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Identification

Fibre type	Grass (Stem)
Average fibre lenght	3,5 mm
Average fibre width	14,5 µm
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Very large vessel elements and abundant parenchyma cells. Prominent wall.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Reddish purple.

Botanical classification

Cyperus exaltatus Retz

Order:

Poales

Family:

Cyperaceae

Plant growing area

It grows in tropical south east Asia from India to Japan and southwards to southern Australia.

Bangladesh, Burma, China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, South Guizhou, Hainan, East Hubei, Jiangsu, Jilin, Shandong, Zhejiang), India, Indonesia, Japan, Kashmir, Korea, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.

It grows at altitudes between sea level and 1100 meters, in grasslands, pond margins; it appreciates sandy soil, moist or wet places.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Cyperus exaltatus is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant which grows in tufts to more than one meter.

Korea:

Cyperus exaltatus is used mixed with paper mulberry fibers as a supplement in the pulp.

Paper names

In Asia and particularly in China, Korea and Japan, the papers are intended for a wide range of use: Papers for calligraphy and art, Papers for ceremonies, Paper as a medium of exchange, money paper, Papers for making clothes, wall hangings and bedding, Papers for architecture, interior design, Papers for crafts of various kinds, for domestic purposes and leisure. The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Leaf

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Identification

Fibre type	Grass
Average fibre lenght	1.4mm
Average fibre width	15µm
Fibre ends	Blunt or pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Strong.
Associated cells	Vessel elements. Parenchyma cells. Presence of other thin walled pitted fibres, rounded or barrel.
Special features	Fibers with thick and narrow walls. Large rectangular epidermal cells, often double-walled, in saw tooth shape.
Herzberg staining	Green/Blue.
Graff 'C' staining	Green/Blue.

Botanical classification

Triticum aestivum L.

Order:

Poales

Family:

Poaceae

Synonyms:

Triticum aestivum subsp. vulgare (Vill.) Thell.

Triticum aestivum var. hybernum (L.) Farw.

Triticum aestivum var. hybernum (L.) Fiori

Triticum compositum L.

Triticum dicoccon var. timopheevii Zhuk.

Triticum estivum Raf.

Triticum hybernum L.

Triticum orientale Percival

Triticum persicum Vavilov ex Zhukov

Triticum pyramidale Percival

Triticum sativum Lam.

Triticum sativum var. aestivum (L.) Alph. Wood

Triticum sativum var. compositum (L.) Alph. Wood

Triticum sativum var. vulgare (Vill.) Vilm.

Triticum sativum var. vulgare Desv.

Triticum sativum var. vulgare Hack.

Triticum timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk.

Triticum vulgare (L.) Salisb.

Triticum vulgare Vill.

Triticum vulgare var. aestivum (L.) Spenn.

Zeia vulgaris var. aestiva (L.) Lunell

Plant growing area

Plant of Mediterranean origin, cultivated worldwide: it is found from Europe to China.

China (throughout China).

Grown in fields at altitudes below 3500m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

China:

Zhejiang.

Japan:

Shikoku (Ehime prefecture).

Plant cultivation and use

Wheat is an annual plant up to 1.50m in height, consisting of a stem topped by an ear. The plant can adapt to different kinds of soils, but moist and well-drained and she requires full sun.
There are about 25 species of Triticum worldwide, including four in China, which were all introduced.
The ancestor of today's wheats is a wild grass, Egilope, that grew in the Middle East where it was domesticated in the early Neolithic. Wheat is an essential nutrient in Western societies as bread, porridges, noodles etc.. The expansion of wheat cultivation takes place both to Europe and eastward, reaching China and Korea around 3500 BC. and Japan around 2300 BC.
Triticum aestivum wheat is grown to make bread flour in the West and noodles in Asia.
The wheat straw is used as bedding and fodder for animals, to cover houses and in the manufacture of handicrafts.
Straw is not very often used in the manufacture of Asian papers.
Starch is used as a sizing agent for textiles.

China:

Su I-Chien (953-996), in the "Phu Weng Fang Ssu" or "Four implements for writing in a scholar's studio" says that rice and wheat straws are used in Zhejiang and produce an excellent paper when mixed with rattan.

Song Yingxing (1587-1646) in the "Tian Gong Kai Wu" or "Creations of nature and work of man " (encyclopedia dated around 1634) mentions the blending of straw with bamboo in the manufacture of wrapping paper.
Currently straw is still one of the most used materials in the production of packaging paper, ceremony papers and sanitary papers.

Japan:

Rice straw was used at the time of mechanization with the search for new materials. These tests were conducted in Kochi Prefecture during the Meiji period (1868-1912).

Straw is also used in the manufacture of paper of kariryo hanshi or improved hanshi after the World War II.

Korea:

In Korea, wheat and rice straws are used in combination with the bark of Broussonetia. They are additional raw materials to reduce the cost during the Joseon period (1392-1910).

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Wheat is harvested in late summer; after collecting the seeds, the straw is cut in pieces and beaten to soften it.

Straw is set to be steeped in lime water for 5 days in earthen jars, or after soaking in water for 24 hours, it is cooked for two hours in ash lye or caustic soda.

The straw is then placed in fine mesh bags suspended from poles in running water to remove the whole lime.

Straw is then beaten in a ball mill for 1½ hours. The beating is shorter and less violent than for bamboo or bark pulps.

"Tian Gong Kai Wu" variant: the straw is beaten at first, then after immersion in lime water, it is buried in a pit. After disintegration, straw, placed in cloth bags, is rinsed in river.

Japan:

Straw is boiled in caustic soda.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

English

Identification

Fibre type	Grass
Average fibre lenght	1.4mm
Average fibre width	15µm
Fibre ends	Blunt or pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Strong.
Associated cells	Vessel elements. Parenchyma cells. Presence of other thin walled pitted fibres, rounded or barrel.
Special features	Fibers with thick and narrow walls. Large rectangular epidermal cells, often double-walled, in saw tooth shape.
Herzberg staining	Green/Blue.
Graff 'C' staining	Green/Blue.

Botanical classification

Triticum aestivum L.

Order:

Poales

Family:

Poaceae

Synonyms:

Triticum aestivum subsp. vulgare (Vill.) Thell.

Triticum aestivum var. hybernum (L.) Farw.

Triticum aestivum var. hybernum (L.) Fiori

Triticum compositum L.

Triticum dicoccon var. timopheevii Zhuk.

Triticum estivum Raf.

Triticum hybernum L.

Triticum orientale Percival

Triticum persicum Vavilov ex Zhukov

Triticum pyramidale Percival

Triticum sativum Lam.

Triticum sativum var. aestivum (L.) Alph. Wood

Triticum sativum var. compositum (L.) Alph. Wood

Triticum sativum var. vulgare (Vill.) Vilm.

Triticum sativum var. vulgare Desv.

Triticum sativum var. vulgare Hack.

Triticum timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk.

Triticum vulgare (L.) Salisb.

Triticum vulgare Vill.

Triticum vulgare var. aestivum (L.) Spenn.

Zeia vulgaris var. aestiva (L.) Lunell

Plant growing area

Plant of Mediterranean origin, cultivated worldwide: it is found from Europe to China.

China (throughout China).

Grown in fields at altitudes below 3500m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

China:

Zhejiang.

Japan:

Shikoku (Ehime prefecture).

Plant cultivation and use

China:

Japan:

Rice straw was used at the time of mechanization with the search for new materials. These tests were conducted in Kochi Prefecture during the Meiji period (1868-1912).

Straw is also used in the manufacture of paper of kariryo hanshi or improved hanshi after the World War II.

Korea:

In Korea, wheat and rice straws are used in combination with the bark of Broussonetia. They are additional raw materials to reduce the cost during the Joseon period (1392-1910).

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Wheat is harvested in late summer; after collecting the seeds, the straw is cut in pieces and beaten to soften it.

Straw is set to be steeped in lime water for 5 days in earthen jars, or after soaking in water for 24 hours, it is cooked for two hours in ash lye or caustic soda.

The straw is then placed in fine mesh bags suspended from poles in running water to remove the whole lime.

Straw is then beaten in a ball mill for 1½ hours. The beating is shorter and less violent than for bamboo or bark pulps.

"Tian Gong Kai Wu" variant: the straw is beaten at first, then after immersion in lime water, it is buried in a pit. After disintegration, straw, placed in cloth bags, is rinsed in river.

Japan:

Straw is boiled in caustic soda.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

French

Identification

Fibre type	Grass
Average fibre lenght	1.4mm
Average fibre width	15µm
Fibre ends	Blunt or pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Strong.
Associated cells	Vessel elements. Parenchyma cells. Presence of other thin walled pitted fibres, rounded or barrel.
Special features	Fibers with thick and narrow walls. Large rectangular epidermal cells, often double-walled, in saw tooth shape.
Herzberg staining	Green/Blue.
Graff 'C' staining	Green/Blue.

Botanical classification

Triticum aestivum L.

Order:

Poales

Family:

Poaceae

Synonyms:

Triticum aestivum subsp. vulgare (Vill.) Thell.

Triticum aestivum var. hybernum (L.) Farw.

Triticum aestivum var. hybernum (L.) Fiori

Triticum compositum L.

Triticum dicoccon var. timopheevii Zhuk.

Triticum estivum Raf.

Triticum hybernum L.

Triticum orientale Percival

Triticum persicum Vavilov ex Zhukov

Triticum pyramidale Percival

Triticum sativum Lam.

Triticum sativum var. aestivum (L.) Alph. Wood

Triticum sativum var. compositum (L.) Alph. Wood

Triticum sativum var. vulgare (Vill.) Vilm.

Triticum sativum var. vulgare Desv.

Triticum sativum var. vulgare Hack.

Triticum timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk.

Triticum vulgare (L.) Salisb.

Triticum vulgare Vill.

Triticum vulgare var. aestivum (L.) Spenn.

Zeia vulgaris var. aestiva (L.) Lunell

Plant growing area

Plant of Mediterranean origin, cultivated worldwide: it is found from Europe to China.

China (throughout China).

Grown in fields at altitudes below 3500m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

China:

Zhejiang.

Japan:

Shikoku (Ehime prefecture).

Plant cultivation and use

China:

Japan:

Rice straw was used at the time of mechanization with the search for new materials. These tests were conducted in Kochi Prefecture during the Meiji period (1868-1912).

Straw is also used in the manufacture of paper of kariryo hanshi or improved hanshi after the World War II.

Korea:

In Korea, wheat and rice straws are used in combination with the bark of Broussonetia. They are additional raw materials to reduce the cost during the Joseon period (1392-1910).

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Wheat is harvested in late summer; after collecting the seeds, the straw is cut in pieces and beaten to soften it.

Straw is set to be steeped in lime water for 5 days in earthen jars, or after soaking in water for 24 hours, it is cooked for two hours in ash lye or caustic soda.

The straw is then placed in fine mesh bags suspended from poles in running water to remove the whole lime.

Straw is then beaten in a ball mill for 1½ hours. The beating is shorter and less violent than for bamboo or bark pulps.

"Tian Gong Kai Wu" variant: the straw is beaten at first, then after immersion in lime water, it is buried in a pit. After disintegration, straw, placed in cloth bags, is rinsed in river.

Japan:

Straw is boiled in caustic soda.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

コムギ

こむぎ

Identification

Fibre type	Grass
Average fibre lenght	1.4mm
Average fibre width	15µm
Fibre ends	Blunt or pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Strong.
Associated cells	Vessel elements. Parenchyma cells. Presence of other thin walled pitted fibres, rounded or barrel.
Special features	Fibers with thick and narrow walls. Large rectangular epidermal cells, often double-walled, in saw tooth shape.
Herzberg staining	Green/Blue.
Graff 'C' staining	Green/Blue.

Botanical classification

Triticum aestivum L.

Order:

Poales

Family:

Poaceae

Synonyms:

Triticum aestivum subsp. vulgare (Vill.) Thell.

Triticum aestivum var. hybernum (L.) Farw.

Triticum aestivum var. hybernum (L.) Fiori

Triticum compositum L.

Triticum dicoccon var. timopheevii Zhuk.

Triticum estivum Raf.

Triticum hybernum L.

Triticum orientale Percival

Triticum persicum Vavilov ex Zhukov

Triticum pyramidale Percival

Triticum sativum Lam.

Triticum sativum var. aestivum (L.) Alph. Wood

Triticum sativum var. compositum (L.) Alph. Wood

Triticum sativum var. vulgare (Vill.) Vilm.

Triticum sativum var. vulgare Desv.

Triticum sativum var. vulgare Hack.

Triticum timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk.

Triticum vulgare (L.) Salisb.

Triticum vulgare Vill.

Triticum vulgare var. aestivum (L.) Spenn.

Zeia vulgaris var. aestiva (L.) Lunell

Plant growing area

Plant of Mediterranean origin, cultivated worldwide: it is found from Europe to China.

China (throughout China).

Grown in fields at altitudes below 3500m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

China:

Zhejiang.

Japan:

Shikoku (Ehime prefecture).

Plant cultivation and use

China:

Japan:

Rice straw was used at the time of mechanization with the search for new materials. These tests were conducted in Kochi Prefecture during the Meiji period (1868-1912).

Straw is also used in the manufacture of paper of kariryo hanshi or improved hanshi after the World War II.

Korea:

In Korea, wheat and rice straws are used in combination with the bark of Broussonetia. They are additional raw materials to reduce the cost during the Joseon period (1392-1910).

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Wheat is harvested in late summer; after collecting the seeds, the straw is cut in pieces and beaten to soften it.

Straw is set to be steeped in lime water for 5 days in earthen jars, or after soaking in water for 24 hours, it is cooked for two hours in ash lye or caustic soda.

The straw is then placed in fine mesh bags suspended from poles in running water to remove the whole lime.

Straw is then beaten in a ball mill for 1½ hours. The beating is shorter and less violent than for bamboo or bark pulps.

"Tian Gong Kai Wu" variant: the straw is beaten at first, then after immersion in lime water, it is buried in a pit. After disintegration, straw, placed in cloth bags, is rinsed in river.

Japan:

Straw is boiled in caustic soda.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Korean

Local scripture:

밀

Identification

Fibre type	Grass
Average fibre lenght	1.4mm
Average fibre width	15µm
Fibre ends	Blunt or pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Strong.
Associated cells	Vessel elements. Parenchyma cells. Presence of other thin walled pitted fibres, rounded or barrel.
Special features	Fibers with thick and narrow walls. Large rectangular epidermal cells, often double-walled, in saw tooth shape.
Herzberg staining	Green/Blue.
Graff 'C' staining	Green/Blue.

Botanical classification

Triticum aestivum L.

Order:

Poales

Family:

Poaceae

Synonyms:

Triticum aestivum subsp. vulgare (Vill.) Thell.

Triticum aestivum var. hybernum (L.) Farw.

Triticum aestivum var. hybernum (L.) Fiori

Triticum compositum L.

Triticum dicoccon var. timopheevii Zhuk.

Triticum estivum Raf.

Triticum hybernum L.

Triticum orientale Percival

Triticum persicum Vavilov ex Zhukov

Triticum pyramidale Percival

Triticum sativum Lam.

Triticum sativum var. aestivum (L.) Alph. Wood

Triticum sativum var. compositum (L.) Alph. Wood

Triticum sativum var. vulgare (Vill.) Vilm.

Triticum sativum var. vulgare Desv.

Triticum sativum var. vulgare Hack.

Triticum timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk.

Triticum vulgare (L.) Salisb.

Triticum vulgare Vill.

Triticum vulgare var. aestivum (L.) Spenn.

Zeia vulgaris var. aestiva (L.) Lunell

Plant growing area

Plant of Mediterranean origin, cultivated worldwide: it is found from Europe to China.

China (throughout China).

Grown in fields at altitudes below 3500m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

China:

Zhejiang.

Japan:

Shikoku (Ehime prefecture).

Plant cultivation and use

China:

Japan:

Rice straw was used at the time of mechanization with the search for new materials. These tests were conducted in Kochi Prefecture during the Meiji period (1868-1912).

Straw is also used in the manufacture of paper of kariryo hanshi or improved hanshi after the World War II.

Korea:

In Korea, wheat and rice straws are used in combination with the bark of Broussonetia. They are additional raw materials to reduce the cost during the Joseon period (1392-1910).

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Wheat is harvested in late summer; after collecting the seeds, the straw is cut in pieces and beaten to soften it.

Straw is set to be steeped in lime water for 5 days in earthen jars, or after soaking in water for 24 hours, it is cooked for two hours in ash lye or caustic soda.

The straw is then placed in fine mesh bags suspended from poles in running water to remove the whole lime.

Straw is then beaten in a ball mill for 1½ hours. The beating is shorter and less violent than for bamboo or bark pulps.

"Tian Gong Kai Wu" variant: the straw is beaten at first, then after immersion in lime water, it is buried in a pit. After disintegration, straw, placed in cloth bags, is rinsed in river.

Japan:

Straw is boiled in caustic soda.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

カンエンガヤツリ

Identification

Fibre type	Grass (Stem)
Average fibre lenght	3,5 mm
Average fibre width	14,5 µm
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Very large vessel elements and abundant parenchyma cells. Prominent wall.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Reddish purple.

Botanical classification

Cyperus exaltatus Retz

Order:

Poales

Family:

Cyperaceae

Plant growing area

It grows in tropical south east Asia from India to Japan and southwards to southern Australia.

It grows at altitudes between sea level and 1100 meters, in grasslands, pond margins; it appreciates sandy soil, moist or wet places.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Cyperus exaltatus is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant which grows in tufts to more than one meter.

Korea:

Cyperus exaltatus is used mixed with paper mulberry fibers as a supplement in the pulp.

Paper names

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Leaf

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Korean

Local scripture:

왕골

Identification

Fibre type	Grass (Stem)
Average fibre lenght	3,5 mm
Average fibre width	14,5 µm
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Very large vessel elements and abundant parenchyma cells. Prominent wall.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Reddish purple.

Botanical classification

Cyperus exaltatus Retz

Order:

Poales

Family:

Cyperaceae

Plant growing area

It grows in tropical south east Asia from India to Japan and southwards to southern Australia.

It grows at altitudes between sea level and 1100 meters, in grasslands, pond margins; it appreciates sandy soil, moist or wet places.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Cyperus exaltatus is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant which grows in tufts to more than one meter.

Korea:

Cyperus exaltatus is used mixed with paper mulberry fibers as a supplement in the pulp.

Paper names

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Leaf

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

French

Identification

Fibre type	Grass (Stem)
Average fibre lenght	3,5 mm
Average fibre width	14,5 µm
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Very large vessel elements and abundant parenchyma cells. Prominent wall.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Reddish purple.

Botanical classification

Cyperus exaltatus Retz

Order:

Poales

Family:

Cyperaceae

Plant growing area

It grows in tropical south east Asia from India to Japan and southwards to southern Australia.

It grows at altitudes between sea level and 1100 meters, in grasslands, pond margins; it appreciates sandy soil, moist or wet places.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Cyperus exaltatus is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant which grows in tufts to more than one meter.

Korea:

Cyperus exaltatus is used mixed with paper mulberry fibers as a supplement in the pulp.

Paper names

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Leaf

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Chinese

Local scripture:

小麦

Identification

Fibre type	Grass
Average fibre lenght	1.4mm
Average fibre width	15µm
Fibre ends	Blunt or pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Strong.
Associated cells	Vessel elements. Parenchyma cells. Presence of other thin walled pitted fibres, rounded or barrel.
Special features	Fibers with thick and narrow walls. Large rectangular epidermal cells, often double-walled, in saw tooth shape.
Herzberg staining	Green/Blue.
Graff 'C' staining	Green/Blue.

Botanical classification

Triticum aestivum L.

Order:

Poales

Family:

Poaceae

Synonyms:

Triticum aestivum subsp. vulgare (Vill.) Thell.

Triticum aestivum var. hybernum (L.) Farw.

Triticum aestivum var. hybernum (L.) Fiori

Triticum compositum L.

Triticum dicoccon var. timopheevii Zhuk.

Triticum estivum Raf.

Triticum hybernum L.

Triticum orientale Percival

Triticum persicum Vavilov ex Zhukov

Triticum pyramidale Percival

Triticum sativum Lam.

Triticum sativum var. aestivum (L.) Alph. Wood

Triticum sativum var. compositum (L.) Alph. Wood

Triticum sativum var. vulgare (Vill.) Vilm.

Triticum sativum var. vulgare Desv.

Triticum sativum var. vulgare Hack.

Triticum timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk.

Triticum vulgare (L.) Salisb.

Triticum vulgare Vill.

Triticum vulgare var. aestivum (L.) Spenn.

Zeia vulgaris var. aestiva (L.) Lunell

Plant growing area

Plant of Mediterranean origin, cultivated worldwide: it is found from Europe to China.

China (throughout China).

Grown in fields at altitudes below 3500m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

China:

Zhejiang.

Japan:

Shikoku (Ehime prefecture).

Plant cultivation and use

China:

Japan:

Rice straw was used at the time of mechanization with the search for new materials. These tests were conducted in Kochi Prefecture during the Meiji period (1868-1912).

Straw is also used in the manufacture of paper of kariryo hanshi or improved hanshi after the World War II.

Korea:

In Korea, wheat and rice straws are used in combination with the bark of Broussonetia. They are additional raw materials to reduce the cost during the Joseon period (1392-1910).

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Wheat is harvested in late summer; after collecting the seeds, the straw is cut in pieces and beaten to soften it.

Straw is set to be steeped in lime water for 5 days in earthen jars, or after soaking in water for 24 hours, it is cooked for two hours in ash lye or caustic soda.

The straw is then placed in fine mesh bags suspended from poles in running water to remove the whole lime.

Straw is then beaten in a ball mill for 1½ hours. The beating is shorter and less violent than for bamboo or bark pulps.

"Tian Gong Kai Wu" variant: the straw is beaten at first, then after immersion in lime water, it is buried in a pit. After disintegration, straw, placed in cloth bags, is rinsed in river.

Japan:

Straw is boiled in caustic soda.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Primary tabs

Cyperus exaltatus Retz

Triticum aestivum L.

Triticum aestivum L.

Triticum aestivum L.

Triticum aestivum L.

Triticum aestivum L.

Cyperus exaltatus Retz

Cyperus exaltatus Retz

Cyperus exaltatus Retz

Triticum aestivum L.

Pages

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Primary tabs

Cyperus exaltatus Retz

Triticum aestivum L.

Triticum aestivum L.

Triticum aestivum L.

Triticum aestivum L.

Triticum aestivum L.

Cyperus exaltatus Retz

Cyperus exaltatus Retz

Cyperus exaltatus Retz

Triticum aestivum L.

Pages