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Korean

Local scripture:

치자

Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis © C. Laroque

Botanical classification

Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis

Order:

Gentianales

Family:

Rubiaceae

Synonyms:

Gardenia augusta Merr.

Gardenia florida L.

Varneria augusta L.

Plant growing area

Gardenia jasminoides originated in Asia and grows in warm or subtropical climates.

China (Sichuan, Hubei), Japan, India, Taiwan, Vietnam.

In tropical areas it is found in lower altitudes.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

China:

Hubei, Sichuan.

Plant cultivation and use

Branched evergreen shrub with fragrant flowers, up to 1,50m-3m in height. It requires mildly acidic soil, good drainage and a sunny location. It blooms in spring or summer. The fruit is an orange berry which is used in traditional medicine as a febrifuge. It is also considered as insect repellent. The plant is as well grown as an ornamental and fragrant plant.

The fruits contain a dye, the crocin which is a carotenoid. They must be ripe to be used. The yellow dye was mainly used as a dye for fabrics; adding iron it is possible to modify the color. The color is very sensitive to acids, alkalis and to light.

China:

Gardenia jasminoides provides one of the oldest yellow dye used in China; the first evidences of its use date back to 2nd century BC and show that the dye was very popular in the Qin (221-207 BC.) and Han (202 BC.-220 AD.) dynasties.

It was used as a dye for imperial documents.

Japan:

Kuchinashi means "no mouth" because the seeds are not opening.

A yellow dye is quoted in the "Ebukuryo code" or "Garment code" dating from the 8th century AD. It may be Kuchinashi but also Kariyasu (Miscanthus tinctorius (Steud.) Hack.) or Kihada (Phellodendron amurense).

The dye is used in dyeing fabrics, paper and also in printing prints.

Korea:

This is the most widely used yellow dye. It has been used since at least the 7th-8th centuries.

It is used in combination with Indigofera tinctoria to get green color.
The papers dyed with gardenia are often used to make embossed papers (neunghwaji). Because of their repellent properties, these papers were used as book covers in bookbindings.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

The fruits are picked when ripe and then pressed. The dye is ready to use.

Other method: the fruits are dried after harvesting. The dye is obtained by boiling in water or in a mixture of water and alcohol, the dry fruits.

Japan:

The fruits are picked when ripe and then pressed. The dye is ready to use.

Other method: the fruits are dried after harvesting. The dye is obtained by boiling in water or in a mixture of water and alcohol, le dry fruits.

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by their small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Usually the pulp is dyed in the vat before forming the sheets.

Korea:

Harvesting takes place in autumn. The fruits are dried in absence of light. They will be used the following year.

The fruits are placed in water and heated up to 50 ° C maximum in order to avoid the color to turn brown. The mordant used is aluminum which allows various shades.

The papers are dyed in three ways: dyeing of the pulp (Seonyeombeop), dyeing of the sheet by dipping, brushing and spraying (Huyeombeop ), combination of the both methods (Honyeombeop). Then the paper can be hammered.

Paper names

In Asia and particularly in China, Korea and Japan, the papers are intended for a wide range of use: Papers for calligraphy and art, Papers for ceremonies, Paper as a medium of exchange, money paper, Papers for making clothes, wall hangings and bedding, Papers for architecture, interior design, Papers for crafts of various kinds, for domestic purposes and leisure. The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Fruit

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

Chinese

Local scripture:

大花栀子

Botanical classification

Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis

Order:

Gentianales

Family:

Rubiaceae

Synonyms:

Gardenia augusta Merr.

Gardenia florida L.

Varneria augusta L.

Plant growing area

Gardenia jasminoides originated in Asia and grows in warm or subtropical climates.

China (Sichuan, Hubei), Japan, India, Taiwan, Vietnam.

In tropical areas it is found in lower altitudes.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

China:

Hubei, Sichuan.

Plant cultivation and use

China:

It was used as a dye for imperial documents.

Japan:

Kuchinashi means "no mouth" because the seeds are not opening.

The dye is used in dyeing fabrics, paper and also in printing prints.

Korea:

This is the most widely used yellow dye. It has been used since at least the 7th-8th centuries.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

The fruits are picked when ripe and then pressed. The dye is ready to use.

Other method: the fruits are dried after harvesting. The dye is obtained by boiling in water or in a mixture of water and alcohol, the dry fruits.

Japan:

The fruits are picked when ripe and then pressed. The dye is ready to use.

Other method: the fruits are dried after harvesting. The dye is obtained by boiling in water or in a mixture of water and alcohol, le dry fruits.

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by their small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Usually the pulp is dyed in the vat before forming the sheets.

Korea:

Harvesting takes place in autumn. The fruits are dried in absence of light. They will be used the following year.

The fruits are placed in water and heated up to 50 ° C maximum in order to avoid the color to turn brown. The mordant used is aluminum which allows various shades.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Fruit

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

Chinese

Local scripture:

山黃梔

栀子

Botanical classification

Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis

Order:

Gentianales

Family:

Rubiaceae

Synonyms:

Gardenia augusta Merr.

Gardenia florida L.

Varneria augusta L.

Plant growing area

Gardenia jasminoides originated in Asia and grows in warm or subtropical climates.

China (Sichuan, Hubei), Japan, India, Taiwan, Vietnam.

In tropical areas it is found in lower altitudes.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

China:

Hubei, Sichuan.

Plant cultivation and use

China:

It was used as a dye for imperial documents.

Japan:

Kuchinashi means "no mouth" because the seeds are not opening.

The dye is used in dyeing fabrics, paper and also in printing prints.

Korea:

This is the most widely used yellow dye. It has been used since at least the 7th-8th centuries.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

The fruits are picked when ripe and then pressed. The dye is ready to use.

Other method: the fruits are dried after harvesting. The dye is obtained by boiling in water or in a mixture of water and alcohol, the dry fruits.

Japan:

The fruits are picked when ripe and then pressed. The dye is ready to use.

Other method: the fruits are dried after harvesting. The dye is obtained by boiling in water or in a mixture of water and alcohol, le dry fruits.

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by their small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Usually the pulp is dyed in the vat before forming the sheets.

Korea:

Harvesting takes place in autumn. The fruits are dried in absence of light. They will be used the following year.

The fruits are placed in water and heated up to 50 ° C maximum in order to avoid the color to turn brown. The mordant used is aluminum which allows various shades.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Fruit

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

French

Botanical classification

Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis

Order:

Gentianales

Family:

Rubiaceae

Synonyms:

Gardenia augusta Merr.

Gardenia florida L.

Varneria augusta L.

Plant growing area

Gardenia jasminoides originated in Asia and grows in warm or subtropical climates.

China (Sichuan, Hubei), Japan, India, Taiwan, Vietnam.

In tropical areas it is found in lower altitudes.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

China:

Hubei, Sichuan.

Plant cultivation and use

China:

It was used as a dye for imperial documents.

Japan:

Kuchinashi means "no mouth" because the seeds are not opening.

The dye is used in dyeing fabrics, paper and also in printing prints.

Korea:

This is the most widely used yellow dye. It has been used since at least the 7th-8th centuries.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

The fruits are picked when ripe and then pressed. The dye is ready to use.

Other method: the fruits are dried after harvesting. The dye is obtained by boiling in water or in a mixture of water and alcohol, the dry fruits.

Japan:

The fruits are picked when ripe and then pressed. The dye is ready to use.

Other method: the fruits are dried after harvesting. The dye is obtained by boiling in water or in a mixture of water and alcohol, le dry fruits.

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by their small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Usually the pulp is dyed in the vat before forming the sheets.

Korea:

Harvesting takes place in autumn. The fruits are dried in absence of light. They will be used the following year.

The fruits are placed in water and heated up to 50 ° C maximum in order to avoid the color to turn brown. The mordant used is aluminum which allows various shades.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Fruit

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

English

Botanical classification

Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis

Order:

Gentianales

Family:

Rubiaceae

Synonyms:

Gardenia augusta Merr.

Gardenia florida L.

Varneria augusta L.

Plant growing area

Gardenia jasminoides originated in Asia and grows in warm or subtropical climates.

China (Sichuan, Hubei), Japan, India, Taiwan, Vietnam.

In tropical areas it is found in lower altitudes.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

China:

Hubei, Sichuan.

Plant cultivation and use

China:

It was used as a dye for imperial documents.

Japan:

Kuchinashi means "no mouth" because the seeds are not opening.

The dye is used in dyeing fabrics, paper and also in printing prints.

Korea:

This is the most widely used yellow dye. It has been used since at least the 7th-8th centuries.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

The fruits are picked when ripe and then pressed. The dye is ready to use.

Other method: the fruits are dried after harvesting. The dye is obtained by boiling in water or in a mixture of water and alcohol, the dry fruits.

Japan:

The fruits are picked when ripe and then pressed. The dye is ready to use.

Other method: the fruits are dried after harvesting. The dye is obtained by boiling in water or in a mixture of water and alcohol, le dry fruits.

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by their small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Usually the pulp is dyed in the vat before forming the sheets.

Korea:

Harvesting takes place in autumn. The fruits are dried in absence of light. They will be used the following year.

The fruits are placed in water and heated up to 50 ° C maximum in order to avoid the color to turn brown. The mordant used is aluminum which allows various shades.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Fruit

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

French

Typha orientalis C. Presl © IFAS University of Florida

Identification

Fibre type	Grass (Stem)
Average fibre lenght	1,7 mm
Average fibre width	22 µm
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Prominent wall.
Associated cells
Special features	Very large vessel elements, unwound spiral vessels.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple
Graff 'C' staining	Dark purple

Botanical classification

Typha orientalis C. Presl

Order:

Poales

Family:

Typhaceae

Synonyms:

Typha latifolia var. orientalis (C. Presl) Rohrb.

Typha orientalis var. brunnea Skvortsov

Typha shuttleworthii Lehm.

Typha shuttleworthii subsp. orientalis (C. Presl) Graebn.

Typha shuttleworthii var. orientalis (C. Presl) Rohrb.

Plant growing area

The genus is found mainly in the Northern hemisphere and can be found in a large variety of wetland habitats.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

China:

Hunan.

Plant cultivation and use

Typha orientalis is a perennial monocotyledonous plant of wetlands where it grows in dense colonies. The roots are rhizomes and stem is topped by a dense inflorescence in shape of distaff. It is found in temperate, tropical, subtropical climates. It reaches 1.50m to 3m height. It prefers the rich soils of the pond margins, full sun or part shade.

The leaves, flowers and roots have medicinal properties. The roots and young shoots are edible.
The stems and leaves are used for thatching and can be woven into mats, hats, etc.
The root fibers are used to make string while the stem fibers are used in the manufacture of a greenish or brown paper.

Preparation process for making paper

Korea:

The plants are harvested in summer, autumn or winter and are soaked in water for a day. They are then cooked for 2 hours with sodium hydroxide. The fibers are then beaten in a grinder for 1 hour to 2 hours.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Leaf

Stem

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

コガマ　

Identification

Fibre type	Grass (Stem)
Average fibre lenght	1,7 mm
Average fibre width	22 µm
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Prominent wall.
Associated cells
Special features	Very large vessel elements, unwound spiral vessels.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple
Graff 'C' staining	Dark purple

Botanical classification

Typha orientalis C. Presl

Order:

Poales

Family:

Typhaceae

Synonyms:

Typha latifolia var. orientalis (C. Presl) Rohrb.

Typha orientalis var. brunnea Skvortsov

Typha shuttleworthii Lehm.

Typha shuttleworthii subsp. orientalis (C. Presl) Graebn.

Typha shuttleworthii var. orientalis (C. Presl) Rohrb.

Plant growing area

The genus is found mainly in the Northern hemisphere and can be found in a large variety of wetland habitats.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

China:

Hunan.

Plant cultivation and use

Preparation process for making paper

Korea:

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Leaf

Stem

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

French

Identification

Fibre type	Grass (Stem)
Average fibre lenght	1,7 mm
Average fibre width	22 µm
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Prominent wall.
Associated cells
Special features	Very large vessel elements, unwound spiral vessels.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple
Graff 'C' staining	Dark purple

Botanical classification

Typha orientalis C. Presl

Order:

Poales

Family:

Typhaceae

Synonyms:

Typha latifolia var. orientalis (C. Presl) Rohrb.

Typha orientalis var. brunnea Skvortsov

Typha shuttleworthii Lehm.

Typha shuttleworthii subsp. orientalis (C. Presl) Graebn.

Typha shuttleworthii var. orientalis (C. Presl) Rohrb.

Plant growing area

The genus is found mainly in the Northern hemisphere and can be found in a large variety of wetland habitats.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

China:

Hunan.

Plant cultivation and use

Preparation process for making paper

Korea:

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Leaf

Stem

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

English

Identification

Fibre type	Grass (Stem)
Average fibre lenght	1,7 mm
Average fibre width	22 µm
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Prominent wall.
Associated cells
Special features	Very large vessel elements, unwound spiral vessels.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple
Graff 'C' staining	Dark purple

Botanical classification

Typha orientalis C. Presl

Order:

Poales

Family:

Typhaceae

Synonyms:

Typha latifolia var. orientalis (C. Presl) Rohrb.

Typha orientalis var. brunnea Skvortsov

Typha shuttleworthii Lehm.

Typha shuttleworthii subsp. orientalis (C. Presl) Graebn.

Typha shuttleworthii var. orientalis (C. Presl) Rohrb.

Plant growing area

The genus is found mainly in the Northern hemisphere and can be found in a large variety of wetland habitats.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

China:

Hunan.

Plant cultivation and use

Preparation process for making paper

Korea:

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Leaf

Stem

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

English

Identification

Fibre type	Grass (Stem)
Average fibre lenght	1,7 mm
Average fibre width	22 µm
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Prominent wall.
Associated cells
Special features	Very large vessel elements, unwound spiral vessels.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple
Graff 'C' staining	Dark purple

Botanical classification

Typha orientalis C. Presl

Order:

Poales

Family:

Typhaceae

Synonyms:

Typha latifolia var. orientalis (C. Presl) Rohrb.

Typha orientalis var. brunnea Skvortsov

Typha shuttleworthii Lehm.

Typha shuttleworthii subsp. orientalis (C. Presl) Graebn.

Typha shuttleworthii var. orientalis (C. Presl) Rohrb.

Plant growing area

The genus is found mainly in the Northern hemisphere and can be found in a large variety of wetland habitats.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

China:

Hunan.

Plant cultivation and use

Preparation process for making paper

Korea:

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Leaf

Stem

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Primary tabs

Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis

Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis

Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis

Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis

Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis

Typha orientalis C. Presl

Typha orientalis C. Presl

Typha orientalis C. Presl

Typha orientalis C. Presl

Typha orientalis C. Presl

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Primary tabs

Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis

Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis

Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis

Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis

Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis

Typha orientalis C. Presl

Typha orientalis C. Presl

Typha orientalis C. Presl

Typha orientalis C. Presl

Typha orientalis C. Presl

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