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Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch © Curtis's Botanical Magazine 1875

Botanical classification

Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch

Order:

Alismatales

Family:

Araceae

Synonyms:

Amorphophallus mairei H. Lév.

Amorphophallus nanus H. Li & C. L. Long

Amorphophallus rivieri Durieu ex Riv.

Brachyspatha konjac (K. Koch) K. Koch

Hydrosme rivieri (Durieu ex Riv.) Engl.

Proteinophallus rivieri (Durieu ex Riv.) J. D. Hook. f.

Plant growing area

China (Yunnan where the species occurs wild), Indonesia, Japan, Korea (Cultivated).

Found in open situations, forest margins and thickets between 200 and 3000 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

The plant has a rhizome which can weigh up to 4 kg.

It is grown in Indonesia, Korea and Japan mainly as a vegetable (as cakes and noodles), but also for its medicinal properties in treatment of cancer or diabete.

In Japan, konnyaku (made by mixing Konjac flour with water lime) is used to strengthen the paper used as Kamiko (cf. papers).

China:

Used as dyeing aid.

Japan:

A viscous liquid obtained from the Konnyaku flour is brushed on the surface of paper to make it more resistant to water before dyeing in particular with indigo. The concentration is 0.5% weight / liquid.

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Konnyaku flour is mixed with water and then heated to form a viscous liquid.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Use for paper making:

Dyeing aid

Language:

French

Botanical classification

Hibiscus syriacus L.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Malvaceae

Synonyms:

Hibiscus acerifolius Salisb.

Hibiscus floridus Salisb.

Hibiscus rhombifolius Cav.

Ketmia arborea Moench

Ketmia syriaca (L.) Scop.

Ketmia syrorum Medik.

Plant growing area

Cultivated in most tropical and temperate regions of Asia.

Native to China (Anhui, Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangsu, Sichuan,Yunnan, and Zhejiang; cultivated in Fujian, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Xizang), Taiwan.

Sea cliffs, hillsides, along streams, roadsides, also extensively cultivated; below 1200 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Hibiscus syriacus is a bushy plant measuring 1.50m to 4m high. The flowers, hermaphrodite, are purple, pink or white; they can be isolated or grouped in inflorescences. Flowering occurs from July to October. The plant adapts to various soil types if they are well drained. It likes full sun.

Its was taken in cultivation very early along trade routes to the Middle East and to Europe. Hibiscus syriacus is grown as an ornamental plant in gardens.

The flowers are edible. The plant was used in traditional medicine, the flowers for their emollient properties, leaves for their diuretic properties and root for their antipyretic and anthelmintic properties.

The fibers of the stem are used in the manufacture of ropes.

A mucilage is extracted from the roots which is used as formation aid in paper making. This viscous material is added to the pulp to increase its viscosity and thus delay the settling of fibers in the tank. In addition, the mucilage allows a better dispersion of the long fibers.

China:

The use of hibiscus syriacus is quoted in the stories of "Guixinzashi" or "Miscellaneous news from Guixin street" by Zhou Mi (mid 13th century).

Korea:

Hibiscus syriacus is the national emblem of South Korea. Mugung means eternity.

Silla kingdom (57av JC -. 935) called itself the land of hibiscus. A Chinese document from the Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) mentions that Korea is the land of hibiscus. It is the poet Lee Gyu-bo (1168-1241) during the Goryeo dynasty who first used the name "mugungwha."

The plant adorns the gardens in Korea from immemorial time ; its leaves were brewed into an herbal tea and flowers were eaten.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Fang Yishi (1611-1671) in « Wuli xiaoshi » or « Some Knowledge of Physics » , published in 1643, describes how the rose of Sharon roots are reduced to a slurry which was poured into the tank with the mulberry fibers before making paper sheets.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Leaf

Use for paper making:

Formation aid

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

のりうつぎ

ノリウツギ

Hydrangea paniculata Siebold © Flora of China

Botanical classification

Hydrangea paniculata Siebold

Order:

Cornales

Family:

Hydrangeaceae

Synonyms:

Hydrangea verticillata W. H. Gao

Plant growing area

China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Japan (Wild), Russia (Sakhalin).

Grows in sparse forests or in thickets in valleys or on mountain slopes or tops; altitude 300-2100 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

Japan:

Shikoku.

Plant cultivation and use

Hydrangea paniculata is a deciduous shrub reaching 1 to 5m high at fast growth. It flowers in July and August. Flowers are white to pale pink.

It has blood tonic properties.

A mucilage is extracted from the bark which is used as formation aid in paper making. This viscous material is added to the pulp to increase its viscosity and thus delay the settling of fibers in the tank. In addition, the mucilage allows a better dispersion of the long fibers. It is a polysaccharide of arabinose, galactose, rhamnose and glucuronic acid. Its viscosity is less affected by temperature or mechanical agitation than that from Hibiscus manihot.

Japan:

Hydrangea paniculata grows in abundance on the hills in Shikoku.

It is used in summer because its viscosity decreases less with heat than that from Hibiscus manihot.

Korea:

The bark was used in Korea to produce mucilage before adoption in the early 19th century of Hibiscus manihot which replaced all other dispersants.

It is used in summer because its viscosity decreases less with heat than that from Hibiscus manihot.

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

When the plants have fully developed, they are cut at 30cm from the ground. The cut branches, one meter in length, are hammered with a mallet to separate the bark from the wood.Barks are macerated in water overnight. The mucilage obtained is filtered before being used.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Formation aid

Language:

French

Botanical classification

Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch

Order:

Alismatales

Family:

Araceae

Synonyms:

Amorphophallus mairei H. Lév.

Amorphophallus nanus H. Li & C. L. Long

Amorphophallus rivieri Durieu ex Riv.

Brachyspatha konjac (K. Koch) K. Koch

Hydrosme rivieri (Durieu ex Riv.) Engl.

Proteinophallus rivieri (Durieu ex Riv.) J. D. Hook. f.

Plant growing area

China (Yunnan where the species occurs wild), Indonesia, Japan, Korea (Cultivated).

Found in open situations, forest margins and thickets between 200 and 3000 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

The plant has a rhizome which can weigh up to 4 kg.

It is grown in Indonesia, Korea and Japan mainly as a vegetable (as cakes and noodles), but also for its medicinal properties in treatment of cancer or diabete.

In Japan, konnyaku (made by mixing Konjac flour with water lime) is used to strengthen the paper used as Kamiko (cf. papers).

China:

Used as dyeing aid.

Japan:

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Konnyaku flour is mixed with water and then heated to form a viscous liquid.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Use for paper making:

Dyeing aid

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

アキニレ　

Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. © CFH Nature Museum

Botanical classification

Ulmus parvifolia Jacq.

Order:

Rosales

Family:

Ulmaceae

Synonyms:

Microptelea parvifolia (Jacq.) Spach

Planera parvifolia (Jacq.) Sweet

Ulmus campestris L. var. chinensis Loudon

Ulmus chinensis Pers.

Ulmus coreana Nakai

Ulmus japonica Siebold

Ulmus shirasawana Daveau

Ulmus sieboldii Daveau

Ulmus shirasawana Daveau

Plant growing area

China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang), India, Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Ryukyu), North Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam.

Grows below 800 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Ulmus parvifolia is a deciduous tree up to 25 m in height. The pale yellow flowers appear in September. They produce samaras, ripe in October, which contain seeds. It prefers moist, well-drained soils, a sun exposure. It is resistant to low temperatures.

Chinese Elm is often used as an ornamental tree or for bonsais. Its very hard wood is used in making furniture and tools.

The leaves, bark and flowers have medicinal properties. Its leaves and fruits are edible. The inner bark dried and reduced to powder is used as a thickener in soups in Asia.

The mucilage extracted from the bark is used as formation aid in paper making. This viscous material is added to the pulp to increase its viscosity and thus delay the settling of fibers in the tank. In addition, the mucilage allows a better dispersion of the long fibers.

China:

It is frequently used beside Hibiscus manihot.

Its use is mentionned in "Wuli xiaoshi" or "Some Knowledge of Physics" written by Fang Yishi in 1643.

Korea:

Its bark has been used to produce formation aid in Korea until mid 19th century.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Formation aid

Language:

English

Botanical classification

Hibiscus syriacus L.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Malvaceae

Synonyms:

Hibiscus acerifolius Salisb.

Hibiscus floridus Salisb.

Hibiscus rhombifolius Cav.

Ketmia arborea Moench

Ketmia syriaca (L.) Scop.

Ketmia syrorum Medik.

Plant growing area

Cultivated in most tropical and temperate regions of Asia.

Sea cliffs, hillsides, along streams, roadsides, also extensively cultivated; below 1200 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Its was taken in cultivation very early along trade routes to the Middle East and to Europe. Hibiscus syriacus is grown as an ornamental plant in gardens.

The fibers of the stem are used in the manufacture of ropes.

China:

The use of hibiscus syriacus is quoted in the stories of "Guixinzashi" or "Miscellaneous news from Guixin street" by Zhou Mi (mid 13th century).

Korea:

Hibiscus syriacus is the national emblem of South Korea. Mugung means eternity.

The plant adorns the gardens in Korea from immemorial time ; its leaves were brewed into an herbal tea and flowers were eaten.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Used part of the plant:

Root

Leaf

Use for paper making:

Formation aid

Language:

English

Botanical classification

Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch

Order:

Alismatales

Family:

Araceae

Synonyms:

Amorphophallus mairei H. Lév.

Amorphophallus nanus H. Li & C. L. Long

Amorphophallus rivieri Durieu ex Riv.

Brachyspatha konjac (K. Koch) K. Koch

Hydrosme rivieri (Durieu ex Riv.) Engl.

Proteinophallus rivieri (Durieu ex Riv.) J. D. Hook. f.

Plant growing area

China (Yunnan where the species occurs wild), Indonesia, Japan, Korea (Cultivated).

Found in open situations, forest margins and thickets between 200 and 3000 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

The plant has a rhizome which can weigh up to 4 kg.

It is grown in Indonesia, Korea and Japan mainly as a vegetable (as cakes and noodles), but also for its medicinal properties in treatment of cancer or diabete.

In Japan, konnyaku (made by mixing Konjac flour with water lime) is used to strengthen the paper used as Kamiko (cf. papers).

China:

Used as dyeing aid.

Japan:

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Konnyaku flour is mixed with water and then heated to form a viscous liquid.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Use for paper making:

Dyeing aid

Language:

English

Botanical classification

Ulmus parvifolia Jacq.

Order:

Rosales

Family:

Ulmaceae

Synonyms:

Microptelea parvifolia (Jacq.) Spach

Planera parvifolia (Jacq.) Sweet

Ulmus campestris L. var. chinensis Loudon

Ulmus chinensis Pers.

Ulmus coreana Nakai

Ulmus japonica Siebold

Ulmus shirasawana Daveau

Ulmus sieboldii Daveau

Ulmus shirasawana Daveau

Plant growing area

Grows below 800 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Chinese Elm is often used as an ornamental tree or for bonsais. Its very hard wood is used in making furniture and tools.

The leaves, bark and flowers have medicinal properties. Its leaves and fruits are edible. The inner bark dried and reduced to powder is used as a thickener in soups in Asia.

China:

It is frequently used beside Hibiscus manihot.

Its use is mentionned in "Wuli xiaoshi" or "Some Knowledge of Physics" written by Fang Yishi in 1643.

Korea:

Its bark has been used to produce formation aid in Korea until mid 19th century.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Formation aid

Language:

English

Botanical classification

Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch

Order:

Alismatales

Family:

Araceae

Synonyms:

Amorphophallus mairei H. Lév.

Amorphophallus nanus H. Li & C. L. Long

Amorphophallus rivieri Durieu ex Riv.

Brachyspatha konjac (K. Koch) K. Koch

Hydrosme rivieri (Durieu ex Riv.) Engl.

Proteinophallus rivieri (Durieu ex Riv.) J. D. Hook. f.

Plant growing area

China (Yunnan where the species occurs wild), Indonesia, Japan, Korea (Cultivated).

Found in open situations, forest margins and thickets between 200 and 3000 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

The plant has a rhizome which can weigh up to 4 kg.

It is grown in Indonesia, Korea and Japan mainly as a vegetable (as cakes and noodles), but also for its medicinal properties in treatment of cancer or diabete.

In Japan, konnyaku (made by mixing Konjac flour with water lime) is used to strengthen the paper used as Kamiko (cf. papers).

China:

Used as dyeing aid.

Japan:

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Konnyaku flour is mixed with water and then heated to form a viscous liquid.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Use for paper making:

Dyeing aid

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

モクキンカ

Botanical classification

Hibiscus syriacus L.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Malvaceae

Synonyms:

Hibiscus acerifolius Salisb.

Hibiscus floridus Salisb.

Hibiscus rhombifolius Cav.

Ketmia arborea Moench

Ketmia syriaca (L.) Scop.

Ketmia syrorum Medik.

Plant growing area

Cultivated in most tropical and temperate regions of Asia.

Sea cliffs, hillsides, along streams, roadsides, also extensively cultivated; below 1200 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Its was taken in cultivation very early along trade routes to the Middle East and to Europe. Hibiscus syriacus is grown as an ornamental plant in gardens.

The fibers of the stem are used in the manufacture of ropes.

China:

The use of hibiscus syriacus is quoted in the stories of "Guixinzashi" or "Miscellaneous news from Guixin street" by Zhou Mi (mid 13th century).

Korea:

Hibiscus syriacus is the national emblem of South Korea. Mugung means eternity.

The plant adorns the gardens in Korea from immemorial time ; its leaves were brewed into an herbal tea and flowers were eaten.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Used part of the plant:

Root

Leaf

Use for paper making:

Formation aid

Primary tabs

Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch

Hibiscus syriacus L.

Hydrangea paniculata Siebold

Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch

Ulmus parvifolia Jacq.

Hibiscus syriacus L.

Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch

Ulmus parvifolia Jacq.

Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch

Hibiscus syriacus L.

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Primary tabs

Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch

Hibiscus syriacus L.

Hydrangea paniculata Siebold

Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch

Ulmus parvifolia Jacq.

Hibiscus syriacus L.

Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch

Ulmus parvifolia Jacq.

Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch

Hibiscus syriacus L.

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