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Prunus mume (Siebold) Siebold & Zucc. © Flora of China

Prunus mume (Siebold) Siebold & Zucc. © Plantillustrations

Botanical classification

Prunus mume (Siebold) Siebold & Zucc.

목:

Rosales

과:

Rosaceae

동의어:

Armeniaca mume var. mume

식물의 성장 영역

China (Native to Sichuan and Yunnan; cultivated throughout most of China), Japan, Korea, North Laos, Taiwan, North Vietnam. Commonly cultivated in these countries.

Grows on forested slopes, on stream sides, along trails, at an altitude from 1700 to 3100 m.

제지에서의 사용 범위

China, Japan, Korea.

식물 재배 및 사용에 관한 일반성

Prunus mume is a deciduous tree, 4 to 6 meters high. It is a rustic hard pit fruit tree considered as intermediate between plum and apricot. Flowering occurs in early spring, the flowers are white or pink and very fragrant. It prefers hot and humid climate and a sunny exposure. It has a life span of several centuries.

Its cultivation has spread for ornamental purposes throughout the Far East, where it is associated to art and literature. There are about 300 ornamental cultivars. Flowering of Prunus mume is celebrated throughout the Far East.

The fruits are eaten in all kinds of shape in China, Japan and Korea: sauces, syrups, liquors, vinegar, the most common being the "salted plums" which have antiseptic and restorative properties. They also have medicinal properties: the use of mei fruit is mentioned in the Shennong bencao jing or Classic of the Materia Medica of the Heavenly plowman, compilation of pharmacopoeia texts dating from the beginning of our era. They are effective for the treatment of cough, diarrhea, and for the removal of intestinal parasites.

A pink, brown-violet dye, can be obtained from the fruit. The color varies according to the type of mordant: pale pink with alum, purple brown with iron salts.

중국:

The tree and its flower are responsible for many symbols in the Confucianism: values of virtue and perseverance but also transience of life because of a beautiful but ephemeral flowering. In the literature, poetry and the arts mei is the symbol of winter and the arrival of spring and therefore perseverance and hope.
It is grown in orchards in the Yangtze valley or potted as bonsais.

일본:

Buddhism introduced to Japan in the 6th-7th centuries, brought with it Prunus mume.
Blooms are subject in Japan to hanami which means looking at flowers. Ume were the most popular for hanami during the Nara period (710-794), but they will be overtaken by the cherrytrees since the Heian period (794-1185).

The dye is used for kesa, dress of Buddhist monks and nuns.

한국:

In Korea, the plum blossom is a symbol for spring. It is a popular flower motif for embroidery.

제지를 위한 준비 방법

일본:

Fruit juice added with lime water or rice vinegar is used.

Dyeing of paper is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).
To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by their small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

한국:

The papers are dyed in three ways: dyeing of the pulp (Seonyeombeop), dyeing of the sheet by dipping, brushing and spraying (Huyeombeop ), combination of the both methods (Honyeombeop). Then the paper can be hammered.

종이 명칭

In Asia and particularly in China, Korea and Japan, the papers are intended for a wide range of use: Papers for calligraphy and art, Papers for ceremonies, Paper as a medium of exchange, money paper, Papers for making clothes, wall hangings and bedding, Papers for architecture, interior design, Papers for crafts of various kinds, for domestic purposes and leisure. The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

한국:

Suffix ji = paper.
In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

식물의 이용 부위:

Fruit

제지에서의 사용:

Dye

Langue:

French

Botanical classification

Prunus mume (Siebold) Siebold & Zucc.

목:

Rosales

과:

Rosaceae

동의어:

Armeniaca mume var. mume

식물의 성장 영역

China (Native to Sichuan and Yunnan; cultivated throughout most of China), Japan, Korea, North Laos, Taiwan, North Vietnam. Commonly cultivated in these countries.

Grows on forested slopes, on stream sides, along trails, at an altitude from 1700 to 3100 m.

제지에서의 사용 범위

China, Japan, Korea.

식물 재배 및 사용에 관한 일반성

A pink, brown-violet dye, can be obtained from the fruit. The color varies according to the type of mordant: pale pink with alum, purple brown with iron salts.

중국:

일본:

The dye is used for kesa, dress of Buddhist monks and nuns.

한국:

In Korea, the plum blossom is a symbol for spring. It is a popular flower motif for embroidery.

제지를 위한 준비 방법

일본:

Fruit juice added with lime water or rice vinegar is used.

한국:

종이 명칭

한국:

Suffix ji = paper.
In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

식물의 이용 부위:

Fruit

제지에서의 사용:

Dye

Langue:

French

Botanical classification

Prunus mume (Siebold) Siebold & Zucc.

목:

Rosales

과:

Rosaceae

동의어:

Armeniaca mume var. mume

식물의 성장 영역

China (Native to Sichuan and Yunnan; cultivated throughout most of China), Japan, Korea, North Laos, Taiwan, North Vietnam. Commonly cultivated in these countries.

Grows on forested slopes, on stream sides, along trails, at an altitude from 1700 to 3100 m.

제지에서의 사용 범위

China, Japan, Korea.

식물 재배 및 사용에 관한 일반성

A pink, brown-violet dye, can be obtained from the fruit. The color varies according to the type of mordant: pale pink with alum, purple brown with iron salts.

중국:

일본:

The dye is used for kesa, dress of Buddhist monks and nuns.

한국:

In Korea, the plum blossom is a symbol for spring. It is a popular flower motif for embroidery.

제지를 위한 준비 방법

일본:

Fruit juice added with lime water or rice vinegar is used.

한국:

종이 명칭

한국:

Suffix ji = paper.
In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

식물의 이용 부위:

Fruit

제지에서의 사용:

Dye

Langue:

French

Botanical classification

Prunus mume (Siebold) Siebold & Zucc.

목:

Rosales

과:

Rosaceae

동의어:

Armeniaca mume var. mume

식물의 성장 영역

China (Native to Sichuan and Yunnan; cultivated throughout most of China), Japan, Korea, North Laos, Taiwan, North Vietnam. Commonly cultivated in these countries.

Grows on forested slopes, on stream sides, along trails, at an altitude from 1700 to 3100 m.

제지에서의 사용 범위

China, Japan, Korea.

식물 재배 및 사용에 관한 일반성

A pink, brown-violet dye, can be obtained from the fruit. The color varies according to the type of mordant: pale pink with alum, purple brown with iron salts.

중국:

일본:

The dye is used for kesa, dress of Buddhist monks and nuns.

한국:

In Korea, the plum blossom is a symbol for spring. It is a popular flower motif for embroidery.

제지를 위한 준비 방법

일본:

Fruit juice added with lime water or rice vinegar is used.

한국:

종이 명칭

한국:

Suffix ji = paper.
In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

식물의 이용 부위:

Fruit

제지에서의 사용:

Dye

Langue:

French

Botanical classification

Prunus mume (Siebold) Siebold & Zucc.

목:

Rosales

과:

Rosaceae

동의어:

Armeniaca mume var. mume

식물의 성장 영역

China (Native to Sichuan and Yunnan; cultivated throughout most of China), Japan, Korea, North Laos, Taiwan, North Vietnam. Commonly cultivated in these countries.

Grows on forested slopes, on stream sides, along trails, at an altitude from 1700 to 3100 m.

제지에서의 사용 범위

China, Japan, Korea.

식물 재배 및 사용에 관한 일반성

A pink, brown-violet dye, can be obtained from the fruit. The color varies according to the type of mordant: pale pink with alum, purple brown with iron salts.

중국:

일본:

The dye is used for kesa, dress of Buddhist monks and nuns.

한국:

In Korea, the plum blossom is a symbol for spring. It is a popular flower motif for embroidery.

제지를 위한 준비 방법

일본:

Fruit juice added with lime water or rice vinegar is used.

한국:

종이 명칭

한국:

Suffix ji = paper.
In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

식물의 이용 부위:

Fruit

제지에서의 사용:

Dye

Langue:

French

Botanical classification

Prunus mume (Siebold) Siebold & Zucc.

목:

Rosales

과:

Rosaceae

동의어:

Armeniaca mume var. mume

식물의 성장 영역

China (Native to Sichuan and Yunnan; cultivated throughout most of China), Japan, Korea, North Laos, Taiwan, North Vietnam. Commonly cultivated in these countries.

Grows on forested slopes, on stream sides, along trails, at an altitude from 1700 to 3100 m.

제지에서의 사용 범위

China, Japan, Korea.

식물 재배 및 사용에 관한 일반성

A pink, brown-violet dye, can be obtained from the fruit. The color varies according to the type of mordant: pale pink with alum, purple brown with iron salts.

중국:

일본:

The dye is used for kesa, dress of Buddhist monks and nuns.

한국:

In Korea, the plum blossom is a symbol for spring. It is a popular flower motif for embroidery.

제지를 위한 준비 방법

일본:

Fruit juice added with lime water or rice vinegar is used.

한국:

종이 명칭

한국:

Suffix ji = paper.
In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

식물의 이용 부위:

Fruit

제지에서의 사용:

Dye

Langue:

Chinese

지역 표기:

梅原变种

Botanical classification

Prunus mume (Siebold) Siebold & Zucc.

목:

Rosales

과:

Rosaceae

동의어:

Armeniaca mume var. mume

식물의 성장 영역

China (Native to Sichuan and Yunnan; cultivated throughout most of China), Japan, Korea, North Laos, Taiwan, North Vietnam. Commonly cultivated in these countries.

Grows on forested slopes, on stream sides, along trails, at an altitude from 1700 to 3100 m.

제지에서의 사용 범위

China, Japan, Korea.

식물 재배 및 사용에 관한 일반성

A pink, brown-violet dye, can be obtained from the fruit. The color varies according to the type of mordant: pale pink with alum, purple brown with iron salts.

중국:

일본:

The dye is used for kesa, dress of Buddhist monks and nuns.

한국:

In Korea, the plum blossom is a symbol for spring. It is a popular flower motif for embroidery.

제지를 위한 준비 방법

일본:

Fruit juice added with lime water or rice vinegar is used.

한국:

종이 명칭

한국:

Suffix ji = paper.
In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

식물의 이용 부위:

Fruit

제지에서의 사용:

Dye

Langue:

Chinese

지역 표기:

小麦

섬유 식별 요소들

Fibre type	Grass
Average fibre lenght	1.4mm
Average fibre width	15µm
Fibre ends	Blunt or pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Strong.
Associated cells	Vessel elements. Parenchyma cells. Presence of other thin walled pitted fibres, rounded or barrel.
Special features	Fibers with thick and narrow walls. Large rectangular epidermal cells, often double-walled, in saw tooth shape.
Herzberg staining	Green/Blue.
Graff 'C' staining	Green/Blue.

Botanical classification

Triticum aestivum L.

목:

Poales

과:

Poaceae

동의어:

Triticum aestivum subsp. vulgare (Vill.) Thell.

Triticum aestivum var. hybernum (L.) Farw.

Triticum aestivum var. hybernum (L.) Fiori

Triticum compositum L.

Triticum dicoccon var. timopheevii Zhuk.

Triticum estivum Raf.

Triticum hybernum L.

Triticum orientale Percival

Triticum persicum Vavilov ex Zhukov

Triticum pyramidale Percival

Triticum sativum Lam.

Triticum sativum var. aestivum (L.) Alph. Wood

Triticum sativum var. compositum (L.) Alph. Wood

Triticum sativum var. vulgare (Vill.) Vilm.

Triticum sativum var. vulgare Desv.

Triticum sativum var. vulgare Hack.

Triticum timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk.

Triticum vulgare (L.) Salisb.

Triticum vulgare Vill.

Triticum vulgare var. aestivum (L.) Spenn.

Zeia vulgaris var. aestiva (L.) Lunell

식물의 성장 영역

Plant of Mediterranean origin, cultivated worldwide: it is found from Europe to China.

China (throughout China).

Grown in fields at altitudes below 3500m.

제지에서의 사용 범위

China, Korea, Japan.

중국:

Zhejiang.

일본:

Shikoku (Ehime prefecture).

식물 재배 및 사용에 관한 일반성

Wheat is an annual plant up to 1.50m in height, consisting of a stem topped by an ear. The plant can adapt to different kinds of soils, but moist and well-drained and she requires full sun.
There are about 25 species of Triticum worldwide, including four in China, which were all introduced.
The ancestor of today's wheats is a wild grass, Egilope, that grew in the Middle East where it was domesticated in the early Neolithic. Wheat is an essential nutrient in Western societies as bread, porridges, noodles etc.. The expansion of wheat cultivation takes place both to Europe and eastward, reaching China and Korea around 3500 BC. and Japan around 2300 BC.
Triticum aestivum wheat is grown to make bread flour in the West and noodles in Asia.
The wheat straw is used as bedding and fodder for animals, to cover houses and in the manufacture of handicrafts.
Straw is not very often used in the manufacture of Asian papers.
Starch is used as a sizing agent for textiles.

중국:

Su I-Chien (953-996), in the "Phu Weng Fang Ssu" or "Four implements for writing in a scholar's studio" says that rice and wheat straws are used in Zhejiang and produce an excellent paper when mixed with rattan.

Song Yingxing (1587-1646) in the "Tian Gong Kai Wu" or "Creations of nature and work of man " (encyclopedia dated around 1634) mentions the blending of straw with bamboo in the manufacture of wrapping paper.
Currently straw is still one of the most used materials in the production of packaging paper, ceremony papers and sanitary papers.

일본:

Rice straw was used at the time of mechanization with the search for new materials. These tests were conducted in Kochi Prefecture during the Meiji period (1868-1912).

Straw is also used in the manufacture of paper of kariryo hanshi or improved hanshi after the World War II.

한국:

In Korea, wheat and rice straws are used in combination with the bark of Broussonetia. They are additional raw materials to reduce the cost during the Joseon period (1392-1910).

제지를 위한 준비 방법

Chine:

Wheat is harvested in late summer; after collecting the seeds, the straw is cut in pieces and beaten to soften it.

Straw is set to be steeped in lime water for 5 days in earthen jars, or after soaking in water for 24 hours, it is cooked for two hours in ash lye or caustic soda.

The straw is then placed in fine mesh bags suspended from poles in running water to remove the whole lime.

Straw is then beaten in a ball mill for 1½ hours. The beating is shorter and less violent than for bamboo or bark pulps.

"Tian Gong Kai Wu" variant: the straw is beaten at first, then after immersion in lime water, it is buried in a pit. After disintegration, straw, placed in cloth bags, is rinsed in river.

일본:

Straw is boiled in caustic soda.

종이 명칭

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

일본:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

한국:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

식물의 이용 부위:

Stem

제지에서의 사용:

Fiber

Daphne pseudomezereum A. Gray © Flora of China

Daphne pseudomezereum A. Gray © L.B. Vilmont

섬유 식별 요소들

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre lenght	5mm
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Looks like gampi and mitsumata.
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining	Grey-blue.

Botanical classification

Daphne pseudomezereum A. Gray

목:

Malvales

과:

Thymelaeaceae

동의어:

Daphne japonica Siebold & Zucc.

식물의 성장 영역

China (Jilin, Liaoning), Japan, Korea.

It grows in forest at an altitude from 800 to 1600m.

제지에서의 사용 범위

China, Korea, Japan.

중국:

Xizang (Tibet).

식물 재배 및 사용에 관한 일반성

Daphnes are shrubs or sub-shrubs of the Thymelaceae family. Daphnes comprise from 50 to 95 species, according to the classifications. Some species grow in the plains, others in the mountains, in rockery; they appreciate calcareous soils. The plants are recognizable by their colorful flowers and toxic fruits.
There is a great confusion among the various Daphnes, Edgeworthias and especially Wikstroemias because their morphologies are very similar.

The etymology of daphne pseudomezereum comes on one hand, from the name of the nymph, daughter of Peneus, who pursued by Apollo, was transformed into a laurel tree to escape, and on the other hand from the Arabic word mezereum which means toxic.

Daphne pseudomezereum is a shrub, deciduous in summer, which can reach 1.5 m in height and prefers sunny areas. Flowers are pale green and flowering occurs in March to April. It is easy to propagate but its life does not exceed ten years.

The bark contains a large amount of hemicelluloses which makes it valuable in the manufacture of paper. Daphnes are the base plants for making paper at the foot of Himalayas.

중국:

Daphne papers are considered as the best in Tibet where they are called dug-shog which means poison paper because of the repellent properties of the bark.

일본:

The plant has been used in the manufacture of paper during the Nara period (710-794).

종이 명칭

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

식물의 이용 부위:

Bark

제지에서의 사용:

Fiber

섬유 식별 요소들

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre lenght	12,2mm
Average fibre width	30,2µ
Fibre ends	Blunt.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Cross-markings.
Associated cells
Special features	Less prominent wall.
Herzberg staining	Purple
Graff 'C' staining	Purple

Botanical classification

Morus alba L.

목:

Rosales

과:

Moraceae

동의어:

Morus alba var. tatarica (L.) Ser.

Morus atropurpurea Roxb.

Morus indica L.

Morus intermedia Perr.

Morus multicaulis Perr.

Morus tatarica L.

식물의 성장 영역

Cultivated throughout the world. China (cultivated throughout China), India, Pakistan.

Found in disturbed areas, woodland margins, fencerows, dry to moist thickets; 0-1500 m.

제지에서의 사용 범위

China, Korea, Japan.

중국:

Jiangsu, Zheijiang.

일본:

Chubu (Nagano prefecture), Shikoku (Tokushima prefecture).

식물 재배 및 사용에 관한 일반성

Morus alba is a deciduous tree (persistent in some tropical regions) that can reach 20 meters high. Its growth is rapid when the tree is young and then it slows down. It is propagated by cuttings. Flowering occurs from spring to summer. Quite hardy, it tolerates drought.
It produces a latex and its fruits are edible.
Fruits, roots and bark of Morus alba are used in traditional medicine, the root bark has deworming properties.
The roots, leaves and bark are used for dyeing. The leaves contain rutin (flavonols); wood and bark contain various flavones (mulberrol, mulberrochromène, cyclomulberrol, etc.
The bark yields papermaking fibers and textile fibers.
Morus alba has been widely cultivated from India, Afghanistan and Iran to South of Europe to serve as food for silkworms for a thousand years. It is now cultivated worldwide.
Originally endemic to northern China, it is now grown throughout China. The traditional tree is planted for the cultivation of silkworms especially in the provinces of Zhejiang and Jiansu. This culture began in China over four thousand years ago.

중국:

There is confusion about the nature of the various shrubs providing barks in the Moraceae family. The three words for mulberry in China (Ku Chou Kou) were mixed up because their pronunciation is very close and the appearance of the shrubs is similar. The various Chinese sources show that the bark of Morus alba and Broussonetia papyrifera were both used in the manufacture of paper.

The bark of Morus Alba has a wrinkled surface; the fibers are long and very difficult to separate. Therefore, the raw material takes longer to prepare than Broussonetia papyrifera and Broussonetia kazinoki. That is may be why the bark of these last ones have been used more.

According to Pan Jixing, the fibers are used in the manufacture of paper since the Wei dynasty (220-265).
The white mulberry paper is very common as writing carrier under the Jin (265-420) and the Tang (618-907). Many Dunhuang manuscripts were papers made with chu bark.

In the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) history, it is specified that mulberry (sang pi) gives fibers (sang jang), a greenish material, for money paper. This paper thick and smooth, is produced in Zhejiang as it is used by silk producers to keep the eggs of silkworms.

일본:

The area around Omachi city (Nagano Prefecture - Chubu) was a large production area of mulberry paper because it was one of the largest growing areas of silkworms. Papermakers used to make various kinds of papers related to sericulture production (bags for the growth of cocoons, carriers for eggs).
It is used in combination with the paper mulberry during the years when the harvest of the latter is not good.

한국:

The bark is used in mixture with paper mulberry fibers during the Joseon period (1392-1910). The roots are used as yellow dye.

제지를 위한 준비 방법

Chine:

Harvesting takes place in the spring. The bark is directly peeled from the wood or the branches are put in bundles for steaming. The peeling of the bark is done after steaming or cooking in boiling water inside a closed tank. The bark can then either be dried in the sun or to ferment. In the first case, the impurities are removed by an alkaline cooking (ash lye) that can last several days. If the fermentation process is used, the barks are immersed in water to ferment for several days. They are then rinsed and brown bark is scraped with a knife. They are then immersed in lime for several weeks. The operation is followed by further rinsing.

Bleaching is carried out by exposing the bark to the sun with water spraying for 7 to 11 weeks.
The bark is then crushed by various methods: in a mortar with a pestle or with a trip hammer (foot hammer or hammer with cams activated by water power) on a stone or beaten with mallets or wooden sticks or crushed in a grinder moved by an animal.

Before making the sheets, a dispersing agent is added to the pulp which is brewed.
Sheet forming uses several methods: bailing in one or several scoops depending on the desired thickness.

The sheets are couched in a pile before being put under weight or in press during one night. They are then brushed on a heated or not heated wall to dry.

일본:

Harvesting begins when the leaves have fallen in November, December. The branches are cut into equal pieces of one meter in length to form bundles. These bundles are placed in an oven for two to three hours to facilitate the peeling of the bark. The bark at this stage is called "black bark" because of its outside layer to be removed before ensiling. It is scraped with a knife.
The bark is then rinsed and allowed to dry on rack. The bark is ready to make paper after two or three years of storage.
Before cooking the bark can be bleached: it is exposed to sunlight in the cold water of a river or on the snow. Cooking in an alkaline solution allows the removal of lignin, pectins, gums and waxes, which would block the separation of fibers during the beating. Alcaline solutions are either wood ash or alkaline chemicals (sodium hydroxide or lime). Cooking lasts about two hours but the duration varies depending on the age of the bark and the alkali used. After cooking the barks are rinsed to remove alkali residues. Removing of foreign particles is done by hands in cold water.

The pulp is then beaten manually with mallets or sticks, or in the Japanese hollander, the naginata.
The pulp is poured into a wooden vat already filled with water and the dispersing agent is added to the paste which is whipped using a wooden rake.
Two methods are used to make the sheet: nagashizuki or tamezuki. In the tamezuki method the amount of needed pulp is taken at once to form the sheet. In the nagashizuki method the sheet is made by superimposing layers of fibers successively until the desired thickness.
The sheets are laid one by one on a board equipped with marks, with or without spacer (thread, stems) for better separation after pressing. The pressing is done by placing the paper stack under load or in a lever press. The pressing is done at the end of the workday, it lasts usually one night. To make them dry, the sheets are brushed on wooden boards which will be placed outdoors or indoors. Currently heated metal plates are also used.
Finally, the sheets are sorted and usually trimmed with a knife using a template.

종이 명칭

한국:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

식물의 이용 부위:

Root

Leaf

Bark

제지에서의 사용:

Dye

Fiber

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Primary tabs

Prunus mume (Siebold) Siebold & Zucc.

Prunus mume (Siebold) Siebold & Zucc.

Prunus mume (Siebold) Siebold & Zucc.

Prunus mume (Siebold) Siebold & Zucc.

Prunus mume (Siebold) Siebold & Zucc.

Prunus mume (Siebold) Siebold & Zucc.

Prunus mume (Siebold) Siebold & Zucc.

Triticum aestivum L.

Daphne pseudomezereum A. Gray

Morus alba L.

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