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Synonyms:

Salix caesifolia Drobow

Plant growing area

Native to most of European and western Asia countries.

Grows along rivers in sandy soils.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Salix purpurea is a deciduous small tree growing to 1-2 m and rarely to 6 m tall.Bloom ing occurs before the leaves, from March to April.

The bark and buds have medicinal properties especially antipyretic and analgesic. The use of Salix purpurea as dying and medicinal materials is very ancient in Egypt and in northern Europe.

The bark contains chalcones and leaves, flavonols and condensed tannins, and their extracts are used in the dyeing of fabrics in grey-black.

The shoots called withies are used in basketry.

Japan:

It is used for dyeing.

Korea:

From the Joseon period (1392-1910), raw materials traditionally used for paper production, mainly bark of Broussonetias begin to fail. Papermakers face a growing demand for paper stimulated by the development of publications initiated during the Goryeo period (907-1392). Other plants will be used to provide a fiber supplement such as wisteria, rice, oat and barley straws, bamboo, jute and hemp but also reeds, the bark and needles of pine, the leaves of willow. Indeed, the willow leaves seem to be used as a complementary fiber source to fibers of paper mulberry from the 15th century.
It is used also for handicrafts objects.

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Preparation for dyeing: trees that have at least 4 to 8 years are harvested in the spring. The branches are peeled, crushed into powder or chipped and are steeped in a small volume of water for several days. Water is added to obtain the necessary amount for the dyeing bath and gradually heated until boiling for 2 to 3 hours. The dye is filtered before use.

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by their small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Usually three jars of dye are prepared with decreasing concentrations. The paper is dipped in the less concentrated dye jar and oxidation occurs in the air; the paper is then soaked in the little bit more concentrated dye. After oxidation, the sheet is dipped into the third jar with the strongest concentration. The process can be repeated several times to obtain a color more or less intense. The sheet is dried by exposing the surface to air; the color changes by oxidation.

Paper names

In Asia and particularly in China, Korea and Japan, the papers are intended for a wide range of use: Papers for calligraphy and art, Papers for ceremonies, Paper as a medium of exchange, money paper, Papers for making clothes, wall hangings and bedding, Papers for architecture, interior design, Papers for crafts of various kinds, for domestic purposes and leisure. The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Leaf

Twigs

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Dye

Formation aid

Language:

Identification

Fibre type	Wood fibers
Average fibre lenght	1,5 mm (0.7 – 1.8)
Average fibre width	16,5 µm (8.4 – 21)
Fibre ends	Blunt.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	No cross-marking.
Associated cells
Special features	Less prominent fiber wall.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple
Graff 'C' staining	Yellow

Botanical classification

Salix purpurea L.

Order:

Malpighiales

Family:

Synonyms:

Salix caesifolia Drobow

Plant growing area

Native to most of European and western Asia countries.

Grows along rivers in sandy soils.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Salix purpurea is a deciduous small tree growing to 1-2 m and rarely to 6 m tall.Bloom ing occurs before the leaves, from March to April.

The bark and buds have medicinal properties especially antipyretic and analgesic. The use of Salix purpurea as dying and medicinal materials is very ancient in Egypt and in northern Europe.

The bark contains chalcones and leaves, flavonols and condensed tannins, and their extracts are used in the dyeing of fabrics in grey-black.

The shoots called withies are used in basketry.

Japan:

It is used for dyeing.

Korea:

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by their small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Leaf

Twigs

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Dye

Formation aid

Language:

French

Identification

Fibre type	Wood fibers
Average fibre lenght	1,5 mm (0.7 – 1.8)
Average fibre width	16,5 µm (8.4 – 21)
Fibre ends	Blunt.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	No cross-marking.
Associated cells
Special features	Less prominent fiber wall.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple
Graff 'C' staining	Yellow

Botanical classification

Salix purpurea L.

Order:

Malpighiales

Family:

Synonyms:

Salix caesifolia Drobow

Plant growing area

Native to most of European and western Asia countries.

Grows along rivers in sandy soils.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Salix purpurea is a deciduous small tree growing to 1-2 m and rarely to 6 m tall.Bloom ing occurs before the leaves, from March to April.

The bark and buds have medicinal properties especially antipyretic and analgesic. The use of Salix purpurea as dying and medicinal materials is very ancient in Egypt and in northern Europe.

The bark contains chalcones and leaves, flavonols and condensed tannins, and their extracts are used in the dyeing of fabrics in grey-black.

The shoots called withies are used in basketry.

Japan:

It is used for dyeing.

Korea:

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by their small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Leaf

Twigs

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Dye

Formation aid

Language:

French

Identification

Fibre type	Wood fibers
Average fibre lenght	1,5 mm (0.7 – 1.8)
Average fibre width	16,5 µm (8.4 – 21)
Fibre ends	Blunt.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	No cross-marking.
Associated cells
Special features	Less prominent fiber wall.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple
Graff 'C' staining	Yellow

Botanical classification

Salix purpurea L.

Order:

Malpighiales

Family:

Synonyms:

Salix caesifolia Drobow

Plant growing area

Native to most of European and western Asia countries.

Grows along rivers in sandy soils.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Salix purpurea is a deciduous small tree growing to 1-2 m and rarely to 6 m tall.Bloom ing occurs before the leaves, from March to April.

The bark and buds have medicinal properties especially antipyretic and analgesic. The use of Salix purpurea as dying and medicinal materials is very ancient in Egypt and in northern Europe.

The bark contains chalcones and leaves, flavonols and condensed tannins, and their extracts are used in the dyeing of fabrics in grey-black.

The shoots called withies are used in basketry.

Japan:

It is used for dyeing.

Korea:

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by their small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Leaf

Twigs

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Dye

Formation aid

Language:

Identification

Fibre type	Grass / Straw
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells	Parenchyma cells.
Special features	Narrow fibres with thixk walls.
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Hordeum vulgare L.

Order:

Poales

Family:

Plant growing area

Barley is cultivated worldwide in all non-tropical countries and in mountainous areas of tropics.

China (Anhui, Fujian, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Nei Mongol/Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

It is an annual plant growing to 1 m. It is the oldest cultivated cereal. It is a hardy plant which can tolerate strong winds but not maritime exposure. It succeeds further north than most other cereal crops in particular at higher altitudes (staple crop in Tibet: the flour is used to make tsampa).

The plant can adapt to different kind of soils but requires well-drained soil and needs light.

Seeds are edible so the plant is commonly cultivated as a food and fodder plant; the flour is used to make porridge or pancakes. Currently the main market is brewing.

The plant has medicinal uses: shoots are diuretic and seed sprouts are demulcent and expectorant.

The straws, after harvesting the seeds, have many uses: fibers for papermaking, biomass for fuel, mulch for the animals etc.

Japan:

It is an industrial paper fiber in Japan.

Korea:

From the Joseon period (1392-1910), raw materials traditionally used for paper production, mainly bark of Broussonetias begin to fail. Papermakers face to a growing demand for paper stimulated by the development of publications initiated during the Goryeo period (907-1392). Other plants will be used to provide a fiber supplement such as wisteria, rice, oat and barley straws, bamboo, jute, cotton and hemp but also willow leaves, reeds, the bark and needles of pine.
Indeed, the various straws seem to be used as complementary fiber source to fibers of paper mulberry from the 15th century.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Straw

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Identification

Fibre type	Grass / Straw
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells	Parenchyma cells.
Special features	Narrow fibres with thixk walls.
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Hordeum vulgare L.

Order:

Poales

Family:

Plant growing area

Barley is cultivated worldwide in all non-tropical countries and in mountainous areas of tropics.

China (Anhui, Fujian, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Nei Mongol/Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

The plant can adapt to different kind of soils but requires well-drained soil and needs light.

Seeds are edible so the plant is commonly cultivated as a food and fodder plant; the flour is used to make porridge or pancakes. Currently the main market is brewing.

The plant has medicinal uses: shoots are diuretic and seed sprouts are demulcent and expectorant.

The straws, after harvesting the seeds, have many uses: fibers for papermaking, biomass for fuel, mulch for the animals etc.

Japan:

It is an industrial paper fiber in Japan.

Korea:

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Straw

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

オオムギ

おおむぎ

Identification

Fibre type	Grass / Straw
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells	Parenchyma cells.
Special features	Narrow fibres with thixk walls.
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Hordeum vulgare L.

Order:

Poales

Family:

Plant growing area

Barley is cultivated worldwide in all non-tropical countries and in mountainous areas of tropics.

China (Anhui, Fujian, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Nei Mongol/Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

The plant can adapt to different kind of soils but requires well-drained soil and needs light.

Seeds are edible so the plant is commonly cultivated as a food and fodder plant; the flour is used to make porridge or pancakes. Currently the main market is brewing.

The plant has medicinal uses: shoots are diuretic and seed sprouts are demulcent and expectorant.

The straws, after harvesting the seeds, have many uses: fibers for papermaking, biomass for fuel, mulch for the animals etc.

Japan:

It is an industrial paper fiber in Japan.

Korea:

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Straw

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Identification

Fibre type	Grass / Straw
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells	Parenchyma cells.
Special features	Narrow fibres with thixk walls.
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Hordeum vulgare L.

Order:

Poales

Family:

Plant growing area

Barley is cultivated worldwide in all non-tropical countries and in mountainous areas of tropics.

China (Anhui, Fujian, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Nei Mongol/Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

The plant can adapt to different kind of soils but requires well-drained soil and needs light.

Seeds are edible so the plant is commonly cultivated as a food and fodder plant; the flour is used to make porridge or pancakes. Currently the main market is brewing.

The plant has medicinal uses: shoots are diuretic and seed sprouts are demulcent and expectorant.

The straws, after harvesting the seeds, have many uses: fibers for papermaking, biomass for fuel, mulch for the animals etc.

Japan:

It is an industrial paper fiber in Japan.

Korea:

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Straw

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

French

Identification

Fibre type	Grass / Straw
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells	Parenchyma cells.
Special features	Narrow fibres with thixk walls.
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Hordeum vulgare L.

Order:

Poales

Family:

Plant growing area

Barley is cultivated worldwide in all non-tropical countries and in mountainous areas of tropics.

China (Anhui, Fujian, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Nei Mongol/Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

The plant can adapt to different kind of soils but requires well-drained soil and needs light.

Seeds are edible so the plant is commonly cultivated as a food and fodder plant; the flour is used to make porridge or pancakes. Currently the main market is brewing.

The plant has medicinal uses: shoots are diuretic and seed sprouts are demulcent and expectorant.

The straws, after harvesting the seeds, have many uses: fibers for papermaking, biomass for fuel, mulch for the animals etc.

Japan:

It is an industrial paper fiber in Japan.

Korea:

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Straw

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Korean

Local scripture:

보리

Identification

Fibre type	Grass / Straw
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells	Parenchyma cells.
Special features	Narrow fibres with thixk walls.
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Hordeum vulgare L.

Order:

Poales

Family: