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Plant growing area

Native to Japan : Kanto, Shikoku, Kyushu. Cultivated in China.

Grows in woods, old fields, roadsides.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Deciduous thorny shrub, usually grows circa 1-2 m tall which pale yellow flowers forming small clusters which will give red berries. Flowering is late, in April to May.The plant has an extensive root system with branched rhizomes.

Japanese barberry accepts various types of soils but prefers less acidic soils; it is full sun, part sun and shade tolerant.

A strong yellow dye can be extracted from the wood, root, bark, by cooking them in water. The extract contains alkaloids (berberine, berbamine, and oxyacanthine) and some soluble tannins. The main dye is berberine.

The stems, the leaves and the berries can also be used to give a yellow to coral colour. Dye is used in combination with or without mordent on wool and silk. Using an aluminum mordent the color turns to coral. The color has poor light fastness.

The plant also has antimicrobial and antifungal medicinal properties.

China:

Commonly cultivated for ornament in China. Also used for dyeing fabrics.

The Tiang Kong Kai Wu (Creations of nature and work of man ), encyclopedia dating 1634 or 1637, written by Song Yingxing, gives a recipe to prepare a greenish yellow dye.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Extract is obtained by boiling in water for 2 to 3 hours, wood, roots and bark chopped into pieces. Dyeing is performed without etching.

Tiang Kong Kai Wu recipe: stems without bark and roots, cut into small pieces, are boiled for several hours; fibers are soaked in the liquid and in a very diluted bath of indigo starch.

Japan:

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitachizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

The papers are dyed in three ways: dyeing of the pulp (Seonyeombeop), dyeing of the sheet by dipping, brushing and spraying (Huyeombeop ), combination of the both methods (Honyeombeop). Then the paper can be hammered.

Paper names

In Asia and particularly in China, Korea and Japan, the papers are intended for a wide range of use: Papers for calligraphy and art, Papers for ceremonies, Paper as a medium of exchange, money paper, Papers for making clothes, wall hangings and bedding, Papers for architecture, interior design, Papers for crafts of various kinds, for domestic purposes and leisure. The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Root

Stem

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

Botanical classification

Berberis thunbergii DC.

Order:

Ranunculales

Family:

Plant growing area

Native to Japan : Kanto, Shikoku, Kyushu. Cultivated in China.

Grows in woods, old fields, roadsides.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Japanese barberry accepts various types of soils but prefers less acidic soils; it is full sun, part sun and shade tolerant.

The plant also has antimicrobial and antifungal medicinal properties.

China:

Commonly cultivated for ornament in China. Also used for dyeing fabrics.

The Tiang Kong Kai Wu (Creations of nature and work of man ), encyclopedia dating 1634 or 1637, written by Song Yingxing, gives a recipe to prepare a greenish yellow dye.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Extract is obtained by boiling in water for 2 to 3 hours, wood, roots and bark chopped into pieces. Dyeing is performed without etching.

Tiang Kong Kai Wu recipe: stems without bark and roots, cut into small pieces, are boiled for several hours; fibers are soaked in the liquid and in a very diluted bath of indigo starch.

Japan:

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitachizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Root

Stem

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

Botanical classification

Berberis thunbergii DC.

Order:

Ranunculales

Family:

Plant growing area

Native to Japan : Kanto, Shikoku, Kyushu. Cultivated in China.

Grows in woods, old fields, roadsides.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Japanese barberry accepts various types of soils but prefers less acidic soils; it is full sun, part sun and shade tolerant.

The plant also has antimicrobial and antifungal medicinal properties.

China:

Commonly cultivated for ornament in China. Also used for dyeing fabrics.

The Tiang Kong Kai Wu (Creations of nature and work of man ), encyclopedia dating 1634 or 1637, written by Song Yingxing, gives a recipe to prepare a greenish yellow dye.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Extract is obtained by boiling in water for 2 to 3 hours, wood, roots and bark chopped into pieces. Dyeing is performed without etching.

Tiang Kong Kai Wu recipe: stems without bark and roots, cut into small pieces, are boiled for several hours; fibers are soaked in the liquid and in a very diluted bath of indigo starch.

Japan:

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitachizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Root

Stem

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

Botanical classification

Berberis thunbergii DC.

Order:

Ranunculales

Family:

Plant growing area

Native to Japan : Kanto, Shikoku, Kyushu. Cultivated in China.

Grows in woods, old fields, roadsides.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Japanese barberry accepts various types of soils but prefers less acidic soils; it is full sun, part sun and shade tolerant.

The plant also has antimicrobial and antifungal medicinal properties.

China:

Commonly cultivated for ornament in China. Also used for dyeing fabrics.

The Tiang Kong Kai Wu (Creations of nature and work of man ), encyclopedia dating 1634 or 1637, written by Song Yingxing, gives a recipe to prepare a greenish yellow dye.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Extract is obtained by boiling in water for 2 to 3 hours, wood, roots and bark chopped into pieces. Dyeing is performed without etching.

Tiang Kong Kai Wu recipe: stems without bark and roots, cut into small pieces, are boiled for several hours; fibers are soaked in the liquid and in a very diluted bath of indigo starch.

Japan:

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitachizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Root

Stem

Use for paper making:

Dye

Identification

Fibre type	...
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Daphne odora Thunb.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Thymelaeaceae

Synonyms:

Daphne chinensis Spreng.

Daphne. hybrida Lindl.

Daphne japonica Thunb.

Daphne kiusiana var. odora (Thunb.) Makino

Daphne mazelii Carrière

Daphne odora f. alba (Hemsl.) H. Hara

Daphne odora f. marginata Makino

Daphne odora f. rosacea (Makino) H. Hara

Daphne odora var. alba Hemsl.

Daphne odora var. leucantha Makino

Daphne odora var. marginata Miq.

Daphne odora var. mazelii (Carrière) Hemsl.

Daphne odora var. rosacea Makino

Daphne odora var. variegata Bean

Daphne sinensis Lam.

Daphne speciosissima Carrière

Daphne triflora Lour.

Plant growing area

Native origin is obscure, probably China or Japan but now widely cultivated in China.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan.

China:

Xizang (Tibet).

Plant cultivation and use

Daphnes are shrubs or sub-shrubs of the Thymelaceae family. Daphnes comprise from 50 to 95 species, according to the classifications. Some species grow in the plains, others in the mountains, in rockery; they appreciate calcareous soils. The plants are recognizable by their colorful flowers and toxic fruits.
There is a great confusion among the various Daphnes, Edgeworthias and especially Wikstroemias because their morphologies are very similar.

The etymology of daphne comes from the name of the nymph, daughter of Peneus, who pursued by Apollo, was transformed into a laurel tree to escape.

The Daphne odora is an evergreen shrub that can reach 1.5 m in height and prefers sunny areas. It is easy to propagate but its life does not exceed ten years.

The bark contains a large amount of hemicelluloses which makes it valuable in the manufacture of paper. Daphnes are the base plants for making paper at the foot of Himalayas.

All parts of the plant are said to be poisonous, however the roots and bark are used in the traditional Nepalese medicine in the treatment of fevers. The bark has a high content of diterpene esters of tigliane daphnane type.

China:

Daphne odora is widely cultivated in China.

Daphne papers are considered as the best in Tibet where they are called dug-shog which means poison paper because of the repellent properties of the bark.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Phellodendron sachalinense (F. Schmidt) Sarg. © Flora of China

Phellodendron sachalinense (F. Schmidt) Sarg. © Plantillustrations

Botanical classification

Phellodendron sachalinense (F. Schmidt) Sarg.

Order:

Sapindales

Family:

Synonyms:

Phellodendron amurense var. sacchalinense F. Schmitt

Plant growing area

Native to east and northeast Asia.

China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Japan, Korea, Russia (Sakhalin island).

Mixed broad-leaved forests, open to dense forests; Grows at an altitude from 800 to 3000 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea .

Plant cultivation and use

Phellodendron sachalinense is a deciduous tree which can reach 15m high with irregular branching.

It has a rapid growth. As it is hardy and can thrive in various soils but prefers sunny exposure. Clumped flowers are yellow. Flowering occurs in early summer. It is often considered as geographical variety of Phellodendron amurense but it differs to it in its thinner layer of cork; like it, its fruits yield an oil which insecticidal properties are similar to those of pyrethrum.

Phellodendron sachalinense has dyeing properties conferred by the alkaloids it contains (mainly berberine).The color varies from pale yellow to brown depending on the concentration.

Phellodendron amurense and Phellodendron sachalinense are both used for the same purpose. It is possible to distinguish them by analysis of the proportions of the alkaloids.

China:

Its use in China is the same as for Phellodendron amurense.

Japan:

Its use in japan is the same as for Phellodendron amurense.

Korea:

Its use in Korea is the same as for Phellodendron amurense.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

The outer bark of Phellodendron, chopped into pieces is placed in a bag, soaked in water and boiled; then the filtrate, a bitter yellow liquid, is collected by pressing the bark.
The residues are crushed and boiled again, three times and the filtrates of the three baths are mixed. This allows for a bigger quantity of liquid and a less saturated color. This liquid is called Huang po.
The paper to be dyed must be unsized to let dye penetrates better. The paper after dyeing has a glossy appearance.

Japan:

Wood is cut in small pieces and boiled. The extract is filtered before dyeing.

Dyeing of paper is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

Wood is cut in small pieces and boiled. The extract is filtered before dyeing.

Papers dyed with Phellodendron amurense are fixed by etching with tannins extracted from the bark of chestnut or oak acorns.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.
In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Stem

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

Identification

Fibre type	...
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Daphne odora Thunb.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Thymelaeaceae

Synonyms:

Daphne chinensis Spreng.

Daphne. hybrida Lindl.

Daphne japonica Thunb.

Daphne kiusiana var. odora (Thunb.) Makino

Daphne mazelii Carrière

Daphne odora f. alba (Hemsl.) H. Hara

Daphne odora f. marginata Makino

Daphne odora f. rosacea (Makino) H. Hara

Daphne odora var. alba Hemsl.

Daphne odora var. leucantha Makino

Daphne odora var. marginata Miq.

Daphne odora var. mazelii (Carrière) Hemsl.

Daphne odora var. rosacea Makino

Daphne odora var. variegata Bean

Daphne sinensis Lam.

Daphne speciosissima Carrière

Daphne triflora Lour.

Plant growing area

Native origin is obscure, probably China or Japan but now widely cultivated in China.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan.

China:

Xizang (Tibet).

Plant cultivation and use

The etymology of daphne comes from the name of the nymph, daughter of Peneus, who pursued by Apollo, was transformed into a laurel tree to escape.

The Daphne odora is an evergreen shrub that can reach 1.5 m in height and prefers sunny areas. It is easy to propagate but its life does not exceed ten years.

The bark contains a large amount of hemicelluloses which makes it valuable in the manufacture of paper. Daphnes are the base plants for making paper at the foot of Himalayas.

China:

Daphne odora is widely cultivated in China.

Daphne papers are considered as the best in Tibet where they are called dug-shog which means poison paper because of the repellent properties of the bark.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Botanical classification

Phellodendron sachalinense (F. Schmidt) Sarg.

Order:

Sapindales

Family:

Synonyms:

Phellodendron amurense var. sacchalinense F. Schmitt

Plant growing area

Native to east and northeast Asia.

China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Japan, Korea, Russia (Sakhalin island).

Mixed broad-leaved forests, open to dense forests; Grows at an altitude from 800 to 3000 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea .

Plant cultivation and use

Phellodendron sachalinense is a deciduous tree which can reach 15m high with irregular branching.

Phellodendron sachalinense has dyeing properties conferred by the alkaloids it contains (mainly berberine).The color varies from pale yellow to brown depending on the concentration.

Phellodendron amurense and Phellodendron sachalinense are both used for the same purpose. It is possible to distinguish them by analysis of the proportions of the alkaloids.

China:

Its use in China is the same as for Phellodendron amurense.

Japan:

Its use in japan is the same as for Phellodendron amurense.

Korea:

Its use in Korea is the same as for Phellodendron amurense.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Japan:

Wood is cut in small pieces and boiled. The extract is filtered before dyeing.

Dyeing of paper is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

Wood is cut in small pieces and boiled. The extract is filtered before dyeing.

Papers dyed with Phellodendron amurense are fixed by etching with tannins extracted from the bark of chestnut or oak acorns.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.
In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Stem

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

English

Botanical classification

Phellodendron sachalinense (F. Schmidt) Sarg.

Order:

Sapindales

Family:

Synonyms:

Phellodendron amurense var. sacchalinense F. Schmitt

Plant growing area

Native to east and northeast Asia.

China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Japan, Korea, Russia (Sakhalin island).

Mixed broad-leaved forests, open to dense forests; Grows at an altitude from 800 to 3000 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea .

Plant cultivation and use

Phellodendron sachalinense is a deciduous tree which can reach 15m high with irregular branching.

Phellodendron sachalinense has dyeing properties conferred by the alkaloids it contains (mainly berberine).The color varies from pale yellow to brown depending on the concentration.

Phellodendron amurense and Phellodendron sachalinense are both used for the same purpose. It is possible to distinguish them by analysis of the proportions of the alkaloids.

China:

Its use in China is the same as for Phellodendron amurense.

Japan:

Its use in japan is the same as for Phellodendron amurense.

Korea:

Its use in Korea is the same as for Phellodendron amurense.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Japan:

Wood is cut in small pieces and boiled. The extract is filtered before dyeing.

Dyeing of paper is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

Wood is cut in small pieces and boiled. The extract is filtered before dyeing.

Papers dyed with Phellodendron amurense are fixed by etching with tannins extracted from the bark of chestnut or oak acorns.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.
In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Stem

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

からふときはだ

Synonym:

樺太黄蘗

Botanical classification

Phellodendron sachalinense (F. Schmidt) Sarg.

Order:

Sapindales

Family: