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Phellodendron amurense Rupr. © Plantillustrations

Phellodendron amurense Rupr. © C. Laroque

Botanical classification

Phellodendron amurense Rupr.

Order:

Sapindales

Family:

Rutaceae

Plant growing area

China (Anhui, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shandong, Shanxi), Japan (Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku), Korea, Russia (Far East, Siberia, Sakhalin Island), Taiwan.

It grows in mountain, in river valleys, in forests and in thickets.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea .

Plant cultivation and use

Phellodendron amurense is a tree which can reach 10 to 15m high, with large branches, which bark of light gray color has the consistency of cork. As it is hardy, it can adapt to various soil types. Flowers are yellow-green and small. Flowering occurs in May-June. The fruits grow in clusters and have a strong odor when crushed. Fruits yield an oil which insecticidal properties are similar to those of pyrethrum.

Phellodendron amurense is widely cultivated especially in China, for its medicinal (infection treatment) and dyeing properties conferred by the alkaloids it contains.

The dye alkaloids are mainly berberine, but also menispérine, palmatine, jatrorrhizine, phellodendrine, candicine, magnoflorine.

The dye obtained from the bark has been widely used in Asia. The color varies from pale yellow to brown depending on the concentration. It is very sensitive to light and fades into an orange brown.

China:

Phellodendron amurense is one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine. Bark is the main part of the plant used medicinally but oil from the fruit is also used.

The method giving the appearance of old paper is called juan huang. This tradition of dyeing papers to give them the appearance of aged papers began in the 2nd or 3rd century, especially for books. This is a practice that seems designed to protect the books of insect damage and at the same time to give the paper a glossy surface. Dyeing was carried out before or after writing. Many Dunhuang manuscripts were treated in this way.

A decree in 675 (Tang Dynasty) mandates the use of yellow paper for official documents to protect them from insects. This practice will continue during the Song dynasty (960-1127). For the same reason the yellow papers are often used for writing sutras. An alternative to protect books from damage caused by insects was the use of litharge that gave to paper an orange color.

Paper dyeing is described in several books: « Qimin yaoshu » or «Main techniques for the welfare of the people” by Jia Sixie, (middle of 6^th century); « Zunsheng bajian » or «Eight orders to follow the meaning of life » by Gao Lian (1591); « Wuli xiaoshi » or « Some Knowledge of Physics » by Fang Yishi (1643).

It is specified in the "Qimin Yaoshu" that yellow papers are often embellished by waxing that gives a smooth and hard surface.

Japan:

This is the most important yellow dye for dyeing fabrics since the 7th century. It is also used for prints.

This is the most common yellow dye used to dye paper for copying sutras. This prevalence is due to its dying and insect repellent properties. After dyeing the paper was polished.

These papers were often used for writing poems and love letters but also for official documents.

The dye is often mixed with indigo to obtain green colors.

Usually the pulp is dyed in the tank before making the sheet.

Korea:

Because of their repellent properties, papers dyed with Phellodendron were widely used for bookbinding boards and to receive sutras texts or official writings (such as birth certificates).

They were also commonly used in the manufacture of embossed papers (neunghwaji).

Preparation process for making paper

China:

The outer bark of Phellodendron is removed and the inner part is chopped into pieces and placed in a bag, soaked in water and boiled; then the filtrate, a bitter yellow liquid, is collected by pressing the bark.
The residues are crushed and boiled again, three times and the filtrates of the three baths are mixed. This allows for a bigger quantity of liquid and a less saturated color. This liquid is called Huang po.
The paper to be dyed must be unsized to let dye penetrates better. The paper after dyeing has a glossy appearance.

An alternative is to immerse the paper simultaneously in the Phellodendron decoction and in decoctions of oak cups (Quercus acutissima or Quercus serrata) and safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) to get more yellow shades.

Japan:

Wood is cut in small pieces and boiled. The extract is filtered before dyeing. It is not necessary to use mordant.

Dyeing of paper is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

The inner part of bark, or wood are cut in small pieces and boiled. The extract is filtered before dyeing.

Papers dyed with Phellodendron amurense are fixed by etching with tannins extracted from the bark of chestnut or oak acorns.

The papers are dyed in three ways: dyeing of the pulp (Seonyeombeop), dyeing of the sheet by dipping, brushing and spraying (Huyeombeop ), combination of the both methods (Honyeombeop). Then the paper can be hammered.

Paper names

In Asia and particularly in China, Korea and Japan, the papers are intended for a wide range of use: Papers for calligraphy and art, Papers for ceremonies, Paper as a medium of exchange, money paper, Papers for making clothes, wall hangings and bedding, Papers for architecture, interior design, Papers for crafts of various kinds, for domestic purposes and leisure. The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.
In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.
In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Wood

Use for paper making:

Dye

Insecticide

Language:

Korean

Local scripture:

황벽

Botanical classification

Phellodendron amurense Rupr.

Order:

Sapindales

Family:

Rutaceae

Plant growing area

It grows in mountain, in river valleys, in forests and in thickets.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea .

Plant cultivation and use

Phellodendron amurense is widely cultivated especially in China, for its medicinal (infection treatment) and dyeing properties conferred by the alkaloids it contains.

The dye alkaloids are mainly berberine, but also menispérine, palmatine, jatrorrhizine, phellodendrine, candicine, magnoflorine.

The dye obtained from the bark has been widely used in Asia. The color varies from pale yellow to brown depending on the concentration. It is very sensitive to light and fades into an orange brown.

China:

Phellodendron amurense is one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine. Bark is the main part of the plant used medicinally but oil from the fruit is also used.

It is specified in the "Qimin Yaoshu" that yellow papers are often embellished by waxing that gives a smooth and hard surface.

Japan:

This is the most important yellow dye for dyeing fabrics since the 7th century. It is also used for prints.

This is the most common yellow dye used to dye paper for copying sutras. This prevalence is due to its dying and insect repellent properties. After dyeing the paper was polished.

These papers were often used for writing poems and love letters but also for official documents.

The dye is often mixed with indigo to obtain green colors.

Usually the pulp is dyed in the tank before making the sheet.

Korea:

Because of their repellent properties, papers dyed with Phellodendron were widely used for bookbinding boards and to receive sutras texts or official writings (such as birth certificates).

They were also commonly used in the manufacture of embossed papers (neunghwaji).

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Japan:

Wood is cut in small pieces and boiled. The extract is filtered before dyeing. It is not necessary to use mordant.

Dyeing of paper is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

The inner part of bark, or wood are cut in small pieces and boiled. The extract is filtered before dyeing.

Papers dyed with Phellodendron amurense are fixed by etching with tannins extracted from the bark of chestnut or oak acorns.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.
In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.
In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Wood

Use for paper making:

Dye

Insecticide

Language:

French

Botanical classification

Phellodendron amurense Rupr.

Order:

Sapindales

Family:

Rutaceae

Plant growing area

It grows in mountain, in river valleys, in forests and in thickets.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea .

Plant cultivation and use

Phellodendron amurense is widely cultivated especially in China, for its medicinal (infection treatment) and dyeing properties conferred by the alkaloids it contains.

The dye alkaloids are mainly berberine, but also menispérine, palmatine, jatrorrhizine, phellodendrine, candicine, magnoflorine.

The dye obtained from the bark has been widely used in Asia. The color varies from pale yellow to brown depending on the concentration. It is very sensitive to light and fades into an orange brown.

China:

Phellodendron amurense is one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine. Bark is the main part of the plant used medicinally but oil from the fruit is also used.

It is specified in the "Qimin Yaoshu" that yellow papers are often embellished by waxing that gives a smooth and hard surface.

Japan:

This is the most important yellow dye for dyeing fabrics since the 7th century. It is also used for prints.

This is the most common yellow dye used to dye paper for copying sutras. This prevalence is due to its dying and insect repellent properties. After dyeing the paper was polished.

These papers were often used for writing poems and love letters but also for official documents.

The dye is often mixed with indigo to obtain green colors.

Usually the pulp is dyed in the tank before making the sheet.

Korea:

Because of their repellent properties, papers dyed with Phellodendron were widely used for bookbinding boards and to receive sutras texts or official writings (such as birth certificates).

They were also commonly used in the manufacture of embossed papers (neunghwaji).

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Japan:

Wood is cut in small pieces and boiled. The extract is filtered before dyeing. It is not necessary to use mordant.

Dyeing of paper is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

The inner part of bark, or wood are cut in small pieces and boiled. The extract is filtered before dyeing.

Papers dyed with Phellodendron amurense are fixed by etching with tannins extracted from the bark of chestnut or oak acorns.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.
In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.
In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Wood

Use for paper making:

Dye

Insecticide

Language:

English

Botanical classification

Phellodendron amurense Rupr.

Order:

Sapindales

Family:

Rutaceae

Plant growing area

It grows in mountain, in river valleys, in forests and in thickets.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea .

Plant cultivation and use

Phellodendron amurense is widely cultivated especially in China, for its medicinal (infection treatment) and dyeing properties conferred by the alkaloids it contains.

The dye alkaloids are mainly berberine, but also menispérine, palmatine, jatrorrhizine, phellodendrine, candicine, magnoflorine.

The dye obtained from the bark has been widely used in Asia. The color varies from pale yellow to brown depending on the concentration. It is very sensitive to light and fades into an orange brown.

China:

Phellodendron amurense is one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine. Bark is the main part of the plant used medicinally but oil from the fruit is also used.

It is specified in the "Qimin Yaoshu" that yellow papers are often embellished by waxing that gives a smooth and hard surface.

Japan:

This is the most important yellow dye for dyeing fabrics since the 7th century. It is also used for prints.

This is the most common yellow dye used to dye paper for copying sutras. This prevalence is due to its dying and insect repellent properties. After dyeing the paper was polished.

These papers were often used for writing poems and love letters but also for official documents.

The dye is often mixed with indigo to obtain green colors.

Usually the pulp is dyed in the tank before making the sheet.

Korea:

Because of their repellent properties, papers dyed with Phellodendron were widely used for bookbinding boards and to receive sutras texts or official writings (such as birth certificates).

They were also commonly used in the manufacture of embossed papers (neunghwaji).

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Japan:

Wood is cut in small pieces and boiled. The extract is filtered before dyeing. It is not necessary to use mordant.

Dyeing of paper is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

The inner part of bark, or wood are cut in small pieces and boiled. The extract is filtered before dyeing.

Papers dyed with Phellodendron amurense are fixed by etching with tannins extracted from the bark of chestnut or oak acorns.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.
In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.
In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Wood

Use for paper making:

Dye

Insecticide

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

黄柏

Botanical classification

Phellodendron amurense Rupr.

Order:

Sapindales

Family:

Rutaceae

Plant growing area

It grows in mountain, in river valleys, in forests and in thickets.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea .

Plant cultivation and use

Phellodendron amurense is widely cultivated especially in China, for its medicinal (infection treatment) and dyeing properties conferred by the alkaloids it contains.

The dye alkaloids are mainly berberine, but also menispérine, palmatine, jatrorrhizine, phellodendrine, candicine, magnoflorine.

The dye obtained from the bark has been widely used in Asia. The color varies from pale yellow to brown depending on the concentration. It is very sensitive to light and fades into an orange brown.

China:

Phellodendron amurense is one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine. Bark is the main part of the plant used medicinally but oil from the fruit is also used.

It is specified in the "Qimin Yaoshu" that yellow papers are often embellished by waxing that gives a smooth and hard surface.

Japan:

This is the most important yellow dye for dyeing fabrics since the 7th century. It is also used for prints.

This is the most common yellow dye used to dye paper for copying sutras. This prevalence is due to its dying and insect repellent properties. After dyeing the paper was polished.

These papers were often used for writing poems and love letters but also for official documents.

The dye is often mixed with indigo to obtain green colors.

Usually the pulp is dyed in the tank before making the sheet.

Korea:

Because of their repellent properties, papers dyed with Phellodendron were widely used for bookbinding boards and to receive sutras texts or official writings (such as birth certificates).

They were also commonly used in the manufacture of embossed papers (neunghwaji).

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Japan:

Wood is cut in small pieces and boiled. The extract is filtered before dyeing. It is not necessary to use mordant.

Dyeing of paper is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

The inner part of bark, or wood are cut in small pieces and boiled. The extract is filtered before dyeing.

Papers dyed with Phellodendron amurense are fixed by etching with tannins extracted from the bark of chestnut or oak acorns.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.
In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.
In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Wood

Use for paper making:

Dye

Insecticide

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

きはだ

Botanical classification

Phellodendron amurense Rupr.

Order:

Sapindales

Family:

Rutaceae

Plant growing area

It grows in mountain, in river valleys, in forests and in thickets.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea .

Plant cultivation and use

Phellodendron amurense is widely cultivated especially in China, for its medicinal (infection treatment) and dyeing properties conferred by the alkaloids it contains.

The dye alkaloids are mainly berberine, but also menispérine, palmatine, jatrorrhizine, phellodendrine, candicine, magnoflorine.

The dye obtained from the bark has been widely used in Asia. The color varies from pale yellow to brown depending on the concentration. It is very sensitive to light and fades into an orange brown.

China:

Phellodendron amurense is one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine. Bark is the main part of the plant used medicinally but oil from the fruit is also used.

It is specified in the "Qimin Yaoshu" that yellow papers are often embellished by waxing that gives a smooth and hard surface.

Japan:

This is the most important yellow dye for dyeing fabrics since the 7th century. It is also used for prints.

This is the most common yellow dye used to dye paper for copying sutras. This prevalence is due to its dying and insect repellent properties. After dyeing the paper was polished.

These papers were often used for writing poems and love letters but also for official documents.

The dye is often mixed with indigo to obtain green colors.

Usually the pulp is dyed in the tank before making the sheet.

Korea:

Because of their repellent properties, papers dyed with Phellodendron were widely used for bookbinding boards and to receive sutras texts or official writings (such as birth certificates).

They were also commonly used in the manufacture of embossed papers (neunghwaji).

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Japan:

Wood is cut in small pieces and boiled. The extract is filtered before dyeing. It is not necessary to use mordant.

Dyeing of paper is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

The inner part of bark, or wood are cut in small pieces and boiled. The extract is filtered before dyeing.

Papers dyed with Phellodendron amurense are fixed by etching with tannins extracted from the bark of chestnut or oak acorns.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.
In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.
In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Wood

Use for paper making:

Dye

Insecticide

Language:

French

Botanical classification

Phellodendron amurense Rupr.

Order:

Sapindales

Family:

Rutaceae

Plant growing area

It grows in mountain, in river valleys, in forests and in thickets.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea .

Plant cultivation and use

Phellodendron amurense is widely cultivated especially in China, for its medicinal (infection treatment) and dyeing properties conferred by the alkaloids it contains.

The dye alkaloids are mainly berberine, but also menispérine, palmatine, jatrorrhizine, phellodendrine, candicine, magnoflorine.

The dye obtained from the bark has been widely used in Asia. The color varies from pale yellow to brown depending on the concentration. It is very sensitive to light and fades into an orange brown.

China:

Phellodendron amurense is one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine. Bark is the main part of the plant used medicinally but oil from the fruit is also used.

It is specified in the "Qimin Yaoshu" that yellow papers are often embellished by waxing that gives a smooth and hard surface.

Japan:

This is the most important yellow dye for dyeing fabrics since the 7th century. It is also used for prints.

This is the most common yellow dye used to dye paper for copying sutras. This prevalence is due to its dying and insect repellent properties. After dyeing the paper was polished.

These papers were often used for writing poems and love letters but also for official documents.

The dye is often mixed with indigo to obtain green colors.

Usually the pulp is dyed in the tank before making the sheet.

Korea:

Because of their repellent properties, papers dyed with Phellodendron were widely used for bookbinding boards and to receive sutras texts or official writings (such as birth certificates).

They were also commonly used in the manufacture of embossed papers (neunghwaji).

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Japan:

Wood is cut in small pieces and boiled. The extract is filtered before dyeing. It is not necessary to use mordant.

Dyeing of paper is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

The inner part of bark, or wood are cut in small pieces and boiled. The extract is filtered before dyeing.

Papers dyed with Phellodendron amurense are fixed by etching with tannins extracted from the bark of chestnut or oak acorns.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.
In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.
In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Wood

Use for paper making:

Dye

Insecticide

Language:

English

Linum usitatissimum L. © O.W.Thomé Flora von Deutschland 1885

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre lenght	33mm (9-70mm)
Average fibre width	20 μm (5-40μm)
Fibre ends	Pointed or sometimes blunt.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Prominent, creases in V shape. Dislocations, cross-marking and longitudinal striations.
Associated cells	Often present: Short pitted fibres, vessels.
Special features	Epidermis with stomata Longitudinal cut : nodes extending across the width Transversal cut: thick cell, small lumen. Hemp and flax fibres are very similar, can be differentiated by the associated cells.
Herzberg staining	Peach/Red.
Graff 'C' staining	Peach/Red.

Botanical classification

Linum usitatissimum L.

Order:

Malpighiales

Family:

Linaceae

Synonyms:

Linum angustifolium Huds.

Linum humile Mill.

Plant growing area

The origin of flax is uncertain but possibly the Mediterranean region and/or parts of West Asia and West Europewhere it is widely cultivated. It is cultivated throughout China except Hainan and Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

Flax is an annual plant from 30 to 120cm in height. It requires rich and loose soil and a temperate climate is most favorable to it. In India flax is cultivated to 1900 m altitude. Its growth cycle is short, one hundred days. Flowering takes place in mid-June.

Linum usitatissimum was domesticated in the 8th millennium BC. in Syria or Iran. It was widely used in ancient Egypt as well as a textile fiber and as in diet. The use of linen was later adopted in countries around the Mediterranean, then in Northern and Western Europe (5th century BC.) and would have moved Eastward where its use would have begun in India around the 3rd century BC.

It is cultivated both for its use in textiles and for its seeds in the production of oil and bread. The seed-cakes are used as fodder.

For papermaking, fibers are obtained from either textiles, known as rag, or from remnant hemp fibres called “textile flax tow” after the textile fibers have been recovered, either from the whole plant (usually from seed oil flax).

Bast fibers for textile production are separated from the stem after retting, beating, scutching and drying.

Retting allows the separation of the fibrous parts of the plant by decomposition of the pectose that binds them, thanks to the action of bacterias. It is performed either in water or on fields.
It takes place after pulling the plants, collecting them in bales, and ginning them with a comb.
After retting the fibers are dried and the dry tow is ground to remove the remaining particles of bark.
Scutching is to rid the fibers from the woody part of the plant (boon) and separate the long strands from the tow. The work ends with combing. The fibers can then be carded, spun and then woven.

China:

Flax is one of the oldest fibers used in China in the manufacture of paper. It grew throughout China, especially in North and West areas, as ramie, hemp, jute.

All these plants are called "ma" in ancient Chinese documents.

Japan:

Used in Japan for 150 years when its cultivation started. It is mainly grown for its oil.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Chinese

Local scripture:

亚麻

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre lenght	33mm (9-70mm)
Average fibre width	20 μm (5-40μm)
Fibre ends	Pointed or sometimes blunt.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Prominent, creases in V shape. Dislocations, cross-marking and longitudinal striations.
Associated cells	Often present: Short pitted fibres, vessels.
Special features	Epidermis with stomata Longitudinal cut : nodes extending across the width Transversal cut: thick cell, small lumen. Hemp and flax fibres are very similar, can be differentiated by the associated cells.
Herzberg staining	Peach/Red.
Graff 'C' staining	Peach/Red.

Botanical classification

Linum usitatissimum L.

Order:

Malpighiales

Family:

Linaceae

Synonyms:

Linum angustifolium Huds.

Linum humile Mill.

Plant growing area

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

It is cultivated both for its use in textiles and for its seeds in the production of oil and bread. The seed-cakes are used as fodder.

Bast fibers for textile production are separated from the stem after retting, beating, scutching and drying.

China:

Flax is one of the oldest fibers used in China in the manufacture of paper. It grew throughout China, especially in North and West areas, as ramie, hemp, jute.

All these plants are called "ma" in ancient Chinese documents.

Japan:

Used in Japan for 150 years when its cultivation started. It is mainly grown for its oil.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

English

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre lenght	33mm (9-70mm)
Average fibre width	20 μm (5-40μm)
Fibre ends	Pointed or sometimes blunt.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Prominent, creases in V shape. Dislocations, cross-marking and longitudinal striations.
Associated cells	Often present: Short pitted fibres, vessels.
Special features	Epidermis with stomata Longitudinal cut : nodes extending across the width Transversal cut: thick cell, small lumen. Hemp and flax fibres are very similar, can be differentiated by the associated cells.
Herzberg staining	Peach/Red.
Graff 'C' staining	Peach/Red.

Botanical classification

Linum usitatissimum L.

Order:

Malpighiales

Family:

Linaceae

Synonyms:

Linum angustifolium Huds.

Linum humile Mill.

Plant growing area

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

It is cultivated both for its use in textiles and for its seeds in the production of oil and bread. The seed-cakes are used as fodder.

Bast fibers for textile production are separated from the stem after retting, beating, scutching and drying.

China:

Flax is one of the oldest fibers used in China in the manufacture of paper. It grew throughout China, especially in North and West areas, as ramie, hemp, jute.

All these plants are called "ma" in ancient Chinese documents.

Japan:

Used in Japan for 150 years when its cultivation started. It is mainly grown for its oil.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Primary tabs

Phellodendron amurense Rupr.

Phellodendron amurense Rupr.

Phellodendron amurense Rupr.

Phellodendron amurense Rupr.

Phellodendron amurense Rupr.

Phellodendron amurense Rupr.

Phellodendron amurense Rupr.

Linum usitatissimum L.

Linum usitatissimum L.

Linum usitatissimum L.

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Primary tabs

Phellodendron amurense Rupr.

Phellodendron amurense Rupr.

Phellodendron amurense Rupr.

Phellodendron amurense Rupr.

Phellodendron amurense Rupr.

Phellodendron amurense Rupr.

Phellodendron amurense Rupr.

Linum usitatissimum L.

Linum usitatissimum L.

Linum usitatissimum L.

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