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Plant growing area

China (Anhui, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shandong, Shanxi), Japan (Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku), Korea, Russia (Far East, Siberia, Sakhalin Island), Taiwan.

It grows in mountain, in river valleys, in forests and in thickets.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea .

Plant cultivation and use

Phellodendron amurense is a tree which can reach 10 to 15m high, with large branches, which bark of light gray color has the consistency of cork. As it is hardy, it can adapt to various soil types. Flowers are yellow-green and small. Flowering occurs in May-June. The fruits grow in clusters and have a strong odor when crushed. Fruits yield an oil which insecticidal properties are similar to those of pyrethrum.

Phellodendron amurense is widely cultivated especially in China, for its medicinal (infection treatment) and dyeing properties conferred by the alkaloids it contains.

The dye alkaloids are mainly berberine, but also menispérine, palmatine, jatrorrhizine, phellodendrine, candicine, magnoflorine.

The dye obtained from the bark has been widely used in Asia. The color varies from pale yellow to brown depending on the concentration. It is very sensitive to light and fades into an orange brown.

China:

Phellodendron amurense is one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine. Bark is the main part of the plant used medicinally but oil from the fruit is also used.

The method giving the appearance of old paper is called juan huang. This tradition of dyeing papers to give them the appearance of aged papers began in the 2nd or 3rd century, especially for books. This is a practice that seems designed to protect the books of insect damage and at the same time to give the paper a glossy surface. Dyeing was carried out before or after writing. Many Dunhuang manuscripts were treated in this way.

A decree in 675 (Tang Dynasty) mandates the use of yellow paper for official documents to protect them from insects. This practice will continue during the Song dynasty (960-1127). For the same reason the yellow papers are often used for writing sutras. An alternative to protect books from damage caused by insects was the use of litharge that gave to paper an orange color.

Paper dyeing is described in several books: « Qimin yaoshu » or «Main techniques for the welfare of the people” by Jia Sixie, (middle of 6^th century); « Zunsheng bajian » or «Eight orders to follow the meaning of life » by Gao Lian (1591); « Wuli xiaoshi » or « Some Knowledge of Physics » by Fang Yishi (1643).

It is specified in the "Qimin Yaoshu" that yellow papers are often embellished by waxing that gives a smooth and hard surface.

Japan:

This is the most important yellow dye for dyeing fabrics since the 7th century. It is also used for prints.

This is the most common yellow dye used to dye paper for copying sutras. This prevalence is due to its dying and insect repellent properties. After dyeing the paper was polished.

These papers were often used for writing poems and love letters but also for official documents.

The dye is often mixed with indigo to obtain green colors.

Usually the pulp is dyed in the tank before making the sheet.

Korea:

Because of their repellent properties, papers dyed with Phellodendron were widely used for bookbinding boards and to receive sutras texts or official writings (such as birth certificates).

They were also commonly used in the manufacture of embossed papers (neunghwaji).

Preparation process for making paper

China:

The outer bark of Phellodendron is removed and the inner part is chopped into pieces and placed in a bag, soaked in water and boiled; then the filtrate, a bitter yellow liquid, is collected by pressing the bark.
The residues are crushed and boiled again, three times and the filtrates of the three baths are mixed. This allows for a bigger quantity of liquid and a less saturated color. This liquid is called Huang po.
The paper to be dyed must be unsized to let dye penetrates better. The paper after dyeing has a glossy appearance.

An alternative is to immerse the paper simultaneously in the Phellodendron decoction and in decoctions of oak cups (Quercus acutissima or Quercus serrata) and safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) to get more yellow shades.

Japan:

Wood is cut in small pieces and boiled. The extract is filtered before dyeing. It is not necessary to use mordant.

Dyeing of paper is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

The inner part of bark, or wood are cut in small pieces and boiled. The extract is filtered before dyeing.

Papers dyed with Phellodendron amurense are fixed by etching with tannins extracted from the bark of chestnut or oak acorns.

The papers are dyed in three ways: dyeing of the pulp (Seonyeombeop), dyeing of the sheet by dipping, brushing and spraying (Huyeombeop ), combination of the both methods (Honyeombeop). Then the paper can be hammered.

Paper names

In Asia and particularly in China, Korea and Japan, the papers are intended for a wide range of use: Papers for calligraphy and art, Papers for ceremonies, Paper as a medium of exchange, money paper, Papers for making clothes, wall hangings and bedding, Papers for architecture, interior design, Papers for crafts of various kinds, for domestic purposes and leisure. The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.
In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.
In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Wood

Use for paper making:

Dye

Insecticide

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

きはだ

Botanical classification

Phellodendron amurense Rupr.

Order:

Sapindales

Family:

Plant growing area

It grows in mountain, in river valleys, in forests and in thickets.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea .

Plant cultivation and use

Phellodendron amurense is widely cultivated especially in China, for its medicinal (infection treatment) and dyeing properties conferred by the alkaloids it contains.

The dye alkaloids are mainly berberine, but also menispérine, palmatine, jatrorrhizine, phellodendrine, candicine, magnoflorine.

The dye obtained from the bark has been widely used in Asia. The color varies from pale yellow to brown depending on the concentration. It is very sensitive to light and fades into an orange brown.

China:

Phellodendron amurense is one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine. Bark is the main part of the plant used medicinally but oil from the fruit is also used.

It is specified in the "Qimin Yaoshu" that yellow papers are often embellished by waxing that gives a smooth and hard surface.

Japan:

This is the most important yellow dye for dyeing fabrics since the 7th century. It is also used for prints.

This is the most common yellow dye used to dye paper for copying sutras. This prevalence is due to its dying and insect repellent properties. After dyeing the paper was polished.

These papers were often used for writing poems and love letters but also for official documents.

The dye is often mixed with indigo to obtain green colors.

Usually the pulp is dyed in the tank before making the sheet.

Korea:

Because of their repellent properties, papers dyed with Phellodendron were widely used for bookbinding boards and to receive sutras texts or official writings (such as birth certificates).

They were also commonly used in the manufacture of embossed papers (neunghwaji).

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Japan:

Wood is cut in small pieces and boiled. The extract is filtered before dyeing. It is not necessary to use mordant.

Dyeing of paper is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

The inner part of bark, or wood are cut in small pieces and boiled. The extract is filtered before dyeing.

Papers dyed with Phellodendron amurense are fixed by etching with tannins extracted from the bark of chestnut or oak acorns.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.
In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.
In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Wood

Use for paper making:

Dye

Insecticide

Language:

Korean

Local scripture:

황벽

Botanical classification

Phellodendron amurense Rupr.

Order:

Sapindales

Family:

Plant growing area

It grows in mountain, in river valleys, in forests and in thickets.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea .

Plant cultivation and use

Phellodendron amurense is widely cultivated especially in China, for its medicinal (infection treatment) and dyeing properties conferred by the alkaloids it contains.

The dye alkaloids are mainly berberine, but also menispérine, palmatine, jatrorrhizine, phellodendrine, candicine, magnoflorine.

The dye obtained from the bark has been widely used in Asia. The color varies from pale yellow to brown depending on the concentration. It is very sensitive to light and fades into an orange brown.

China:

Phellodendron amurense is one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine. Bark is the main part of the plant used medicinally but oil from the fruit is also used.

It is specified in the "Qimin Yaoshu" that yellow papers are often embellished by waxing that gives a smooth and hard surface.

Japan:

This is the most important yellow dye for dyeing fabrics since the 7th century. It is also used for prints.

This is the most common yellow dye used to dye paper for copying sutras. This prevalence is due to its dying and insect repellent properties. After dyeing the paper was polished.

These papers were often used for writing poems and love letters but also for official documents.

The dye is often mixed with indigo to obtain green colors.

Usually the pulp is dyed in the tank before making the sheet.

Korea:

Because of their repellent properties, papers dyed with Phellodendron were widely used for bookbinding boards and to receive sutras texts or official writings (such as birth certificates).

They were also commonly used in the manufacture of embossed papers (neunghwaji).

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Japan:

Wood is cut in small pieces and boiled. The extract is filtered before dyeing. It is not necessary to use mordant.

Dyeing of paper is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

The inner part of bark, or wood are cut in small pieces and boiled. The extract is filtered before dyeing.

Papers dyed with Phellodendron amurense are fixed by etching with tannins extracted from the bark of chestnut or oak acorns.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.
In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.
In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Wood

Use for paper making:

Dye

Insecticide

Language:

French

Botanical classification

Phellodendron amurense Rupr.

Order:

Sapindales

Family:

Plant growing area

It grows in mountain, in river valleys, in forests and in thickets.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea .

Plant cultivation and use

Phellodendron amurense is widely cultivated especially in China, for its medicinal (infection treatment) and dyeing properties conferred by the alkaloids it contains.

The dye alkaloids are mainly berberine, but also menispérine, palmatine, jatrorrhizine, phellodendrine, candicine, magnoflorine.

The dye obtained from the bark has been widely used in Asia. The color varies from pale yellow to brown depending on the concentration. It is very sensitive to light and fades into an orange brown.

China:

Phellodendron amurense is one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine. Bark is the main part of the plant used medicinally but oil from the fruit is also used.

It is specified in the "Qimin Yaoshu" that yellow papers are often embellished by waxing that gives a smooth and hard surface.

Japan:

This is the most important yellow dye for dyeing fabrics since the 7th century. It is also used for prints.

This is the most common yellow dye used to dye paper for copying sutras. This prevalence is due to its dying and insect repellent properties. After dyeing the paper was polished.

These papers were often used for writing poems and love letters but also for official documents.

The dye is often mixed with indigo to obtain green colors.

Usually the pulp is dyed in the tank before making the sheet.

Korea:

Because of their repellent properties, papers dyed with Phellodendron were widely used for bookbinding boards and to receive sutras texts or official writings (such as birth certificates).

They were also commonly used in the manufacture of embossed papers (neunghwaji).

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Japan:

Wood is cut in small pieces and boiled. The extract is filtered before dyeing. It is not necessary to use mordant.

Dyeing of paper is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

The inner part of bark, or wood are cut in small pieces and boiled. The extract is filtered before dyeing.

Papers dyed with Phellodendron amurense are fixed by etching with tannins extracted from the bark of chestnut or oak acorns.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.
In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.
In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Wood

Use for paper making:

Dye

Insecticide

Language:

French

Botanical classification

Phellodendron amurense Rupr.

Order:

Sapindales

Family:

Plant growing area

It grows in mountain, in river valleys, in forests and in thickets.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea .

Plant cultivation and use

Phellodendron amurense is widely cultivated especially in China, for its medicinal (infection treatment) and dyeing properties conferred by the alkaloids it contains.

The dye alkaloids are mainly berberine, but also menispérine, palmatine, jatrorrhizine, phellodendrine, candicine, magnoflorine.

The dye obtained from the bark has been widely used in Asia. The color varies from pale yellow to brown depending on the concentration. It is very sensitive to light and fades into an orange brown.

China:

Phellodendron amurense is one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine. Bark is the main part of the plant used medicinally but oil from the fruit is also used.

It is specified in the "Qimin Yaoshu" that yellow papers are often embellished by waxing that gives a smooth and hard surface.

Japan:

This is the most important yellow dye for dyeing fabrics since the 7th century. It is also used for prints.

This is the most common yellow dye used to dye paper for copying sutras. This prevalence is due to its dying and insect repellent properties. After dyeing the paper was polished.

These papers were often used for writing poems and love letters but also for official documents.

The dye is often mixed with indigo to obtain green colors.

Usually the pulp is dyed in the tank before making the sheet.

Korea:

Because of their repellent properties, papers dyed with Phellodendron were widely used for bookbinding boards and to receive sutras texts or official writings (such as birth certificates).

They were also commonly used in the manufacture of embossed papers (neunghwaji).

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Japan:

Wood is cut in small pieces and boiled. The extract is filtered before dyeing. It is not necessary to use mordant.

Dyeing of paper is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

The inner part of bark, or wood are cut in small pieces and boiled. The extract is filtered before dyeing.

Papers dyed with Phellodendron amurense are fixed by etching with tannins extracted from the bark of chestnut or oak acorns.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.
In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.
In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Wood

Use for paper making:

Dye

Insecticide

Language:

Identification

Fibre type	Fruit
Average fibre lenght	16mm (10-40mm)
Average fibre width	20μm (12-38μm)
Fibre ends	Variable, usually broken or tapering.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Flat ribbon-like twisted fibers When fibers have been mercerized, they swell and the convolutions are no longer visible. Immature fibers often are not twisted. Transverse cut : Kidney bean shape, clear lumen. Prominent fiber wall.
Herzberg staining	Red light purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Yellow.

Botanical classification

Gossypium arboreum L.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Plant growing area

Gossypium arboreum L. is cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World; it is supposed to be native from India and Sri Lanka.

All species have been introduced to China.

China (Cultivated. Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan), Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

There are around thirty wild species and many hybrids developed in many areas, but the main species (diploid) are Gossypium herbaceum L. (var. typicum, or frutescens, or africanum), Gossypium arboreum L. (var. typicum, or neglectum, or cernuum).

The cultivated species (triploid) are Gossypium barbadense L, Gossypium hirsutum L., Gossypium religiosum L.

The origin is uncertain. The Herbaceum was imported as domesticated species to Saudi and Syria and then to India, where Arboreum has developed from the Herbaceum. Then it prevailed in Africa and Asia. From these species a triploid has developed which replaced the two other ones.

Many archaeological evidences show that cotton was domesticated several thousand years before our Era and in regions far apart: 10.000 BC in Egypt, Mexico 7000 BC, from 2300 BC in India. However, it seems certain that it is from India that it has spread to Persia in the 4th century BC and to Malaysia, Indonesia, Southeast Asia and China.

Gossypium arboreum is a perennial shrub up to 1.50m in height; other species can be perennial herbs or shrubs.

The colors of the flowers vary depending on the species, from off-white to purple. The fruits are ovoid capsules which open at maturity in 3 to 5 valves containing 6 to 12 seeds covered with hair, white fibers which can be 2 to 5 cm in length depending on the variety.

There are two types of fibers: long fibers (lints), and shorter hairs (linters).

The seeds, after removal of the fibers can produce oil. The roots are used as decoctions in the Indian pharmacopoeia for the treatment of urinary diseases.

The fibers used for textiles and paper production come from the hairs of the seeds of one or an other species.

In the case of paper, fibers tend to come from rags, they are rarely used raw. But in this case, the linters or more rarely, lints are used.

The first attempts to use fibers directly from the plant began in the early 20th century in the modern industry. Linters are torn by special gins. The lints are treated with caustic soda and linters by caustic solutions and are bleached.

China:

Cotton has never been used as a major material in the manufacture of paper, probably because of its use in textiles. There is a paper called "cotton paper" (Mien chih) but it is made from paper mulberry.

Cotton clothes are admired under the Tang’s (618-907), but the cultivation of cotton settles later. At that time, the calicos and muslins were imported by Chinese merchants from India to the warehouse of Palembang in Indonesia. From there, the culture has developed in Indochina.

It would be ambassadors from Indochina who presented to Emperor cottonseed as a tribute. The cultivation of cotton was slow to spread throughout China. However texts from the Tang period mention the cultivation in the south of a plant called Ku pei or Chi pei or cotton.

Culture really starts in the Song dynasty (960-1279) provided by two routes:

The south, from Indochina to Guangdong, Fujian.

The west to Gansu and Shanxi, through Turkestan. It is the variety Herbaceum that will not exceed the north boarders. The other will spread everywhere and quickly.

At the end of the 13th century, cotton has come to Chang Jiang (Yangzi River or blue River) and becomes a real industry.

As the culture takes a lot of water, it is planted in rotation with rice in the south and wheat in the north.

In the late Ming (1368-1644) it is the most important crop in the delta of the Chang Jiang.

Japan:

Cotton has been used in Japon since the Meiji period (1868-1912).

Korea:

From the Joseon period (1392-1910), raw materials traditionally used for paper production, mainly bark of Broussonetias begin to fail. Papermakers face to a growing demand for paper stimulated by the development of publications initiated during the Goryeo period (907-1392). Other plants will be used to provide a fiber supplement such as wisteria, rice, oat and barley straws, bamboo, jute, cotton and hemp but also willow leaves, reeds, the bark and needles of pine.

In Korea, stem is also used.

Preparation process for making paper

Cotton tree bears flowers and fruits at the same time, so harvesting lasts several months when the fruit is ripe: the capsules burst and release the fibers which are torn.

Cotton is dried in the air for several days. The long fibers are separated from the seeds and waste and will then go through a further cleaning. The short fibers are collected with gins.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Fruit

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Identification

Fibre type	Fruit
Average fibre lenght	16mm (10-40mm)
Average fibre width	20μm (12-38μm)
Fibre ends	Variable, usually broken or tapering.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Flat ribbon-like twisted fibers When fibers have been mercerized, they swell and the convolutions are no longer visible. Immature fibers often are not twisted. Transverse cut : Kidney bean shape, clear lumen. Prominent fiber wall.
Herzberg staining	Red light purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Yellow.

Botanical classification

Gossypium arboreum L.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Plant growing area

Gossypium arboreum L. is cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World; it is supposed to be native from India and Sri Lanka.

All species have been introduced to China.

China (Cultivated. Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan), Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

The cultivated species (triploid) are Gossypium barbadense L, Gossypium hirsutum L., Gossypium religiosum L.

Gossypium arboreum is a perennial shrub up to 1.50m in height; other species can be perennial herbs or shrubs.

There are two types of fibers: long fibers (lints), and shorter hairs (linters).

The seeds, after removal of the fibers can produce oil. The roots are used as decoctions in the Indian pharmacopoeia for the treatment of urinary diseases.

The fibers used for textiles and paper production come from the hairs of the seeds of one or an other species.

In the case of paper, fibers tend to come from rags, they are rarely used raw. But in this case, the linters or more rarely, lints are used.

China:

Culture really starts in the Song dynasty (960-1279) provided by two routes:

The south, from Indochina to Guangdong, Fujian.

The west to Gansu and Shanxi, through Turkestan. It is the variety Herbaceum that will not exceed the north boarders. The other will spread everywhere and quickly.

At the end of the 13th century, cotton has come to Chang Jiang (Yangzi River or blue River) and becomes a real industry.

As the culture takes a lot of water, it is planted in rotation with rice in the south and wheat in the north.

In the late Ming (1368-1644) it is the most important crop in the delta of the Chang Jiang.

Japan:

Cotton has been used in Japon since the Meiji period (1868-1912).

Korea:

In Korea, stem is also used.

Preparation process for making paper

Cotton tree bears flowers and fruits at the same time, so harvesting lasts several months when the fruit is ripe: the capsules burst and release the fibers which are torn.

Cotton is dried in the air for several days. The long fibers are separated from the seeds and waste and will then go through a further cleaning. The short fibers are collected with gins.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Fruit

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Identification

Fibre type	Fruit
Average fibre lenght	16mm (10-40mm)
Average fibre width	20μm (12-38μm)
Fibre ends	Variable, usually broken or tapering.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Flat ribbon-like twisted fibers When fibers have been mercerized, they swell and the convolutions are no longer visible. Immature fibers often are not twisted. Transverse cut : Kidney bean shape, clear lumen. Prominent fiber wall.
Herzberg staining	Red light purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Yellow.

Botanical classification

Gossypium arboreum L.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Plant growing area

Gossypium arboreum L. is cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World; it is supposed to be native from India and Sri Lanka.

All species have been introduced to China.

China (Cultivated. Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan), Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

The cultivated species (triploid) are Gossypium barbadense L, Gossypium hirsutum L., Gossypium religiosum L.

Gossypium arboreum is a perennial shrub up to 1.50m in height; other species can be perennial herbs or shrubs.

There are two types of fibers: long fibers (lints), and shorter hairs (linters).

The seeds, after removal of the fibers can produce oil. The roots are used as decoctions in the Indian pharmacopoeia for the treatment of urinary diseases.

The fibers used for textiles and paper production come from the hairs of the seeds of one or an other species.

In the case of paper, fibers tend to come from rags, they are rarely used raw. But in this case, the linters or more rarely, lints are used.

China:

Culture really starts in the Song dynasty (960-1279) provided by two routes:

The south, from Indochina to Guangdong, Fujian.

The west to Gansu and Shanxi, through Turkestan. It is the variety Herbaceum that will not exceed the north boarders. The other will spread everywhere and quickly.

At the end of the 13th century, cotton has come to Chang Jiang (Yangzi River or blue River) and becomes a real industry.

As the culture takes a lot of water, it is planted in rotation with rice in the south and wheat in the north.

In the late Ming (1368-1644) it is the most important crop in the delta of the Chang Jiang.

Japan:

Cotton has been used in Japon since the Meiji period (1868-1912).

Korea:

In Korea, stem is also used.

Preparation process for making paper

Cotton tree bears flowers and fruits at the same time, so harvesting lasts several months when the fruit is ripe: the capsules burst and release the fibers which are torn.

Cotton is dried in the air for several days. The long fibers are separated from the seeds and waste and will then go through a further cleaning. The short fibers are collected with gins.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Fruit

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Identification

Fibre type	Fruit
Average fibre lenght	16mm (10-40mm)
Average fibre width	20μm (12-38μm)
Fibre ends	Variable, usually broken or tapering.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Flat ribbon-like twisted fibers When fibers have been mercerized, they swell and the convolutions are no longer visible. Immature fibers often are not twisted. Transverse cut : Kidney bean shape, clear lumen. Prominent fiber wall.
Herzberg staining	Red light purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Yellow.

Botanical classification

Gossypium arboreum L.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Plant growing area

Gossypium arboreum L. is cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World; it is supposed to be native from India and Sri Lanka.

All species have been introduced to China.

China (Cultivated. Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan), Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

The cultivated species (triploid) are Gossypium barbadense L, Gossypium hirsutum L., Gossypium religiosum L.

Gossypium arboreum is a perennial shrub up to 1.50m in height; other species can be perennial herbs or shrubs.

There are two types of fibers: long fibers (lints), and shorter hairs (linters).

The seeds, after removal of the fibers can produce oil. The roots are used as decoctions in the Indian pharmacopoeia for the treatment of urinary diseases.

The fibers used for textiles and paper production come from the hairs of the seeds of one or an other species.

In the case of paper, fibers tend to come from rags, they are rarely used raw. But in this case, the linters or more rarely, lints are used.

China:

Culture really starts in the Song dynasty (960-1279) provided by two routes:

The south, from Indochina to Guangdong, Fujian.

The west to Gansu and Shanxi, through Turkestan. It is the variety Herbaceum that will not exceed the north boarders. The other will spread everywhere and quickly.

At the end of the 13th century, cotton has come to Chang Jiang (Yangzi River or blue River) and becomes a real industry.

As the culture takes a lot of water, it is planted in rotation with rice in the south and wheat in the north.

In the late Ming (1368-1644) it is the most important crop in the delta of the Chang Jiang.

Japan:

Cotton has been used in Japon since the Meiji period (1868-1912).

Korea:

In Korea, stem is also used.

Preparation process for making paper

Cotton tree bears flowers and fruits at the same time, so harvesting lasts several months when the fruit is ripe: the capsules burst and release the fibers which are torn.

Cotton is dried in the air for several days. The long fibers are separated from the seeds and waste and will then go through a further cleaning. The short fibers are collected with gins.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Fruit

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

French

Identification

Fibre type	Fruit
Average fibre lenght	16mm (10-40mm)
Average fibre width	20μm (12-38μm)
Fibre ends	Variable, usually broken or tapering.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Flat ribbon-like twisted fibers When fibers have been mercerized, they swell and the convolutions are no longer visible. Immature fibers often are not twisted. Transverse cut : Kidney bean shape, clear lumen. Prominent fiber wall.
Herzberg staining	Red light purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Yellow.

Botanical classification

Gossypium arboreum L.

Order:

Malvales

Family: