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Local scripture:

매듭 삼지나무

Edgeworthia chrysantha Lindl. © C. Laroque

Edgeworthia chrysantha Lindl. © L.B. Vilmont

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre lenght	3,5mm (1,5-5)
Average fibre width	19µm (7-30µm)
Fibre ends	Ends of various shapes: blunt, round, in forked shape.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Faint, Cross-markings.
Associated cells	Many parenchyma cells of various shapes, colored in blue forms. Contain a mucilage.
Special features	Rather short Fibers blades with pale marks on the surface with large central areas. Crystals in the parenchyma that does not exist in the gampi.
Herzberg staining	Yellow/bluish green.
Graff 'C' staining	Bright olive.

Botanical classification

Edgeworthia chrysantha Lindl.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Thymelaeaceae

Synonyms:

Edgeworthia papyrifera Siebold & Zucc.

Edgeworthia tomentosa (Thunb) Nakai

Magnolia tomentosa Thunb.

Plant growing area

China (Wild or cultivated. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Korea (Wild or cultivated), Japan (Cultivated and naturalized), Georgia.

Wild in forests, shrubby slopes but also cultivated.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

Japan:

Chubu (Fukui, Gifu, Ishikawa, Shizuoka, Yamanashi Prefectures), Chugoku (Okayama,Shimane,Tottori Prefectures), Kanto (Saitama), Shikoku (Ehime, Kochi, Tokushima Prefectures), Kyushu (Miyazaki, Saga Prefectures), Okinawa.

Korea:

Jeolla (south), Gyeongsang (south).

Plant cultivation and use

The Edgeworthia’s are shrubs of the Thymelaeaceae family, which includes nearly 500 species distributed in 44 genera. The Thymelaeaceae are base plants for paper making at the foot of the Himalayas. The plants are valued for the large amount of hemicelluloses contained in the bark. They are also much used in Chinese medicine.

There is a great confusion between different Daphnes and Edgeworthias; shrubs are very similar morphologically and names are assigned interchangeably. However the bark of the Edgeworthia is whiter and softer than that of Daphne.

Edgeworthia chrysantha is a deciduous shrub, growing slowly up to a height of 1,5m. Flowers are yellow or red and flowering occurs in March to April.

It grows wild in forests on the shrubby slopes but it can also be cultivated on the hillsides interspersed with cedars and cypresses. Its growth is faster in warmer and humid climates. It blooms from February to April. After 8 to 12 years, shrubs are no longer able to provide enough good quality bark for paper.

Its fruits are not edible. Its roots are used medicinally to treat eye diseases. The bark contains an insect repellent.

The stems which are very flexible can be tied or used as strings.

Japan:

The term mitsumata means triple (mitsu) branch (mata) and refers to the shape of the shrub.
Mitsumata fiber papers are much more expensive than kozo (cf. this term) papers because cultivation of the shrubs is more difficult. However, it is easier than the cultivation of gampi (cf. this term).
Generally, growing, harvesting and preparation of bark are carried out by farmers who supply raw bark, ready for cooking, to papermakers.

Mitsumata papers have different uses but they are especially popular for calligraphy and printing as they allow fine strokes.

The mitsumata fibers replace those of hemp during the Edo period (1603-1867), but their use had started from the Momoyama period (1573-1615).

Cultivation of mitsumata, as well as kozo, is encouraged at the beginning of the Edo period in the prefecture of Fukui.

The production of paper with mitsumata fibers begin with the papers called shuzenjigami after the name of the locality or Suruga hanshi after the name of the former province, in the prefectures of Shizuoka and Yamanashi. These papers are a mixture of gampi and mitsumata fibers but these terms also refer to paper made with gampi or kozo.

From the Meiji period (1868-1912), Shizuoka is also a production center of mitsumata paper for the manufacture of banknotes.

The valley of the Saji (Tottori prefecture) has become a major producing region of mitsumata and mitsumata papers during the Meiji period.

Currently, annual production is about 360 tons. The main producing prefectures of bark are those of Ehime, Kochi, Tokushima in Shikoku region, Okayama, Shimane in the Chugoku region.
One hundred kilograms of harvested mitsumata gives three to five kilos of paper.

Korea:

The term Samji daknamu, means three branches and refers to the shape of the shrub.

There are no specific reference to the beginning of its use as paper fibers or its cultuvation. It grows wild on the southern coasts of Korea.

Samjidak papers were mainly used for printing books and sutras.

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Harvesting takes place every three years in early winter when the leaves have fallen.
The branches are steamed for easy peeling. They are then dried before being stored. At this stage the bark is called "black bark" or "kurokawa".

The barks are soaked and then scraped with a knife; at this point the bark is called "bark unbleached" or "jikegawa". It is left to soak in water for several days to bleach. Bleaching is done in the sun but recently chlorine is used. The bark is called "white bark" or "Shirokawa".

Cooking is done at the jikegawa stage. It lasts around 2-3 hours. The alkaline solution is an ashes lye or lime or caustic soda. After cooking the barks are placed in running water for several days to remove residues of cooking. It also helps to complete the bleaching.

Beating is performed by hands or in a small size Japanese hollander called naginata. Specks removal is done by hand.

Sheet forming is done by nagashizuki method: in the nagashizuki method the sheet is made by superimposing layers of fibers successively until the desired thickness.

Paper names

In Asia and particularly in China, Korea and Japan, the papers are intended for a wide range of use: Papers for calligraphy and art, Papers for ceremonies, Paper as a medium of exchange, money paper, Papers for making clothes, wall hangings and bedding, Papers for architecture, interior design, Papers for crafts of various kinds, for domestic purposes and leisure. The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Botanical classification

Carthamus tinctorius L.

Order:

Asterales

Family:

Asteraceae

Plant growing area

Carthamus tinctorius is apparently native originally to the eastern Mediterranean; since it grows wild in South Europe and around Mediterranean Sea (Turkey), it is known mostly in cultivation today.

China (Gansu, Guangxi, Hebei, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Zheijiang).

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Carthamus tinctorius is an annual or biennial herb that can reach one meter in height.

It is cultivated in Asia as a source of vegetable dye and oil seed. Dried flowers are also used in traditional Chinese medicine.

The coloring substance comes from the dried flowers. The flower contains two coloring substances: red (carthamine, soluble in bases) and yellow (precarthamine, safflomine, tinctormine soluble in water). The yellow dye, water soluble, can be removed by soaking first, the flowers in water and changing the water after pressing flowers, until it becomes clear. Its use is first mentioned in the 2nd century BC in the Far East but it is older in Persia. In China and Japan, the red from safflower was used as a blush.

China:

Using the plant as a dye was introduced by the northwest tribes; it is an important dyestuff under the Han (202 BC - 220 AC.).

It is used for dyeing paper from the end of the Yuan dynasty (1280-1368), beginning of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), in particular for dyeing cards of officials, announcements of happy events cards; in general the paper is made of bamboo and is thick.

Japan:

Using the plant as a dye was imported from China during the Tang Dynasty (618-960).

Safflower is used as textile and paper dye and in Ukiyo-e printing; this use appears around 1715.

Korea:

This dye which is expensive is reserved for royal garments. Both dyes are used in dyeing fabric, the yellow one for silk and wool, the red one for plant fibers.

It is a popular dye for hanji. It is also used in high-blood medication.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Qimin yaoshu treaty or “Main techniques for the welfare of the people” by Jia sixie (535 AD) and Tiangong Kaiwu or “Creations of nature and work of man” by Song Yingxing (1637) describe the preparation process.

The leaves are picked at dawn when they are still fresh. They are already crushed to a paste. This paste is pressed in a bag and rinsed to remove the yellow dye; the operation is very long. (The yellow dye can be stored as a basis for other dyes)

Flowers free of yellow dye are mixed with potash; the mixture is placed on a filter and washed down with water. The filtrate is then mixed with a weak acid (lemon juice, pomegranate juice) to precipitate the coloring material.

The red dye does not require the use of a mordant.

Japan:

Picking takes place during flowering (July-August), when the flower heads are almost faded.

The flowers are washed 4 or 5 times with water to remove unwanted material (yellow dyes) and then pressed and dried in the form of cakes for sale.

To extract the dye, the flowers are placed in contact with an alkaline solution (soda or straw ashes) for one hour and must be filtered to obtain the carthamine extract.

The residue is treated again with lye until exhaustion.

To precipitate carthamine as a powder, a weak acid (made from green plums or acetic acid) is used. Color can be dried for preservation.

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by their small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Usually the pulp is dyed in the vat before forming the sheets.

Korea:

Harvesting takes place in the morning when the plants are wet. The whole plants are placed in pots with water to ferment for 4-5 days. The liquid is then filtered prior to use.

The papers are dyed in three ways: dyeing of the pulp (Seonyeombeop), dyeing of the sheet by dipping, brushing and spraying (Huyeombeop ), combination of the both methods (Honyeombeop). Then the paper can be hammered.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Flower

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

Korean

Local scripture:

닥풀

황촉규

Hibiscus manihot L. var. manihot © Flora of China

Hibiscus manihot L. var. manihot © C. Laroque

Botanical classification

Hibiscus manihot L. var. manihot

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Malvaceae

Synonyms:

Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik. var. manihot

Hibiscus japonicus Miq.

Plant growing area

China: (Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan), India, Japan, Korea, Nepal, Philippines, Taiwan, North Thailand.

Grows in grasslands, on streamsides, margins of cultivated fields, from 1000 to 2100 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

Hibiscus manihot is a perennial plant with annuals flowers, 1 to 2 m in height that grows rather in temperate zones. It prefers well-drained soil but of various kinds and a sunny exposure. The flower color varies from white to light yellow. Flowering occurs between August and October.
The plant has medicinal properties, it is emmenagogue and sedative for pain. Its flowers and leaves are edible.

The roots contain a mucilage which is a polysaccharide, a copolymer of D-galacturonic acid and L-rhamnose. This viscous material is added to pulp to increase its viscosity and thus delay the settling of fibers in the tank. In addition, the mucilage allows a better dispersion of the long fibers. The solution is unstable and its viscosity decreases with the heat, prolonged exposure to air and mechanical agitation. So, during the work, the papermaker will add mucilage gradually as its viscosity decreases.

In the late 19th century, it seems that the use of the mucilage from the Hibiscus manihot replaced the use of other plants to become the dominant mucilage throughout East Asia.

China:

Hibiscus manihot is used during the South Song dynasty (1127-1279) but the beginning of its use is probably older. The use of Hibiscus manihot is quoted in the stories of "Guixinzashi " or "Miscellaneous news from Guixin street" by Zhou Mi (mid 13th century). Other references show that it is still used as formation aid at the end of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), particularly for the manufacture of paper made with paper mulberry fibers; its use is documented in the "Wulixiaoshi" or "Some Knowledge of Physics" written by Fang Yishi in 1643.

Japan:

The plant grows wild throughout Japan. When it is grown on rich soils it has less coarse roots than the plants grown on poor soils. The leaves and flowers are removed to allow better root growth. The plant is torn from the ground when the leaves turn yellow, the roots are separated from the rest of the plant, bundled and placed in a dry place.

During the warm season the mucilage should be used immediately because it quickly loses its properties by fermenting.

Korea:

The plant was probably imported from China. In the past all plant parts were used to give the mucilage (stem, leaves, roots).

She is quoted in an encyclopedia dated 1850 “Ojuyeonmunjangjeonsango” by Igyujyeong.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

The plant is sown in spring and harvest usually takes place in late fall before the frost. The flowers are removed regularly to allow better root growth.

The plant is torn from the ground when the leaves turn yellow. The outer bark is peeled from the root. The root is crushed or coarsely grated. It is then placed in a cloth bag and submerged in a bucket of water. After formation of the mucilage, the bag is pressed or suspended to extract it.

Japan:

Seeds are sown at the same time as mungo beans.

The plant is torn from the ground when the leaves turn yellow, usually in June and it is dried until a later use. Or the roots are recovered to be used immediately, in November December. They can also be kept immersed in creosote.

The outer bark is peeled from the root. The root is crushed or coarsely grated. It is then placed in a cloth bag and submerged in a bucket of water. After formation of the mucilage the bag is pressed or suspended to extract it.

Korea:

The plant is sown in spring and harvest usually takes place in late fall before the frost. The flowers are removed regularly to allow better root growth.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Use for paper making:

Formation aid

Language:

English

Sphagnum palustre L. © CFH Nature Museum

Identification

Fibre type	....
Average fibre length
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated Cells
Special features
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Sphagnum palustre L.

Order:

Sphagnales

Family:

Sphagnaceae

Synonyms:

Sphagnum cymbifolioides Breutel

Sphagnum cymbifolium (Ehrh.) Hedw.

Sphagnum cymbifolium var. squarrosulum Nees & Hornsch.

Sphagnum deflexum Gilib.

Sphagnum glaucum H. Klinggr.

Sphagnum japonicum Warnst.

Sphagnum klinggraeffii Roll

Sphagnum lonchocladum Müll. Hal.

Sphagnum oblongum P. Beauv.

Sphagnum obtusifolium Ehrh.

Sphagnum palustre ssp. cymbifolium Ehrh..

Sphagnum palustre var. latifolium F.W. Weiss

Sphagnum subbicolor Hampe

Sphagnum sulphureum Warnst.

Sphagnum vulgare Michx.

Plant growing area

The genus is distributed nearly throughout the world. It is more abundant in the cooler temperate regions of the Northern hemisphere.

Burma, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Philippines, Thailand.

It grows in bogs, on wet grassland or undergrowth, on rocks and humid soils near streams.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Bogmoss is a kind of bryophyte moss or plant which has retained the character of the first plants that have evolved on land. It is a plant without roots or true conducting tissues which erected stems are 10 to 25 cm high; it grows very slowly on the surface (3 cm per year) while its lower parts dye forming the peat.

China:

In the "Yunju Mishu" or "Rare Books in Yunju", text written during the Song Dynasty (960-1279) which gives information on raw materials used in the manufacture of paper and provinces where they are used, it is stated that moss is used in the maritime areas of China. Is this moss, bog moss or algae?

Korea:

Bog moss is used in the form of filaments, mixed with other fibers.

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Leaf

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

オオミズゴケ　

Identification

Fibre type	....
Average fibre length
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated Cells
Special features
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Sphagnum palustre L.

Order:

Sphagnales

Family:

Sphagnaceae

Synonyms:

Sphagnum cymbifolioides Breutel

Sphagnum cymbifolium (Ehrh.) Hedw.

Sphagnum cymbifolium var. squarrosulum Nees & Hornsch.

Sphagnum deflexum Gilib.

Sphagnum glaucum H. Klinggr.

Sphagnum japonicum Warnst.

Sphagnum klinggraeffii Roll

Sphagnum lonchocladum Müll. Hal.

Sphagnum oblongum P. Beauv.

Sphagnum obtusifolium Ehrh.

Sphagnum palustre ssp. cymbifolium Ehrh..

Sphagnum palustre var. latifolium F.W. Weiss

Sphagnum subbicolor Hampe

Sphagnum sulphureum Warnst.

Sphagnum vulgare Michx.

Plant growing area

The genus is distributed nearly throughout the world. It is more abundant in the cooler temperate regions of the Northern hemisphere.

Burma, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Philippines, Thailand.

It grows in bogs, on wet grassland or undergrowth, on rocks and humid soils near streams.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

China:

Korea:

Bog moss is used in the form of filaments, mixed with other fibers.

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Leaf

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

French

Identification

Fibre type	....
Average fibre length
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated Cells
Special features
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Sphagnum palustre L.

Order:

Sphagnales

Family:

Sphagnaceae

Synonyms:

Sphagnum cymbifolioides Breutel

Sphagnum cymbifolium (Ehrh.) Hedw.

Sphagnum cymbifolium var. squarrosulum Nees & Hornsch.

Sphagnum deflexum Gilib.

Sphagnum glaucum H. Klinggr.

Sphagnum japonicum Warnst.

Sphagnum klinggraeffii Roll

Sphagnum lonchocladum Müll. Hal.

Sphagnum oblongum P. Beauv.

Sphagnum obtusifolium Ehrh.

Sphagnum palustre ssp. cymbifolium Ehrh..

Sphagnum palustre var. latifolium F.W. Weiss

Sphagnum subbicolor Hampe

Sphagnum sulphureum Warnst.

Sphagnum vulgare Michx.

Plant growing area

The genus is distributed nearly throughout the world. It is more abundant in the cooler temperate regions of the Northern hemisphere.

Burma, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Philippines, Thailand.

It grows in bogs, on wet grassland or undergrowth, on rocks and humid soils near streams.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

China:

Korea:

Bog moss is used in the form of filaments, mixed with other fibers.

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Leaf

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Korean

Local scripture:

부들

Typha orientalis C. Presl © IFAS University of Florida

Identification

Fibre type	Grass (Stem)
Average fibre lenght	1,7 mm
Average fibre width	22 µm
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Prominent wall.
Associated cells
Special features	Very large vessel elements, unwound spiral vessels.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple
Graff 'C' staining	Dark purple

Botanical classification

Typha orientalis C. Presl

Order:

Poales

Family:

Typhaceae

Synonyms:

Typha latifolia var. orientalis (C. Presl) Rohrb.

Typha orientalis var. brunnea Skvortsov

Typha shuttleworthii Lehm.

Typha shuttleworthii subsp. orientalis (C. Presl) Graebn.

Typha shuttleworthii var. orientalis (C. Presl) Rohrb.

Plant growing area

The genus is found mainly in the Northern hemisphere and can be found in a large variety of wetland habitats.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

China:

Hunan.

Plant cultivation and use

Typha orientalis is a perennial monocotyledonous plant of wetlands where it grows in dense colonies. The roots are rhizomes and stem is topped by a dense inflorescence in shape of distaff. It is found in temperate, tropical, subtropical climates. It reaches 1.50m to 3m height. It prefers the rich soils of the pond margins, full sun or part shade.

The leaves, flowers and roots have medicinal properties. The roots and young shoots are edible.
The stems and leaves are used for thatching and can be woven into mats, hats, etc.
The root fibers are used to make string while the stem fibers are used in the manufacture of a greenish or brown paper.

Preparation process for making paper

Korea:

The plants are harvested in summer, autumn or winter and are soaked in water for a day. They are then cooked for 2 hours with sodium hydroxide. The fibers are then beaten in a grinder for 1 hour to 2 hours.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Leaf

Stem

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

English

Identification

Fibre type	Grass (Stem)
Average fibre lenght	1,7 mm
Average fibre width	22 µm
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Prominent wall.
Associated cells
Special features	Very large vessel elements, unwound spiral vessels.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple
Graff 'C' staining	Dark purple

Botanical classification

Typha orientalis C. Presl

Order:

Poales

Family:

Typhaceae

Synonyms:

Typha latifolia var. orientalis (C. Presl) Rohrb.

Typha orientalis var. brunnea Skvortsov

Typha shuttleworthii Lehm.

Typha shuttleworthii subsp. orientalis (C. Presl) Graebn.

Typha shuttleworthii var. orientalis (C. Presl) Rohrb.

Plant growing area

The genus is found mainly in the Northern hemisphere and can be found in a large variety of wetland habitats.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

China:

Hunan.

Plant cultivation and use

Preparation process for making paper

Korea:

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Leaf

Stem

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

English

Identification

Fibre type	Grass (Stem)
Average fibre lenght	1,7 mm
Average fibre width	22 µm
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Prominent wall.
Associated cells
Special features	Very large vessel elements, unwound spiral vessels.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple
Graff 'C' staining	Dark purple

Botanical classification

Typha orientalis C. Presl

Order:

Poales

Family:

Typhaceae

Synonyms:

Typha latifolia var. orientalis (C. Presl) Rohrb.

Typha orientalis var. brunnea Skvortsov

Typha shuttleworthii Lehm.

Typha shuttleworthii subsp. orientalis (C. Presl) Graebn.

Typha shuttleworthii var. orientalis (C. Presl) Rohrb.

Plant growing area

The genus is found mainly in the Northern hemisphere and can be found in a large variety of wetland habitats.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

China:

Hunan.

Plant cultivation and use

Preparation process for making paper

Korea:

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Leaf

Stem

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

English

Identification

Fibre type	Grass (Stem)
Average fibre lenght	1,7 mm
Average fibre width	22 µm
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Prominent wall.
Associated cells
Special features	Very large vessel elements, unwound spiral vessels.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple
Graff 'C' staining	Dark purple

Botanical classification

Typha orientalis C. Presl

Order:

Poales

Family:

Typhaceae

Synonyms:

Typha latifolia var. orientalis (C. Presl) Rohrb.

Typha orientalis var. brunnea Skvortsov

Typha shuttleworthii Lehm.

Typha shuttleworthii subsp. orientalis (C. Presl) Graebn.

Typha shuttleworthii var. orientalis (C. Presl) Rohrb.

Plant growing area

The genus is found mainly in the Northern hemisphere and can be found in a large variety of wetland habitats.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

China:

Hunan.

Plant cultivation and use

Preparation process for making paper

Korea:

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Leaf

Stem

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Primary tabs

Edgeworthia chrysantha Lindl.

Carthamus tinctorius L.

Hibiscus manihot L. var. manihot

Sphagnum palustre L.

Sphagnum palustre L.

Sphagnum palustre L.

Typha orientalis C. Presl

Typha orientalis C. Presl

Typha orientalis C. Presl

Typha orientalis C. Presl

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Primary tabs

Edgeworthia chrysantha Lindl.

Carthamus tinctorius L.

Hibiscus manihot L. var. manihot

Sphagnum palustre L.

Sphagnum palustre L.

Sphagnum palustre L.

Typha orientalis C. Presl

Typha orientalis C. Presl

Typha orientalis C. Presl

Typha orientalis C. Presl

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