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Language:

Korean

Local scripture:

산쪽풀

Mercurialis leiocarpa Siebold & Zucc.© Flora of China

Mercurialis leiocarpa Siebold & Zucc.© CFH Nature Museum

Botanical classification

Mercurialis leiocarpa Siebold & Zucc.

Order:

Malpighiales

Family:

Euphorbiaceae

Synonyms:

Mercurialis leiocarpa var. transmorrisonensis (Hayata) H. Keng

Mercurialis leiocarpa var. trichocarpa W. T. Wang

Mercurialis transmorrisonensis Hayata

Plant growing area

Bhutan, China (Anhui, North Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), North East India, Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Ryukyu), Korea, Nepal, North Thailand.

Grows on mountain slopes or in valleys or forests at 300-2800 m altitude.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Perennial rhizomatous herb; 30cm to 1m tall. Grows in clumps. It is dioecious and the small flowers bloom from March to April. It adapts to various exposures from sun to partial shade and to a variety of soils, acidic or calcareous.

A drying oil is obtained from the seed.

The chemical structure of the blue dyestuff is unknown. The proportion of colorant in the plant is low and contains impurities. The color fades easily.

Japan:

The dye was used primarily during the Nara period (710-794). Its use continued until the Edo period (1603-1868). It was famous for dyeing kimonos.

The dye was applied directly to the fabric leaving a blue-green color called suri-ai which means " rubbed blue."

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Leaves were harvested in summer and early autumn. After being left to macerate, they were rubbed directly onto the fabric which became blue.

Crushed roots and leaves could also be used to extract a liquid dye.

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

The papers are dyed in three ways: dyeing of the pulp (Seonyeombeop), dyeing of the sheet by dipping, brushing and spraying (Huyeombeop ), combination of the both methods (Honyeombeop). Then the paper can be hammered.

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.
In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Leaf

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

Korean

Local scripture:

칡

Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd) Maesen & S.M . Almeida ex Sanjappa & Predeep © Flora of China

Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd) Maesen & S.M . Almeida ex Sanjappa & Predeep © C. Laroque

Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd) Maesen & S.M . Almeida ex Sanjappa & Predeep © K. Yamasaki

Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd) Maesen & S.M . Almeida ex Sanjappa & Predeep © CFH Nature Museum

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre lenght	2 - 3mm
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd) Maesen & S.M . Almeida ex Sanjappa & Predeep

Order:

Fabales

Family:

Fabaceae

Synonyms:

Dolichos hirsutus Thunb.

Dolichos lobatus Willd.

Pachyrhizus thunbergianus Siebold & Zucc.

Pueraria argyi H. Lév. & Vaniot

Pueraria bodinieri H. Lév. & Vaniot

Pueraria caerulea H. Lév. & Vaniot

Pueraria koten H. Lév. & Vaniot

Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi

Pueraria lobata var. chinensis (Benth.) Ohwi

Pueraria montana var. chinensis (Benth.) Maesen & S.M. Almeida ex Sanjappa & Predeep

Pueraria thunbergiana Benth.

Plant growing area

Native to southeast China and southern Japan.

China (Everywhere except Qinghai, Xinjiang, and Xizang/Tibet), Japan, Korea. Found from South East Asia to Australia.

It grows in mountain forests or it is cultivated.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Pueraria montana lobata is a perennial climbing plant growing to 10m at a fast rate. It grows well in a wide range of environments and soil types, but particularly in temperate climates. The root system can go down to more than 1.5 meters deep. The plant is in bloom from September to October.

The plant is used for medicinal purposes and for its nutritional value. It is regarded in China as one of the 50 fundamental herbs. It is used in alcohol withdrawal and has antipyretic properties. Rich in starch and proteins, flowers, leaves and roots are consumed. Kudzu powder is used to make a kind of tea.

Kudzu fiber has traditionally been used for basketry and to make clothing and paper. A pale yellow to pink dye can be obtained from leaf decoction.

Japan:

In Japan it is used as textile fibers: the stem is used for making ropes and a type of cloth.

Korea:

In Korea it is used as fiber complement in making wallpaper paper and as dye.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Young straight stems of 2 to 3m in length are harvested in mid-summer and the leaves are removed. Then they are steamed in order to peel the bark. The bark is then cooked for 2 to 4 hours with lye. They are then grinded for 3 hours.

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Dye

Language:

French

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre lenght	2 - 3mm
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd) Maesen & S.M . Almeida ex Sanjappa & Predeep

Order:

Fabales

Family:

Fabaceae

Synonyms:

Dolichos hirsutus Thunb.

Dolichos lobatus Willd.

Pachyrhizus thunbergianus Siebold & Zucc.

Pueraria argyi H. Lév. & Vaniot

Pueraria bodinieri H. Lév. & Vaniot

Pueraria caerulea H. Lév. & Vaniot

Pueraria koten H. Lév. & Vaniot

Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi

Pueraria lobata var. chinensis (Benth.) Ohwi

Pueraria montana var. chinensis (Benth.) Maesen & S.M. Almeida ex Sanjappa & Predeep

Pueraria thunbergiana Benth.

Plant growing area

Native to southeast China and southern Japan.

China (Everywhere except Qinghai, Xinjiang, and Xizang/Tibet), Japan, Korea. Found from South East Asia to Australia.

It grows in mountain forests or it is cultivated.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Kudzu fiber has traditionally been used for basketry and to make clothing and paper. A pale yellow to pink dye can be obtained from leaf decoction.

Japan:

In Japan it is used as textile fibers: the stem is used for making ropes and a type of cloth.

Korea:

In Korea it is used as fiber complement in making wallpaper paper and as dye.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Dye

Language:

Chinese

Local scripture:

葛麻姆

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre lenght	2 - 3mm
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd) Maesen & S.M . Almeida ex Sanjappa & Predeep

Order:

Fabales

Family:

Fabaceae

Synonyms:

Dolichos hirsutus Thunb.

Dolichos lobatus Willd.

Pachyrhizus thunbergianus Siebold & Zucc.

Pueraria argyi H. Lév. & Vaniot

Pueraria bodinieri H. Lév. & Vaniot

Pueraria caerulea H. Lév. & Vaniot

Pueraria koten H. Lév. & Vaniot

Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi

Pueraria lobata var. chinensis (Benth.) Ohwi

Pueraria montana var. chinensis (Benth.) Maesen & S.M. Almeida ex Sanjappa & Predeep

Pueraria thunbergiana Benth.

Plant growing area

Native to southeast China and southern Japan.

China (Everywhere except Qinghai, Xinjiang, and Xizang/Tibet), Japan, Korea. Found from South East Asia to Australia.

It grows in mountain forests or it is cultivated.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Kudzu fiber has traditionally been used for basketry and to make clothing and paper. A pale yellow to pink dye can be obtained from leaf decoction.

Japan:

In Japan it is used as textile fibers: the stem is used for making ropes and a type of cloth.

Korea:

In Korea it is used as fiber complement in making wallpaper paper and as dye.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Dye

Language:

English

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre lenght	2 - 3mm
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd) Maesen & S.M . Almeida ex Sanjappa & Predeep

Order:

Fabales

Family:

Fabaceae

Synonyms:

Dolichos hirsutus Thunb.

Dolichos lobatus Willd.

Pachyrhizus thunbergianus Siebold & Zucc.

Pueraria argyi H. Lév. & Vaniot

Pueraria bodinieri H. Lév. & Vaniot

Pueraria caerulea H. Lév. & Vaniot

Pueraria koten H. Lév. & Vaniot

Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi

Pueraria lobata var. chinensis (Benth.) Ohwi

Pueraria montana var. chinensis (Benth.) Maesen & S.M. Almeida ex Sanjappa & Predeep

Pueraria thunbergiana Benth.

Plant growing area

Native to southeast China and southern Japan.

China (Everywhere except Qinghai, Xinjiang, and Xizang/Tibet), Japan, Korea. Found from South East Asia to Australia.

It grows in mountain forests or it is cultivated.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Kudzu fiber has traditionally been used for basketry and to make clothing and paper. A pale yellow to pink dye can be obtained from leaf decoction.

Japan:

In Japan it is used as textile fibers: the stem is used for making ropes and a type of cloth.

Korea:

In Korea it is used as fiber complement in making wallpaper paper and as dye.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Dye

Language:

French

Botanical classification

Mercurialis leiocarpa Siebold & Zucc.

Order:

Malpighiales

Family:

Euphorbiaceae

Synonyms:

Mercurialis leiocarpa var. transmorrisonensis (Hayata) H. Keng

Mercurialis leiocarpa var. trichocarpa W. T. Wang

Mercurialis transmorrisonensis Hayata

Plant growing area

Grows on mountain slopes or in valleys or forests at 300-2800 m altitude.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

A drying oil is obtained from the seed.

The chemical structure of the blue dyestuff is unknown. The proportion of colorant in the plant is low and contains impurities. The color fades easily.

Japan:

The dye was used primarily during the Nara period (710-794). Its use continued until the Edo period (1603-1868). It was famous for dyeing kimonos.

The dye was applied directly to the fabric leaving a blue-green color called suri-ai which means " rubbed blue."

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Leaves were harvested in summer and early autumn. After being left to macerate, they were rubbed directly onto the fabric which became blue.

Crushed roots and leaves could also be used to extract a liquid dye.

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.
In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Leaf

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

Korean

Local scripture:

두메 닥나무

Daphne pseudomezereum A. Gray © Flora of China

Daphne pseudomezereum A. Gray © L.B. Vilmont

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre lenght	5mm
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Looks like gampi and mitsumata.
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining	Grey-blue.

Botanical classification

Daphne pseudomezereum A. Gray

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Thymelaeaceae

Synonyms:

Daphne japonica Siebold & Zucc.

Plant growing area

China (Jilin, Liaoning), Japan, Korea.

It grows in forest at an altitude from 800 to 1600m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

China:

Xizang (Tibet).

Plant cultivation and use

Daphnes are shrubs or sub-shrubs of the Thymelaceae family. Daphnes comprise from 50 to 95 species, according to the classifications. Some species grow in the plains, others in the mountains, in rockery; they appreciate calcareous soils. The plants are recognizable by their colorful flowers and toxic fruits.
There is a great confusion among the various Daphnes, Edgeworthias and especially Wikstroemias because their morphologies are very similar.

The etymology of daphne pseudomezereum comes on one hand, from the name of the nymph, daughter of Peneus, who pursued by Apollo, was transformed into a laurel tree to escape, and on the other hand from the Arabic word mezereum which means toxic.

Daphne pseudomezereum is a shrub, deciduous in summer, which can reach 1.5 m in height and prefers sunny areas. Flowers are pale green and flowering occurs in March to April. It is easy to propagate but its life does not exceed ten years.

The bark contains a large amount of hemicelluloses which makes it valuable in the manufacture of paper. Daphnes are the base plants for making paper at the foot of Himalayas.

China:

Daphne papers are considered as the best in Tibet where they are called dug-shog which means poison paper because of the repellent properties of the bark.

Japan:

The plant has been used in the manufacture of paper during the Nara period (710-794).

Paper names

In Asia and particularly in China, Korea and Japan, the papers are intended for a wide range of use: Papers for calligraphy and art, Papers for ceremonies, Paper as a medium of exchange, money paper, Papers for making clothes, wall hangings and bedding, Papers for architecture, interior design, Papers for crafts of various kinds, for domestic purposes and leisure. The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

オニシバリ

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre lenght	5mm
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Looks like gampi and mitsumata.
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining	Grey-blue.

Botanical classification

Daphne pseudomezereum A. Gray

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Thymelaeaceae

Synonyms:

Daphne japonica Siebold & Zucc.

Plant growing area

China (Jilin, Liaoning), Japan, Korea.

It grows in forest at an altitude from 800 to 1600m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

China:

Xizang (Tibet).

Plant cultivation and use

The bark contains a large amount of hemicelluloses which makes it valuable in the manufacture of paper. Daphnes are the base plants for making paper at the foot of Himalayas.

China:

Daphne papers are considered as the best in Tibet where they are called dug-shog which means poison paper because of the repellent properties of the bark.

Japan:

The plant has been used in the manufacture of paper during the Nara period (710-794).

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Korean

Local scripture:

산뽕나무

Morus australis Poir. © CFH Nature Museum

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre lenght	2,2 mm
Average fibre width	30 µm
Fibre ends	Blunt.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Cross-markings.
Associated cells
Special features	Less prominent fiber wall.
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Morus australis Poir.

Order:

Rosales

Family:

Moraceae

Synonyms:

Morus acidosa Griff.

Morus alba L. var. indica Bureau

Morus alba var. nigriformis Bureau

Morus alba var. stylosa Bureau

Morus australis var. hastifolia (F. T. Wang & T. Tang ex Z.Y. Cao) Z.Y. Cao

Morus australis var. incisa C. Y. Wu

Morus australis var. inusitata (H. Lév.) C.Y. Wu

Morus australis var. linearipartita Z.Y. Cao

Morus australis var. oblongifolia Z.Y. Cao

Morus bombycis Koidz.

Morus bombycis var. angustifolia Koidz.

Morus bombycis var. bifida Koidz.

Morus bombycis var. longistyla Koidz.

Morus bombycis var. tiliifolia Koidz.

Morus cavaleriei H. Lév.

Morus formosensis Hotta

Morus hastifolia F. T. Wang & T. Tang ex Z.Y. Cao

Morus inusitata H. Lév.

Morus longistylus Diels

Morus nigriformis (Bureau) Koidz.

Morus stylosa Ser. var. ovalifolia Ser.

Plant growing area

Grows in temperate and warm areas, in tropical areas.

Bhutan, Burma, China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, South East Xizang/Tibet, Yunnan, Zhejiang), India (Sikkim), Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Okinawa), Korea, Nepal, Taiwan.

Grows in limestone areas, forest margins, on mountain slopes, at an altitude from 500 to 2000 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Morus australis is a deciduous tree growing 10-15m. It is in flower from March to May. It prefers a warm well-drained loamy soil in a sunny position but can accommodate to various kinds of soils and grow in semi-shade.

The fruit, the bark, the leaf and the root have medicinal properties. The fruits are edible.

The fruits contain anthocyanins which are pigments. The colours vary from orange, red, purple, black, and blue. They are water-soluble and easily extractable.

Root contains also yellow dyes used for dyeing paper.The bark is used for making paper.

China:

The fibers are supposed to be used in papermaking.

Korea:

In Korea the bark is used to get fiber for papermaking; the roots are used for dye or medicine.

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Root

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Dye

Language:

Chinese

Local scripture:

鸡桑

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre lenght	2,2 mm
Average fibre width	30 µm
Fibre ends	Blunt.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Cross-markings.
Associated cells
Special features	Less prominent fiber wall.
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Morus australis Poir.

Order:

Rosales

Family:

Moraceae

Synonyms:

Morus acidosa Griff.

Morus alba L. var. indica Bureau

Morus alba var. nigriformis Bureau

Morus alba var. stylosa Bureau

Morus australis var. hastifolia (F. T. Wang & T. Tang ex Z.Y. Cao) Z.Y. Cao

Morus australis var. incisa C. Y. Wu

Morus australis var. inusitata (H. Lév.) C.Y. Wu

Morus australis var. linearipartita Z.Y. Cao

Morus australis var. oblongifolia Z.Y. Cao

Morus bombycis Koidz.

Morus bombycis var. angustifolia Koidz.

Morus bombycis var. bifida Koidz.

Morus bombycis var. longistyla Koidz.

Morus bombycis var. tiliifolia Koidz.

Morus cavaleriei H. Lév.

Morus formosensis Hotta

Morus hastifolia F. T. Wang & T. Tang ex Z.Y. Cao

Morus inusitata H. Lév.

Morus longistylus Diels

Morus nigriformis (Bureau) Koidz.

Morus stylosa Ser. var. ovalifolia Ser.

Plant growing area

Grows in temperate and warm areas, in tropical areas.

Grows in limestone areas, forest margins, on mountain slopes, at an altitude from 500 to 2000 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

The fruit, the bark, the leaf and the root have medicinal properties. The fruits are edible.

The fruits contain anthocyanins which are pigments. The colours vary from orange, red, purple, black, and blue. They are water-soluble and easily extractable.

Root contains also yellow dyes used for dyeing paper.The bark is used for making paper.

China:

The fibers are supposed to be used in papermaking.

Korea:

In Korea the bark is used to get fiber for papermaking; the roots are used for dye or medicine.

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Root

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Dye

Primary tabs

Mercurialis leiocarpa Siebold & Zucc.

Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd) Maesen & S.M . Almeida ex Sanjappa & Predeep

Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd) Maesen & S.M . Almeida ex Sanjappa & Predeep

Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd) Maesen & S.M . Almeida ex Sanjappa & Predeep

Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd) Maesen & S.M . Almeida ex Sanjappa & Predeep

Mercurialis leiocarpa Siebold & Zucc.

Daphne pseudomezereum A. Gray

Daphne pseudomezereum A. Gray

Morus australis Poir.

Morus australis Poir.

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Primary tabs

Mercurialis leiocarpa Siebold & Zucc.

Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd) Maesen & S.M . Almeida ex Sanjappa & Predeep

Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd) Maesen & S.M . Almeida ex Sanjappa & Predeep

Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd) Maesen & S.M . Almeida ex Sanjappa & Predeep

Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd) Maesen & S.M . Almeida ex Sanjappa & Predeep

Mercurialis leiocarpa Siebold & Zucc.

Daphne pseudomezereum A. Gray

Daphne pseudomezereum A. Gray

Morus australis Poir.

Morus australis Poir.

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