (Rom. Caill.) T. Koyama

Plant growing area

This species is native to warm-temperate regions of Asia. It is now widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the world.

It grows near the streams, in marshy valleys, moist fields.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Coix lacryma-jobi is widely cultivated in all tropical and subtropical regions. It is an annual tall grain-bearing plant.

Throughout East Asia, Job's Tears are available in dried form and cooked as a grain (in Korea and China, liquors are also distilled from the grain).

It is also used in traditional Chinese and Lao medicines as diuretic.

Korea:

Coix lachryma-jobi is used in combination with the paper mulberry fibers, as a complement.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Straw

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Korean

Local scripture:

율무

Identification

Fibre type	Stem, straw
Average fibre lenght	1,6 mm (1.5– 3,2)
Average fibre width	23 µm (7.5 – 29.7)
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells	Abundant parenchyma cells.
Special features	Faint walls.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Purple.

Botanical classification

Coix lacryma-jobi L.

Order:

Poales

Family:

Poaceae

Synonyms:

Coix lacryma-jobi L. var. frumentacea Makino

Coix lacryma-jobi var. ma-yuen (Rom. Caill.) Stapf. ex Hook f.

Coix lacryma-jobi subsp. ma-yuen (Rom. Caill.) T. Koyama

Plant growing area

This species is native to warm-temperate regions of Asia. It is now widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the world.

It grows near the streams, in marshy valleys, moist fields.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Coix lacryma-jobi is widely cultivated in all tropical and subtropical regions. It is an annual tall grain-bearing plant.

Throughout East Asia, Job's Tears are available in dried form and cooked as a grain (in Korea and China, liquors are also distilled from the grain).

It is also used in traditional Chinese and Lao medicines as diuretic.

Korea:

Coix lachryma-jobi is used in combination with the paper mulberry fibers, as a complement.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Straw

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

French

Identification

Fibre type	Stem, straw
Average fibre lenght	1,6 mm (1.5– 3,2)
Average fibre width	23 µm (7.5 – 29.7)
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells	Abundant parenchyma cells.
Special features	Faint walls.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Purple.

Botanical classification

Coix lacryma-jobi L.

Order:

Poales

Family:

Poaceae

Synonyms:

Coix lacryma-jobi L. var. frumentacea Makino

Coix lacryma-jobi var. ma-yuen (Rom. Caill.) Stapf. ex Hook f.

Coix lacryma-jobi subsp. ma-yuen (Rom. Caill.) T. Koyama

Plant growing area

This species is native to warm-temperate regions of Asia. It is now widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the world.

It grows near the streams, in marshy valleys, moist fields.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Coix lacryma-jobi is widely cultivated in all tropical and subtropical regions. It is an annual tall grain-bearing plant.

Throughout East Asia, Job's Tears are available in dried form and cooked as a grain (in Korea and China, liquors are also distilled from the grain).

It is also used in traditional Chinese and Lao medicines as diuretic.

Korea:

Coix lachryma-jobi is used in combination with the paper mulberry fibers, as a complement.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Straw

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Primary tabs

Juncus effusus var. decipiens Buchenau

Coix lacryma-jobi L.

Coix lacryma-jobi L.

Juncus effusus var. decipiens Buchenau

Alcea rosea L.

Juncus effusus var. decipiens Buchenau

Coix lacryma-jobi L.

Coix lacryma-jobi L.

Coix lacryma-jobi L.

Coix lacryma-jobi L.

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Search

Primary tabs

Juncus effusus var. decipiens Buchenau

Coix lacryma-jobi L.

Coix lacryma-jobi L.

Juncus effusus var. decipiens Buchenau

Alcea rosea L.

Juncus effusus var. decipiens Buchenau

Coix lacryma-jobi L.

Coix lacryma-jobi L.

Coix lacryma-jobi L.

Coix lacryma-jobi L.

Pages