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Plant growing area

China (East and South Heilongjiang, North-East Jiangsu, South-East Jilin, Liaoning, East and North Shandong), Korea, Japan (South Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu), East Russia (Southern Primorsky Krai).

From coastal regions to mountains, on lakesides, on rocky hillsides.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Pinus densiflora is a conifer reaching 30 m in height. In winter it becomes yellowish.

It prefers well-drained, slightly acidic soils and full sun. It grows from sea level to 900 m.

In Japan, historically, it has been one of the most important species used in the architecture. It plays an important part in the classic Japanese garden as ornemental tree.

Japan:

It seems that Japanese papermakers have attempted to use pine fibers during the 17th century as a fiber supplement to the barks of paper mulberry.

Korea:

From the Joseon period (1392-1910), raw materials traditionally used for paper production, mainly bark of Broussonetias begin to fail. Papermakers face to a growing demand for paper stimulated by the development of publications initiated during the Goryeo period (907-1392). Other plants will be used to provide a fiber supplement such as glycine, rice, oat and barley straws, bamboo, jute, cotton and hemp but also willow leaves, reeds, the bark and needles of pine.
Indeed, the inner bark and the needles seem to be used as a complementary fiber source to fibers of paper mulberry from the 15th century.

Paper names

In Asia and particularly in Asia and particularly in China, Korea and Japan, the papers are intended for a wide range of use: Papers for calligraphy and art, Papers for ceremonies, Paper as a medium of exchange, money paper, Papers for making clothes, wall hangings and bedding, Papers for architecture, interior design, Papers for crafts of various kinds, for domestic purposes and leisure. The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Leaf

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

French

Identification

Fibre type	Inner bark Needles
Average fibre lenght	Inner bark: 1,8 mm Needles: 1 mm
Average fibre width	Inner bark: 18,6 µm Needles: 20,6 µm
Fibre ends	Inner bark : Rounded Needles : Blunt
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Inner bark: very faint fiber wall. Needles: prominent fiber wall. No cross-marking for the both.
Associated cells
Special features	Inner bark: very wide fibers. Needles : uneven fiber wall and round stoma.
Herzberg staining	Purple
Graff 'C' staining	Purple

Botanical classification

Pinus densiflora Sieb. & Zucc.

Order:

Pinales

Family:

Plant growing area

From coastal regions to mountains, on lakesides, on rocky hillsides.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Pinus densiflora is a conifer reaching 30 m in height. In winter it becomes yellowish.

It prefers well-drained, slightly acidic soils and full sun. It grows from sea level to 900 m.

In Japan, historically, it has been one of the most important species used in the architecture. It plays an important part in the classic Japanese garden as ornemental tree.

Japan:

It seems that Japanese papermakers have attempted to use pine fibers during the 17th century as a fiber supplement to the barks of paper mulberry.

Korea:

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Leaf

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Chinese

Local scripture:

赤松

Identification

Fibre type	Inner bark Needles
Average fibre lenght	Inner bark: 1,8 mm Needles: 1 mm
Average fibre width	Inner bark: 18,6 µm Needles: 20,6 µm
Fibre ends	Inner bark : Rounded Needles : Blunt
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Inner bark: very faint fiber wall. Needles: prominent fiber wall. No cross-marking for the both.
Associated cells
Special features	Inner bark: very wide fibers. Needles : uneven fiber wall and round stoma.
Herzberg staining	Purple
Graff 'C' staining	Purple

Botanical classification

Pinus densiflora Sieb. & Zucc.

Order:

Pinales

Family:

Plant growing area

From coastal regions to mountains, on lakesides, on rocky hillsides.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Pinus densiflora is a conifer reaching 30 m in height. In winter it becomes yellowish.

It prefers well-drained, slightly acidic soils and full sun. It grows from sea level to 900 m.

In Japan, historically, it has been one of the most important species used in the architecture. It plays an important part in the classic Japanese garden as ornemental tree.

Japan:

It seems that Japanese papermakers have attempted to use pine fibers during the 17th century as a fiber supplement to the barks of paper mulberry.

Korea:

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Leaf

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

French

Identification

Fibre type	Inner bark Needles
Average fibre lenght	Inner bark: 1,8 mm Needles: 1 mm
Average fibre width	Inner bark: 18,6 µm Needles: 20,6 µm
Fibre ends	Inner bark : Rounded Needles : Blunt
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Inner bark: very faint fiber wall. Needles: prominent fiber wall. No cross-marking for the both.
Associated cells
Special features	Inner bark: very wide fibers. Needles : uneven fiber wall and round stoma.
Herzberg staining	Purple
Graff 'C' staining	Purple

Botanical classification

Pinus densiflora Sieb. & Zucc.

Order:

Pinales

Family:

Plant growing area

From coastal regions to mountains, on lakesides, on rocky hillsides.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Pinus densiflora is a conifer reaching 30 m in height. In winter it becomes yellowish.

It prefers well-drained, slightly acidic soils and full sun. It grows from sea level to 900 m.

In Japan, historically, it has been one of the most important species used in the architecture. It plays an important part in the classic Japanese garden as ornemental tree.

Japan:

It seems that Japanese papermakers have attempted to use pine fibers during the 17th century as a fiber supplement to the barks of paper mulberry.

Korea:

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Leaf

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Identification

Fibre type	Grass / Straw
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells	Parenchyma cells.
Special features	Narrow fibres with thixk walls.
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Hordeum vulgare L.

Order:

Poales

Family:

Plant growing area

Barley is cultivated worldwide in all non-tropical countries and in mountainous areas of tropics.

China (Anhui, Fujian, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Nei Mongol/Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

It is an annual plant growing to 1 m. It is the oldest cultivated cereal. It is a hardy plant which can tolerate strong winds but not maritime exposure. It succeeds further north than most other cereal crops in particular at higher altitudes (staple crop in Tibet: the flour is used to make tsampa).

The plant can adapt to different kind of soils but requires well-drained soil and needs light.

Seeds are edible so the plant is commonly cultivated as a food and fodder plant; the flour is used to make porridge or pancakes. Currently the main market is brewing.

The plant has medicinal uses: shoots are diuretic and seed sprouts are demulcent and expectorant.

The straws, after harvesting the seeds, have many uses: fibers for papermaking, biomass for fuel, mulch for the animals etc.

Japan:

It is an industrial paper fiber in Japan.

Korea:

From the Joseon period (1392-1910), raw materials traditionally used for paper production, mainly bark of Broussonetias begin to fail. Papermakers face to a growing demand for paper stimulated by the development of publications initiated during the Goryeo period (907-1392). Other plants will be used to provide a fiber supplement such as wisteria, rice, oat and barley straws, bamboo, jute, cotton and hemp but also willow leaves, reeds, the bark and needles of pine.
Indeed, the various straws seem to be used as complementary fiber source to fibers of paper mulberry from the 15th century.

Paper names

In Asia and particularly in China, Korea and Japan, the papers are intended for a wide range of use: Papers for calligraphy and art, Papers for ceremonies, Paper as a medium of exchange, money paper, Papers for making clothes, wall hangings and bedding, Papers for architecture, interior design, Papers for crafts of various kinds, for domestic purposes and leisure. The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Straw

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Identification

Fibre type	Grass / Straw
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells	Parenchyma cells.
Special features	Narrow fibres with thixk walls.
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Hordeum vulgare L.

Order:

Poales

Family:

Plant growing area

Barley is cultivated worldwide in all non-tropical countries and in mountainous areas of tropics.

China (Anhui, Fujian, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Nei Mongol/Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

The plant can adapt to different kind of soils but requires well-drained soil and needs light.

Seeds are edible so the plant is commonly cultivated as a food and fodder plant; the flour is used to make porridge or pancakes. Currently the main market is brewing.

The plant has medicinal uses: shoots are diuretic and seed sprouts are demulcent and expectorant.

The straws, after harvesting the seeds, have many uses: fibers for papermaking, biomass for fuel, mulch for the animals etc.

Japan:

It is an industrial paper fiber in Japan.

Korea:

From the Joseon period (1392-1910), raw materials traditionally used for paper production, mainly bark of Broussonetias begin to fail. Papermakers face to a growing demand for paper stimulated by the development of publications initiated during the Goryeo period (907-1392). Other plants will be used to provide a fiber supplement such as wisteria, rice, oat and barley straws, bamboo, jute, cotton and hemp but also willow leaves, reeds, the bark and needles of pine.
Indeed, the various straws seem to be used as complementary fiber source to fibers of paper mulberry from the 15th century.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Straw

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Identification

Fibre type	Grass / Straw
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells	Parenchyma cells.
Special features	Narrow fibres with thixk walls.
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Hordeum vulgare L.

Order:

Poales

Family:

Plant growing area

Barley is cultivated worldwide in all non-tropical countries and in mountainous areas of tropics.

China (Anhui, Fujian, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Nei Mongol/Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

The plant can adapt to different kind of soils but requires well-drained soil and needs light.

Seeds are edible so the plant is commonly cultivated as a food and fodder plant; the flour is used to make porridge or pancakes. Currently the main market is brewing.

The plant has medicinal uses: shoots are diuretic and seed sprouts are demulcent and expectorant.

The straws, after harvesting the seeds, have many uses: fibers for papermaking, biomass for fuel, mulch for the animals etc.

Japan:

It is an industrial paper fiber in Japan.

Korea:

From the Joseon period (1392-1910), raw materials traditionally used for paper production, mainly bark of Broussonetias begin to fail. Papermakers face to a growing demand for paper stimulated by the development of publications initiated during the Goryeo period (907-1392). Other plants will be used to provide a fiber supplement such as wisteria, rice, oat and barley straws, bamboo, jute, cotton and hemp but also willow leaves, reeds, the bark and needles of pine.
Indeed, the various straws seem to be used as complementary fiber source to fibers of paper mulberry from the 15th century.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Straw

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Identification

Fibre type	Grass / Straw
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells	Parenchyma cells.
Special features	Narrow fibres with thixk walls.
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Hordeum vulgare L.

Order:

Poales

Family:

Plant growing area

Barley is cultivated worldwide in all non-tropical countries and in mountainous areas of tropics.

China (Anhui, Fujian, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Nei Mongol/Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

The plant can adapt to different kind of soils but requires well-drained soil and needs light.

Seeds are edible so the plant is commonly cultivated as a food and fodder plant; the flour is used to make porridge or pancakes. Currently the main market is brewing.

The plant has medicinal uses: shoots are diuretic and seed sprouts are demulcent and expectorant.

The straws, after harvesting the seeds, have many uses: fibers for papermaking, biomass for fuel, mulch for the animals etc.

Japan:

It is an industrial paper fiber in Japan.

Korea:

From the Joseon period (1392-1910), raw materials traditionally used for paper production, mainly bark of Broussonetias begin to fail. Papermakers face to a growing demand for paper stimulated by the development of publications initiated during the Goryeo period (907-1392). Other plants will be used to provide a fiber supplement such as wisteria, rice, oat and barley straws, bamboo, jute, cotton and hemp but also willow leaves, reeds, the bark and needles of pine.
Indeed, the various straws seem to be used as complementary fiber source to fibers of paper mulberry from the 15th century.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Straw

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

オオムギ

おおむぎ

Identification

Fibre type	Grass / Straw
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells	Parenchyma cells.
Special features	Narrow fibres with thixk walls.
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Hordeum vulgare L.

Order:

Poales

Family:

Plant growing area

Barley is cultivated worldwide in all non-tropical countries and in mountainous areas of tropics.

China (Anhui, Fujian, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Nei Mongol/Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

The plant can adapt to different kind of soils but requires well-drained soil and needs light.

Seeds are edible so the plant is commonly cultivated as a food and fodder plant; the flour is used to make porridge or pancakes. Currently the main market is brewing.

The plant has medicinal uses: shoots are diuretic and seed sprouts are demulcent and expectorant.

The straws, after harvesting the seeds, have many uses: fibers for papermaking, biomass for fuel, mulch for the animals etc.

Japan:

It is an industrial paper fiber in Japan.

Korea:

From the Joseon period (1392-1910), raw materials traditionally used for paper production, mainly bark of Broussonetias begin to fail. Papermakers face to a growing demand for paper stimulated by the development of publications initiated during the Goryeo period (907-1392). Other plants will be used to provide a fiber supplement such as wisteria, rice, oat and barley straws, bamboo, jute, cotton and hemp but also willow leaves, reeds, the bark and needles of pine.
Indeed, the various straws seem to be used as complementary fiber source to fibers of paper mulberry from the 15th century.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Straw

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Identification

Fibre type	Grass / Straw
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells	Parenchyma cells.
Special features	Narrow fibres with thixk walls.
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Hordeum vulgare L.

Order:

Poales

Family: