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Phyllostachys edulis (Carrière) J. Houz. © Flora of China

Phyllostachys edulis (Carrière) J. Houz. © L.B. Vilmont

Phyllostachys edulis (Carrière) J. Houz. © G. Chen

Identification

Fibre type	Grass (Stem)
Average fibre lenght	1,2 - 2,4 mm
Average fibre width	20µm
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells	Vessel elements, small rectangular thick walled parenchyma cells.
Special features	Long fibers (longer than rice straw) sometimes very wide vessel elements. Prominent fiber wall.
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining	Deep blue or greyish reddish blue.

Botanical classification

Phyllostachys edulis (Carrière) J. Houz.

Order:

Poales

Family:

Poaceae

Synonyms:

Bambusa heterocycla Carrière

Bambusa pubescens Carrière

Phyllostachys edulis var. heteroclada (Carrière) Makino

Phyllostachys heterocycla (Carrière) Mitford

Phyllostachys heterocycla (Carrière) S. Matsum.

Phyllostachys heterocycla var. pubescens (Mazel ex J. Houz.) Ohwi

Phyllostachys pubescens (Carrière) Mazel ex J. Houz.

Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel ex J. Houz.

Phyllostachys pubescens var. heteroclada (Carrière) J. Houz.

Sinoarundinaria edulis (Carrière) Ohwi ex Mayeb.

Plant growing area

Most of species of bamboos are native to Asia, most of them located in hot and humid South-East regions. They are found at altitudes varying up to 3000 m in the Himalayas.

China (Anhui, Fujian Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Taiwan.

Phyllostachys edulis is an introduced species in Korea, Japan, Philippines and Vietnam.

Phyllostachys edulis grows on mountain slopes below 1600 m or more.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

China:

Fujian (Naping county), Guangdong, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, (Guangxin county), Sichuan (Jiangan county), Yunnan (Dehong, Honghe, Simao, Linchang, Luoping, Wenshan, Xishuangbanna, Zhaotong), Zhejiang, (Taishun, Fuyang counties).

Japan:

Chubu (Ishikawa Prefecture), Kanto (Tokyo Prefecture), Kyushu (Kagoshima Prefecture).

Plant cultivation and use

Bamboos have 80 genera and over 1200 species including 300 in China.They are perennial herbs which grow in large clumps and multiply by their rhizomes from which start woody hollow stems punctuated by knots. They can reach 30 to 40m high. Flowering is random : they bloom later and at different ages depending on the species and then they die.

Bamboos abound throughout Asia where they are deeply rooted in cultures. In addition to manufacturing all kinds of everyday objects, young bamboo shoots are edible and some are also used in herbal medecine.

Phyllostachys edulis is resistant to low temperatures down to - 20 ° C and can reach 30m in height. It is widely grown for its edible shoots.

China:

Bamboo cultivation does exist in China for over 7000 years and is deeply rooted in Chinese culture and daily life. The bamboos have always been used to make all sorts of daily life objects and before the invention of paper, they were the most important materials for writing during around 800 years. The first brushes were also made from bamboo.

Bamboo is an abundant, cheap and easily renewable resource for papermaking. It is used solely or mixed with other fibers. In the past bamboo was grown everywhere in China except in the extreme north but it grew until the provinces along the Yellow River (Huang He), its cultivation has moved south because of deforestation.

The bamboo species identified in paper making vary according to the authors. Pan Jixing identifies four genuses: Phyllostachys edulis, Phyllostachys nigra (Lodd.ex Lindl.) Munro, Pleioblastus amarus Keng and Dendrocalamus affinis Rendle.

But also other types are cited: Drepanostachyum falcatum (Nees) Keng, Indosasa McClure, Melocanna bambusoides Trinius, Phyllostachys aurea Carr. ex M. Riv & C.Riv, Phyllostachys heteroclada Oliv., Semiarundinaria densiflora Rendle T.H. Wen and Schizostachyum Nees.

The very first bamboo papers were made from the 5th to 6th century. Bamboo becomes the major source of fibers for paper from the second half of the eighth century during the Tang Dynasty. At first it is a substitute for hemp, first textile material, and to rattan which is completely exhausted at the end of the Tang Dynasty (618-907). It is abundant and cheap because it grows quickly. Under the Tang, a feudal period marked by a strong political stability, cultural development and economic prosperity, the need of paper for writing documents, increases.

The use of bamboo started in Guangdong where it grows in abundance with a hot and humid climate. The method extends to Zhejiang and Jiangsu during the Song Dynasty (960-1279). Indeed, it is under the Song that movable type printing was invented, accelerating the development of the paper industry. However it seems that the production is still at an early stage and the result imperfect.

Various written accounts show that if bamboo paper was invented in the late eighth century, it became popular, especially among artists, during the late 12th century, early 13th century.

It is during the Ming Dynasty (1348 -1644) that the technique of making paper from bamboo will improve. A detailed description is given in "Tian Gong Kai Wu" or "Creations of nature and work of man" (17th century book from Song Yingxing), where a long chapter is devoted to making paper from bamboo.

Bamboo papermaking has remained more or less the same. In the 1950s the production of handmade paper made from bamboo was about 120.000 tons.

Japan:

Bamboo is also very abundant in Japan where it is used as in China, in manufacturing a wide range of handicrafts, or as food and in the pharmacopoeia.

It has not been used to make paper, but paper paper was imported into Japan.

It is currently used in combination with other fibers such as paper mulberry fibers of and other bast fibers, to prevent the spread of ink into paper. These papers are intended to calligraphy. They have a cream color which is appreciated because it recalls the color of old papers. The papers are called watoshi or toshi and are an imitation of Chinese paper. The manufacturing process begins in the late 18th century in Kagoshima Prefecture, developed by a papermaker who had studied the technique in China. Tokyo starts a production in 1806 and will dominate the market at the expense of the former province of Satsuma (Kagoshima Prefecture).

Korea:

In Korea bamboo paper is made from the Joseon period (1392-1910) when the main paper material (Broussonetia kazinoki) fails. Bamboo fiber is then used as additional fiber to dak.

Paper is made from bamboo leaves or mixed with the bark of paper mulberry. It is a plain paper for everyday use.

Preparation process for making paper

The cultivation of bamboo is done by cutting propagation of a piece of rhizome from a four years bamboo. Planting takes place between March and April or between August and September.

China:

Harvesting takes place when the bamboo begins to bud. Leaves and buds are removed and the bamboo stems are cut to a length of 1.50m to 2m. The green bark is then removed after or not, a bath of water (the operation is called "killing the green"). The pieces of bamboo are cut in their length and assembled into bundles of 25 kg. The bundles are then immersed in water for one week and then cut into bundles of 50cm length. These bundles are immersed in pits filled with lime for 1 or 2 months. The bamboos are then rinsed with water to remove any lime; this rinse lasts 10 days.

The bundles are then boiled in water for 5 days to soften them and then sprinkled with urine and left to fermentate for 15 days. The bundles are then placed back in the pits filled with water and removed when required but generally, not before six months.

Another technique is to cook the bamboo in an alkaline solution of ashes or lime water during 4 or 5 days; this operation allows the elimination of embedded substances and also whitens the fibers.

To prepare the pulp before forming the sheets, a first beating is done in a stone grinderuntil obtaining a clay consistency. Previously a trip hammer was used. Currently the pulp is poured into a sort of hollander beater without wheel, where it circulates; this operation allows the removal of large pieces which float on the surface.

The pulp is then poured into the tank, dispersed into water and mucilage is added which will work as formation aid of the sheet. The nature of the plant that provides the mucilage varies according to the region.

The sheets are formed in a single scoop on a movable screen. The sheets are placed in stack with a inserted wire. At the end of the day, the stack of paper is covered with a board and placed under a charge or in a lever press.

The next day, the sheets are detached from the stack and brushed on the surface of a vertical double brick wall heated like an oven; they can also be brushed on a board or placed on the ground.

The paper may or may not be sized with wheat or rice flour paste: the glue is brushed on both sides with a broad brush. The operation can be done at the time of drying.

Japan:

The bamboos are cut when the leaves begin to grow. The bark and knots are removed. The fibers are crushed with a mallet and dried in the shade.

Paper names

In Asia and particularly in China, Korea and Japan, the papers are intended for a wide range of use: Papers for calligraphy and art, Papers for ceremonies, Paper as a medium of exchange, money paper, Papers for making clothes, wall hangings and bedding, Papers for architecture, interior design, Papers for crafts of various kinds, for domestic purposes and leisure. The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

English

Juncus effusus var. decipiens Buchenau © J.G. Sturm 1796

Juncus effusus var. decipiens Buchenau © C.Laroque

Juncus effusus var. decipiens Buchenau © Flora Siberia

Juncus effusus var. decipiens Buchenau © T.Taylor

Identification

Fibre type	Grass
Average fibre lenght	2mm (1-3mm)
Average fibre width	70µm (50-90µm)
Fibre ends	Square.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells	Small taxodiods and cupressoid pits are present in mature fibres.
Special features	Fibres are wide, thin walled.
Herzberg staining	Pink/Purple
Graff 'C' staining	Pink/Purple

Botanical classification

Juncus effusus var. decipiens Buchenau

Order:

Poales

Family:

Juncaceae

Synonyms:

Juncus effusus var. solutus Fern. & Wiegand

Plant growing area

Widespread in temperate and mountainous tropical regions.

Bhutan, China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Korea, India (Sikkim), Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.

Grows at forest margins, wet grasslands, morasses, lakes, river banks, fields and rice fields at an altitude from 200 to 3400 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Juncus effusus is a perennial plant which grows in dense clumps that can reach 1.5 m in height by 0.5 m in diameter. The stems are straight and smooth, and contain a spongy pith. Roots are rhizomes allowing it to colonize the edges of water. Flowering occurs in summer.

The plant adapts to various types of soils and can grow in heavy clay soils; it needs moist soils and can grow in water and develop in partial shade.

Its leaves are edible and the stem pith is anti-inflammatory, diuretic, and febrifuge.
Stems are used in basketry, mats making and thatching; the straw, called igusa in Japan, is commonly used to make tatami mats, especially in Kumamoto Prefecture. Dried stems can be twisted into ropes. Pith is used as a wick for oil lamps.

The stems are used to produce paper fiber giving an off-white paper. They are used in combination with the fibers of the bark of mulberry trees for making stencil paper.

Korea:

Used in combination with the bark of paper mulberry during the Joseon period (1392-1910) as substitute material.

Preparation process for making paper

Korea:

The stems are harvested in late summer or autumn, they are cut into pieces and then soaked for 24 hours in clear water. They are then cooked for 2 hours with lye and beaten in a blender.

Paper names

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = papier.

Au Japon les papiers de kozo sont les plus nombreux.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

English

Identification

Fibre type	Fruit
Average fibre lenght	16mm (10-40mm)
Average fibre width	20μm (12-38μm)
Fibre ends	Variable, usually broken or tapering.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Flat ribbon-like twisted fibers When fibers have been mercerized, they swell and the convolutions are no longer visible. Immature fibers often are not twisted. Transverse cut : Kidney bean shape, clear lumen. Prominent fiber wall.
Herzberg staining	Red light purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Yellow.

Botanical classification

Gossypium arboreum L.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Malvaceae

Plant growing area

Gossypium arboreum L. is cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World; it is supposed to be native from India and Sri Lanka.

All species have been introduced to China.

China (Cultivated. Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan), Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

There are around thirty wild species and many hybrids developed in many areas, but the main species (diploid) are Gossypium herbaceum L. (var. typicum, or frutescens, or africanum), Gossypium arboreum L. (var. typicum, or neglectum, or cernuum).

The cultivated species (triploid) are Gossypium barbadense L, Gossypium hirsutum L., Gossypium religiosum L.

The origin is uncertain. The Herbaceum was imported as domesticated species to Saudi and Syria and then to India, where Arboreum has developed from the Herbaceum. Then it prevailed in Africa and Asia. From these species a triploid has developed which replaced the two other ones.

Many archaeological evidences show that cotton was domesticated several thousand years before our Era and in regions far apart: 10.000 BC in Egypt, Mexico 7000 BC, from 2300 BC in India. However, it seems certain that it is from India that it has spread to Persia in the 4th century BC and to Malaysia, Indonesia, Southeast Asia and China.

Gossypium arboreum is a perennial shrub up to 1.50m in height; other species can be perennial herbs or shrubs.

The colors of the flowers vary depending on the species, from off-white to purple. The fruits are ovoid capsules which open at maturity in 3 to 5 valves containing 6 to 12 seeds covered with hair, white fibers which can be 2 to 5 cm in length depending on the variety.

There are two types of fibers: long fibers (lints), and shorter hairs (linters).

The seeds, after removal of the fibers can produce oil. The roots are used as decoctions in the Indian pharmacopoeia for the treatment of urinary diseases.

The fibers used for textiles and paper production come from the hairs of the seeds of one or an other species.

In the case of paper, fibers tend to come from rags, they are rarely used raw. But in this case, the linters or more rarely, lints are used.

The first attempts to use fibers directly from the plant began in the early 20th century in the modern industry. Linters are torn by special gins. The lints are treated with caustic soda and linters by caustic solutions and are bleached.

China:

Cotton has never been used as a major material in the manufacture of paper, probably because of its use in textiles. There is a paper called "cotton paper" (Mien chih) but it is made from paper mulberry.

Cotton clothes are admired under the Tang’s (618-907), but the cultivation of cotton settles later. At that time, the calicos and muslins were imported by Chinese merchants from India to the warehouse of Palembang in Indonesia. From there, the culture has developed in Indochina.

It would be ambassadors from Indochina who presented to Emperor cottonseed as a tribute. The cultivation of cotton was slow to spread throughout China. However texts from the Tang period mention the cultivation in the south of a plant called Ku pei or Chi pei or cotton.

Culture really starts in the Song dynasty (960-1279) provided by two routes:

The south, from Indochina to Guangdong, Fujian.

The west to Gansu and Shanxi, through Turkestan. It is the variety Herbaceum that will not exceed the north boarders. The other will spread everywhere and quickly.

At the end of the 13th century, cotton has come to Chang Jiang (Yangzi River or blue River) and becomes a real industry.

As the culture takes a lot of water, it is planted in rotation with rice in the south and wheat in the north.

In the late Ming (1368-1644) it is the most important crop in the delta of the Chang Jiang.

Japan:

Cotton has been used in Japon since the Meiji period (1868-1912).

Korea:

From the Joseon period (1392-1910), raw materials traditionally used for paper production, mainly bark of Broussonetias begin to fail. Papermakers face to a growing demand for paper stimulated by the development of publications initiated during the Goryeo period (907-1392). Other plants will be used to provide a fiber supplement such as wisteria, rice, oat and barley straws, bamboo, jute, cotton and hemp but also willow leaves, reeds, the bark and needles of pine.

In Korea, stem is also used.

Preparation process for making paper

Cotton tree bears flowers and fruits at the same time, so harvesting lasts several months when the fruit is ripe: the capsules burst and release the fibers which are torn.

Cotton is dried in the air for several days. The long fibers are separated from the seeds and waste and will then go through a further cleaning. The short fibers are collected with gins.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Fruit

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

キダチワタ

Identification

Fibre type	Fruit
Average fibre lenght	16mm (10-40mm)
Average fibre width	20μm (12-38μm)
Fibre ends	Variable, usually broken or tapering.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Flat ribbon-like twisted fibers When fibers have been mercerized, they swell and the convolutions are no longer visible. Immature fibers often are not twisted. Transverse cut : Kidney bean shape, clear lumen. Prominent fiber wall.
Herzberg staining	Red light purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Yellow.

Botanical classification

Gossypium arboreum L.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Malvaceae

Plant growing area

Gossypium arboreum L. is cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World; it is supposed to be native from India and Sri Lanka.

All species have been introduced to China.

China (Cultivated. Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan), Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

The cultivated species (triploid) are Gossypium barbadense L, Gossypium hirsutum L., Gossypium religiosum L.

Gossypium arboreum is a perennial shrub up to 1.50m in height; other species can be perennial herbs or shrubs.

There are two types of fibers: long fibers (lints), and shorter hairs (linters).

The seeds, after removal of the fibers can produce oil. The roots are used as decoctions in the Indian pharmacopoeia for the treatment of urinary diseases.

The fibers used for textiles and paper production come from the hairs of the seeds of one or an other species.

In the case of paper, fibers tend to come from rags, they are rarely used raw. But in this case, the linters or more rarely, lints are used.

China:

Culture really starts in the Song dynasty (960-1279) provided by two routes:

The south, from Indochina to Guangdong, Fujian.

The west to Gansu and Shanxi, through Turkestan. It is the variety Herbaceum that will not exceed the north boarders. The other will spread everywhere and quickly.

At the end of the 13th century, cotton has come to Chang Jiang (Yangzi River or blue River) and becomes a real industry.

As the culture takes a lot of water, it is planted in rotation with rice in the south and wheat in the north.

In the late Ming (1368-1644) it is the most important crop in the delta of the Chang Jiang.

Japan:

Cotton has been used in Japon since the Meiji period (1868-1912).

Korea:

In Korea, stem is also used.

Preparation process for making paper

Cotton tree bears flowers and fruits at the same time, so harvesting lasts several months when the fruit is ripe: the capsules burst and release the fibers which are torn.

Cotton is dried in the air for several days. The long fibers are separated from the seeds and waste and will then go through a further cleaning. The short fibers are collected with gins.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Fruit

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Korean

Local scripture:

목화

Identification

Fibre type	Fruit
Average fibre lenght	16mm (10-40mm)
Average fibre width	20μm (12-38μm)
Fibre ends	Variable, usually broken or tapering.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Flat ribbon-like twisted fibers When fibers have been mercerized, they swell and the convolutions are no longer visible. Immature fibers often are not twisted. Transverse cut : Kidney bean shape, clear lumen. Prominent fiber wall.
Herzberg staining	Red light purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Yellow.

Botanical classification

Gossypium arboreum L.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Malvaceae

Plant growing area

Gossypium arboreum L. is cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World; it is supposed to be native from India and Sri Lanka.

All species have been introduced to China.

China (Cultivated. Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan), Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

The cultivated species (triploid) are Gossypium barbadense L, Gossypium hirsutum L., Gossypium religiosum L.

Gossypium arboreum is a perennial shrub up to 1.50m in height; other species can be perennial herbs or shrubs.

There are two types of fibers: long fibers (lints), and shorter hairs (linters).

The seeds, after removal of the fibers can produce oil. The roots are used as decoctions in the Indian pharmacopoeia for the treatment of urinary diseases.

The fibers used for textiles and paper production come from the hairs of the seeds of one or an other species.

In the case of paper, fibers tend to come from rags, they are rarely used raw. But in this case, the linters or more rarely, lints are used.

China:

Culture really starts in the Song dynasty (960-1279) provided by two routes:

The south, from Indochina to Guangdong, Fujian.

The west to Gansu and Shanxi, through Turkestan. It is the variety Herbaceum that will not exceed the north boarders. The other will spread everywhere and quickly.

At the end of the 13th century, cotton has come to Chang Jiang (Yangzi River or blue River) and becomes a real industry.

As the culture takes a lot of water, it is planted in rotation with rice in the south and wheat in the north.

In the late Ming (1368-1644) it is the most important crop in the delta of the Chang Jiang.

Japan:

Cotton has been used in Japon since the Meiji period (1868-1912).

Korea:

In Korea, stem is also used.

Preparation process for making paper

Cotton tree bears flowers and fruits at the same time, so harvesting lasts several months when the fruit is ripe: the capsules burst and release the fibers which are torn.

Cotton is dried in the air for several days. The long fibers are separated from the seeds and waste and will then go through a further cleaning. The short fibers are collected with gins.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Fruit

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Chinese

Local scripture:

鸡脚棉

Identification

Fibre type	Fruit
Average fibre lenght	16mm (10-40mm)
Average fibre width	20μm (12-38μm)
Fibre ends	Variable, usually broken or tapering.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Flat ribbon-like twisted fibers When fibers have been mercerized, they swell and the convolutions are no longer visible. Immature fibers often are not twisted. Transverse cut : Kidney bean shape, clear lumen. Prominent fiber wall.
Herzberg staining	Red light purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Yellow.

Botanical classification

Gossypium arboreum L.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Malvaceae

Plant growing area

Gossypium arboreum L. is cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World; it is supposed to be native from India and Sri Lanka.

All species have been introduced to China.

China (Cultivated. Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan), Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

The cultivated species (triploid) are Gossypium barbadense L, Gossypium hirsutum L., Gossypium religiosum L.

Gossypium arboreum is a perennial shrub up to 1.50m in height; other species can be perennial herbs or shrubs.

There are two types of fibers: long fibers (lints), and shorter hairs (linters).

The seeds, after removal of the fibers can produce oil. The roots are used as decoctions in the Indian pharmacopoeia for the treatment of urinary diseases.

The fibers used for textiles and paper production come from the hairs of the seeds of one or an other species.

In the case of paper, fibers tend to come from rags, they are rarely used raw. But in this case, the linters or more rarely, lints are used.

China:

Culture really starts in the Song dynasty (960-1279) provided by two routes:

The south, from Indochina to Guangdong, Fujian.

The west to Gansu and Shanxi, through Turkestan. It is the variety Herbaceum that will not exceed the north boarders. The other will spread everywhere and quickly.

At the end of the 13th century, cotton has come to Chang Jiang (Yangzi River or blue River) and becomes a real industry.

As the culture takes a lot of water, it is planted in rotation with rice in the south and wheat in the north.

In the late Ming (1368-1644) it is the most important crop in the delta of the Chang Jiang.

Japan:

Cotton has been used in Japon since the Meiji period (1868-1912).

Korea:

In Korea, stem is also used.

Preparation process for making paper

Cotton tree bears flowers and fruits at the same time, so harvesting lasts several months when the fruit is ripe: the capsules burst and release the fibers which are torn.

Cotton is dried in the air for several days. The long fibers are separated from the seeds and waste and will then go through a further cleaning. The short fibers are collected with gins.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Fruit

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

French

Identification

Fibre type	Fruit
Average fibre lenght	16mm (10-40mm)
Average fibre width	20μm (12-38μm)
Fibre ends	Variable, usually broken or tapering.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Flat ribbon-like twisted fibers When fibers have been mercerized, they swell and the convolutions are no longer visible. Immature fibers often are not twisted. Transverse cut : Kidney bean shape, clear lumen. Prominent fiber wall.
Herzberg staining	Red light purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Yellow.

Botanical classification

Gossypium arboreum L.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Malvaceae

Plant growing area

Gossypium arboreum L. is cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World; it is supposed to be native from India and Sri Lanka.

All species have been introduced to China.

China (Cultivated. Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan), Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

The cultivated species (triploid) are Gossypium barbadense L, Gossypium hirsutum L., Gossypium religiosum L.

Gossypium arboreum is a perennial shrub up to 1.50m in height; other species can be perennial herbs or shrubs.

There are two types of fibers: long fibers (lints), and shorter hairs (linters).

The seeds, after removal of the fibers can produce oil. The roots are used as decoctions in the Indian pharmacopoeia for the treatment of urinary diseases.

The fibers used for textiles and paper production come from the hairs of the seeds of one or an other species.

In the case of paper, fibers tend to come from rags, they are rarely used raw. But in this case, the linters or more rarely, lints are used.

China:

Culture really starts in the Song dynasty (960-1279) provided by two routes:

The south, from Indochina to Guangdong, Fujian.

The west to Gansu and Shanxi, through Turkestan. It is the variety Herbaceum that will not exceed the north boarders. The other will spread everywhere and quickly.

At the end of the 13th century, cotton has come to Chang Jiang (Yangzi River or blue River) and becomes a real industry.

As the culture takes a lot of water, it is planted in rotation with rice in the south and wheat in the north.

In the late Ming (1368-1644) it is the most important crop in the delta of the Chang Jiang.

Japan:

Cotton has been used in Japon since the Meiji period (1868-1912).

Korea:

In Korea, stem is also used.

Preparation process for making paper

Cotton tree bears flowers and fruits at the same time, so harvesting lasts several months when the fruit is ripe: the capsules burst and release the fibers which are torn.

Cotton is dried in the air for several days. The long fibers are separated from the seeds and waste and will then go through a further cleaning. The short fibers are collected with gins.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Fruit

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

English

Identification

Fibre type	Fruit
Average fibre lenght	16mm (10-40mm)
Average fibre width	20μm (12-38μm)
Fibre ends	Variable, usually broken or tapering.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Flat ribbon-like twisted fibers When fibers have been mercerized, they swell and the convolutions are no longer visible. Immature fibers often are not twisted. Transverse cut : Kidney bean shape, clear lumen. Prominent fiber wall.
Herzberg staining	Red light purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Yellow.

Botanical classification

Gossypium arboreum L.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Malvaceae

Plant growing area

Gossypium arboreum L. is cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World; it is supposed to be native from India and Sri Lanka.

All species have been introduced to China.

China (Cultivated. Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan), Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

The cultivated species (triploid) are Gossypium barbadense L, Gossypium hirsutum L., Gossypium religiosum L.

Gossypium arboreum is a perennial shrub up to 1.50m in height; other species can be perennial herbs or shrubs.

There are two types of fibers: long fibers (lints), and shorter hairs (linters).

The seeds, after removal of the fibers can produce oil. The roots are used as decoctions in the Indian pharmacopoeia for the treatment of urinary diseases.

The fibers used for textiles and paper production come from the hairs of the seeds of one or an other species.

In the case of paper, fibers tend to come from rags, they are rarely used raw. But in this case, the linters or more rarely, lints are used.

China:

Culture really starts in the Song dynasty (960-1279) provided by two routes:

The south, from Indochina to Guangdong, Fujian.

The west to Gansu and Shanxi, through Turkestan. It is the variety Herbaceum that will not exceed the north boarders. The other will spread everywhere and quickly.

At the end of the 13th century, cotton has come to Chang Jiang (Yangzi River or blue River) and becomes a real industry.

As the culture takes a lot of water, it is planted in rotation with rice in the south and wheat in the north.

In the late Ming (1368-1644) it is the most important crop in the delta of the Chang Jiang.

Japan:

Cotton has been used in Japon since the Meiji period (1868-1912).

Korea:

In Korea, stem is also used.

Preparation process for making paper

Cotton tree bears flowers and fruits at the same time, so harvesting lasts several months when the fruit is ripe: the capsules burst and release the fibers which are torn.

Cotton is dried in the air for several days. The long fibers are separated from the seeds and waste and will then go through a further cleaning. The short fibers are collected with gins.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Fruit

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Korean

Local scripture:

면

Identification

Fibre type	Fruit
Average fibre lenght	16mm (10-40mm)
Average fibre width	20μm (12-38μm)
Fibre ends	Variable, usually broken or tapering.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Flat ribbon-like twisted fibers When fibers have been mercerized, they swell and the convolutions are no longer visible. Immature fibers often are not twisted. Transverse cut : Kidney bean shape, clear lumen. Prominent fiber wall.
Herzberg staining	Red light purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Yellow.

Botanical classification

Gossypium arboreum L.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Malvaceae

Plant growing area

Gossypium arboreum L. is cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World; it is supposed to be native from India and Sri Lanka.

All species have been introduced to China.

China (Cultivated. Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan), Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

The cultivated species (triploid) are Gossypium barbadense L, Gossypium hirsutum L., Gossypium religiosum L.

Gossypium arboreum is a perennial shrub up to 1.50m in height; other species can be perennial herbs or shrubs.

There are two types of fibers: long fibers (lints), and shorter hairs (linters).

The seeds, after removal of the fibers can produce oil. The roots are used as decoctions in the Indian pharmacopoeia for the treatment of urinary diseases.

The fibers used for textiles and paper production come from the hairs of the seeds of one or an other species.

In the case of paper, fibers tend to come from rags, they are rarely used raw. But in this case, the linters or more rarely, lints are used.

China:

Culture really starts in the Song dynasty (960-1279) provided by two routes:

The south, from Indochina to Guangdong, Fujian.

The west to Gansu and Shanxi, through Turkestan. It is the variety Herbaceum that will not exceed the north boarders. The other will spread everywhere and quickly.

At the end of the 13th century, cotton has come to Chang Jiang (Yangzi River or blue River) and becomes a real industry.

As the culture takes a lot of water, it is planted in rotation with rice in the south and wheat in the north.

In the late Ming (1368-1644) it is the most important crop in the delta of the Chang Jiang.

Japan:

Cotton has been used in Japon since the Meiji period (1868-1912).

Korea:

In Korea, stem is also used.

Preparation process for making paper

Cotton tree bears flowers and fruits at the same time, so harvesting lasts several months when the fruit is ripe: the capsules burst and release the fibers which are torn.

Cotton is dried in the air for several days. The long fibers are separated from the seeds and waste and will then go through a further cleaning. The short fibers are collected with gins.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Fruit

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

English

Identification

Fibre type	Fruit
Average fibre lenght	16mm (10-40mm)
Average fibre width	20μm (12-38μm)
Fibre ends	Variable, usually broken or tapering.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Flat ribbon-like twisted fibers When fibers have been mercerized, they swell and the convolutions are no longer visible. Immature fibers often are not twisted. Transverse cut : Kidney bean shape, clear lumen. Prominent fiber wall.
Herzberg staining	Red light purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Yellow.

Botanical classification

Gossypium arboreum L.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Malvaceae

Plant growing area

Gossypium arboreum L. is cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World; it is supposed to be native from India and Sri Lanka.

All species have been introduced to China.

China (Cultivated. Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan), Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

The cultivated species (triploid) are Gossypium barbadense L, Gossypium hirsutum L., Gossypium religiosum L.

Gossypium arboreum is a perennial shrub up to 1.50m in height; other species can be perennial herbs or shrubs.

There are two types of fibers: long fibers (lints), and shorter hairs (linters).

The seeds, after removal of the fibers can produce oil. The roots are used as decoctions in the Indian pharmacopoeia for the treatment of urinary diseases.

The fibers used for textiles and paper production come from the hairs of the seeds of one or an other species.

In the case of paper, fibers tend to come from rags, they are rarely used raw. But in this case, the linters or more rarely, lints are used.

China:

Culture really starts in the Song dynasty (960-1279) provided by two routes:

The south, from Indochina to Guangdong, Fujian.

The west to Gansu and Shanxi, through Turkestan. It is the variety Herbaceum that will not exceed the north boarders. The other will spread everywhere and quickly.

At the end of the 13th century, cotton has come to Chang Jiang (Yangzi River or blue River) and becomes a real industry.

As the culture takes a lot of water, it is planted in rotation with rice in the south and wheat in the north.

In the late Ming (1368-1644) it is the most important crop in the delta of the Chang Jiang.

Japan:

Cotton has been used in Japon since the Meiji period (1868-1912).

Korea:

In Korea, stem is also used.

Preparation process for making paper

Cotton tree bears flowers and fruits at the same time, so harvesting lasts several months when the fruit is ripe: the capsules burst and release the fibers which are torn.

Cotton is dried in the air for several days. The long fibers are separated from the seeds and waste and will then go through a further cleaning. The short fibers are collected with gins.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Fruit

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Primary tabs

Phyllostachys edulis (Carrière) J. Houz.

Juncus effusus var. decipiens Buchenau

Gossypium arboreum L.

Gossypium arboreum L.

Gossypium arboreum L.

Gossypium arboreum L.

Gossypium arboreum L.

Gossypium arboreum L.

Gossypium arboreum L.

Gossypium arboreum L.

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Primary tabs

Phyllostachys edulis (Carrière) J. Houz.

Juncus effusus var. decipiens Buchenau

Gossypium arboreum L.

Gossypium arboreum L.

Gossypium arboreum L.

Gossypium arboreum L.

Gossypium arboreum L.

Gossypium arboreum L.

Gossypium arboreum L.

Gossypium arboreum L.

Pages