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Identification

Fibre type	Fruit
Average fibre lenght	16mm (10-40mm)
Average fibre width	20μm (12-38μm)
Fibre ends	Variable, usually broken or tapering.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Flat ribbon-like twisted fibers When fibers have been mercerized, they swell and the convolutions are no longer visible. Immature fibers often are not twisted. Transverse cut : Kidney bean shape, clear lumen. Prominent fiber wall.
Herzberg staining	Red light purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Yellow.

Botanical classification

Gossypium arboreum L.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Malvaceae

Plant growing area

Gossypium arboreum L. is cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World; it is supposed to be native from India and Sri Lanka.

All species have been introduced to China.

China (Cultivated. Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan), Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

There are around thirty wild species and many hybrids developed in many areas, but the main species (diploid) are Gossypium herbaceum L. (var. typicum, or frutescens, or africanum), Gossypium arboreum L. (var. typicum, or neglectum, or cernuum).

The cultivated species (triploid) are Gossypium barbadense L, Gossypium hirsutum L., Gossypium religiosum L.

The origin is uncertain. The Herbaceum was imported as domesticated species to Saudi and Syria and then to India, where Arboreum has developed from the Herbaceum. Then it prevailed in Africa and Asia. From these species a triploid has developed which replaced the two other ones.

Many archaeological evidences show that cotton was domesticated several thousand years before our Era and in regions far apart: 10.000 BC in Egypt, Mexico 7000 BC, from 2300 BC in India. However, it seems certain that it is from India that it has spread to Persia in the 4th century BC and to Malaysia, Indonesia, Southeast Asia and China.

Gossypium arboreum is a perennial shrub up to 1.50m in height; other species can be perennial herbs or shrubs.

The colors of the flowers vary depending on the species, from off-white to purple. The fruits are ovoid capsules which open at maturity in 3 to 5 valves containing 6 to 12 seeds covered with hair, white fibers which can be 2 to 5 cm in length depending on the variety.

There are two types of fibers: long fibers (lints), and shorter hairs (linters).

The seeds, after removal of the fibers can produce oil. The roots are used as decoctions in the Indian pharmacopoeia for the treatment of urinary diseases.

The fibers used for textiles and paper production come from the hairs of the seeds of one or an other species.

In the case of paper, fibers tend to come from rags, they are rarely used raw. But in this case, the linters or more rarely, lints are used.

The first attempts to use fibers directly from the plant began in the early 20th century in the modern industry. Linters are torn by special gins. The lints are treated with caustic soda and linters by caustic solutions and are bleached.

China:

Cotton has never been used as a major material in the manufacture of paper, probably because of its use in textiles. There is a paper called "cotton paper" (Mien chih) but it is made from paper mulberry.

Cotton clothes are admired under the Tang’s (618-907), but the cultivation of cotton settles later. At that time, the calicos and muslins were imported by Chinese merchants from India to the warehouse of Palembang in Indonesia. From there, the culture has developed in Indochina.

It would be ambassadors from Indochina who presented to Emperor cottonseed as a tribute. The cultivation of cotton was slow to spread throughout China. However texts from the Tang period mention the cultivation in the south of a plant called Ku pei or Chi pei or cotton.

Culture really starts in the Song dynasty (960-1279) provided by two routes:

The south, from Indochina to Guangdong, Fujian.

The west to Gansu and Shanxi, through Turkestan. It is the variety Herbaceum that will not exceed the north boarders. The other will spread everywhere and quickly.

At the end of the 13th century, cotton has come to Chang Jiang (Yangzi River or blue River) and becomes a real industry.

As the culture takes a lot of water, it is planted in rotation with rice in the south and wheat in the north.

In the late Ming (1368-1644) it is the most important crop in the delta of the Chang Jiang.

Japan:

Cotton has been used in Japon since the Meiji period (1868-1912).

Korea:

From the Joseon period (1392-1910), raw materials traditionally used for paper production, mainly bark of Broussonetias begin to fail. Papermakers face to a growing demand for paper stimulated by the development of publications initiated during the Goryeo period (907-1392). Other plants will be used to provide a fiber supplement such as wisteria, rice, oat and barley straws, bamboo, jute, cotton and hemp but also willow leaves, reeds, the bark and needles of pine.

In Korea, stem is also used.

Preparation process for making paper

Cotton tree bears flowers and fruits at the same time, so harvesting lasts several months when the fruit is ripe: the capsules burst and release the fibers which are torn.

Cotton is dried in the air for several days. The long fibers are separated from the seeds and waste and will then go through a further cleaning. The short fibers are collected with gins.

Paper names

In Asia and particularly in China, Korea and Japan, the papers are intended for a wide range of use: Papers for calligraphy and art, Papers for ceremonies, Paper as a medium of exchange, money paper, Papers for making clothes, wall hangings and bedding, Papers for architecture, interior design, Papers for crafts of various kinds, for domestic purposes and leisure. The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Fruit

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

French

Identification

Fibre type	Fruit
Average fibre lenght	16mm (10-40mm)
Average fibre width	20μm (12-38μm)
Fibre ends	Variable, usually broken or tapering.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Flat ribbon-like twisted fibers When fibers have been mercerized, they swell and the convolutions are no longer visible. Immature fibers often are not twisted. Transverse cut : Kidney bean shape, clear lumen. Prominent fiber wall.
Herzberg staining	Red light purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Yellow.

Botanical classification

Gossypium arboreum L.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Malvaceae

Plant growing area

Gossypium arboreum L. is cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World; it is supposed to be native from India and Sri Lanka.

All species have been introduced to China.

China (Cultivated. Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan), Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

The cultivated species (triploid) are Gossypium barbadense L, Gossypium hirsutum L., Gossypium religiosum L.

Gossypium arboreum is a perennial shrub up to 1.50m in height; other species can be perennial herbs or shrubs.

There are two types of fibers: long fibers (lints), and shorter hairs (linters).

The seeds, after removal of the fibers can produce oil. The roots are used as decoctions in the Indian pharmacopoeia for the treatment of urinary diseases.

The fibers used for textiles and paper production come from the hairs of the seeds of one or an other species.

In the case of paper, fibers tend to come from rags, they are rarely used raw. But in this case, the linters or more rarely, lints are used.

China:

Culture really starts in the Song dynasty (960-1279) provided by two routes:

The south, from Indochina to Guangdong, Fujian.

The west to Gansu and Shanxi, through Turkestan. It is the variety Herbaceum that will not exceed the north boarders. The other will spread everywhere and quickly.

At the end of the 13th century, cotton has come to Chang Jiang (Yangzi River or blue River) and becomes a real industry.

As the culture takes a lot of water, it is planted in rotation with rice in the south and wheat in the north.

In the late Ming (1368-1644) it is the most important crop in the delta of the Chang Jiang.

Japan:

Cotton has been used in Japon since the Meiji period (1868-1912).

Korea:

In Korea, stem is also used.

Preparation process for making paper

Cotton tree bears flowers and fruits at the same time, so harvesting lasts several months when the fruit is ripe: the capsules burst and release the fibers which are torn.

Cotton is dried in the air for several days. The long fibers are separated from the seeds and waste and will then go through a further cleaning. The short fibers are collected with gins.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Fruit

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Korean

Local scripture:

물이끼

Sphagnum palustre L. © CFH Nature Museum

Identification

Fibre type	....
Average fibre length
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated Cells
Special features
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Sphagnum palustre L.

Order:

Sphagnales

Family:

Sphagnaceae

Synonyms:

Sphagnum cymbifolioides Breutel

Sphagnum cymbifolium (Ehrh.) Hedw.

Sphagnum cymbifolium var. squarrosulum Nees & Hornsch.

Sphagnum deflexum Gilib.

Sphagnum glaucum H. Klinggr.

Sphagnum japonicum Warnst.

Sphagnum klinggraeffii Roll

Sphagnum lonchocladum Müll. Hal.

Sphagnum oblongum P. Beauv.

Sphagnum obtusifolium Ehrh.

Sphagnum palustre ssp. cymbifolium Ehrh..

Sphagnum palustre var. latifolium F.W. Weiss

Sphagnum subbicolor Hampe

Sphagnum sulphureum Warnst.

Sphagnum vulgare Michx.

Plant growing area

The genus is distributed nearly throughout the world. It is more abundant in the cooler temperate regions of the Northern hemisphere.

Burma, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Philippines, Thailand.

It grows in bogs, on wet grassland or undergrowth, on rocks and humid soils near streams.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Bogmoss is a kind of bryophyte moss or plant which has retained the character of the first plants that have evolved on land. It is a plant without roots or true conducting tissues which erected stems are 10 to 25 cm high; it grows very slowly on the surface (3 cm per year) while its lower parts dye forming the peat.

China:

In the "Yunju Mishu" or "Rare Books in Yunju", text written during the Song Dynasty (960-1279) which gives information on raw materials used in the manufacture of paper and provinces where they are used, it is stated that moss is used in the maritime areas of China. Is this moss, bog moss or algae?

Korea:

Bog moss is used in the form of filaments, mixed with other fibers.

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Leaf

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Spyrigira turfosa F. Gray © Biologie-resources

Spyrigira turfosa F. Gray © Protist-information service

Identification

Fibre type
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Spirogyra turfosa F. Gray

Order:

Zygnematales

Family:

Zygnemataceae

Plant growing area

It is commonly found in freshwaters reported from all continents.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Thailand.

Plant cultivation and use

There are more than 400 species of Spirogyra in the world. Spirogyra Turfosa is a genus of filamentous green algae that lives in freshwater, in shallow ponds, ditches and at the edges of large lakes. It grows under water until spring and then with increasing of heat and sun, it develops as a floating viscous filaments mass of few centimeters.

China:

Algae were used during the Seonjin period (265-316) and then under the Tang (618-907) and Song (960-1279).

In the "Yunju Mishu" or "Rare Books in Yunju", text written during the Song Dynasty and giving information on raw materials used in the manufacture of paper and provinces where they are used, it is stated that moss is used in the maritime areas of China. Is this moss, bog moss or algae ?

Korea:

Spyrogyra turfosa is the commonest macroscopic freshwater algae in Korea. Algae have been used in Korea as decorative element in paper, generally mixed with the bark of paper mulberry.

These papers were produced during the Joseon period (1392-1910) for paper correspondence or poetry.

Thailand:

This is a modern use for decorative papers.

Algaes come from the sea and are washed, cooked and beaten.

Paper names

In Asia and particularly in China, Korea and Japan, the papers are intended for a wide range of use: Papers for calligraphy and art, Papers for ceremonies, Paper as a medium of exchange, money paper, Papers for making clothes, wall hangings and bedding, Papers for architecture, interior design, Papers for crafts of various kinds, for domestic purposes and leisure.
The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Identification

Fibre type	Fruit
Average fibre lenght	16mm (10-40mm)
Average fibre width	20μm (12-38μm)
Fibre ends	Variable, usually broken or tapering.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Flat ribbon-like twisted fibers When fibers have been mercerized, they swell and the convolutions are no longer visible. Immature fibers often are not twisted. Transverse cut : Kidney bean shape, clear lumen. Prominent fiber wall.
Herzberg staining	Red light purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Yellow.

Botanical classification

Gossypium arboreum L.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Malvaceae

Plant growing area

Gossypium arboreum L. is cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World; it is supposed to be native from India and Sri Lanka.

All species have been introduced to China.

China (Cultivated. Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan), Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

The cultivated species (triploid) are Gossypium barbadense L, Gossypium hirsutum L., Gossypium religiosum L.

Gossypium arboreum is a perennial shrub up to 1.50m in height; other species can be perennial herbs or shrubs.

There are two types of fibers: long fibers (lints), and shorter hairs (linters).

The seeds, after removal of the fibers can produce oil. The roots are used as decoctions in the Indian pharmacopoeia for the treatment of urinary diseases.

The fibers used for textiles and paper production come from the hairs of the seeds of one or an other species.

In the case of paper, fibers tend to come from rags, they are rarely used raw. But in this case, the linters or more rarely, lints are used.

China:

Culture really starts in the Song dynasty (960-1279) provided by two routes:

The south, from Indochina to Guangdong, Fujian.

The west to Gansu and Shanxi, through Turkestan. It is the variety Herbaceum that will not exceed the north boarders. The other will spread everywhere and quickly.

At the end of the 13th century, cotton has come to Chang Jiang (Yangzi River or blue River) and becomes a real industry.

As the culture takes a lot of water, it is planted in rotation with rice in the south and wheat in the north.

In the late Ming (1368-1644) it is the most important crop in the delta of the Chang Jiang.

Japan:

Cotton has been used in Japon since the Meiji period (1868-1912).

Korea:

In Korea, stem is also used.

Preparation process for making paper

Cotton tree bears flowers and fruits at the same time, so harvesting lasts several months when the fruit is ripe: the capsules burst and release the fibers which are torn.

Cotton is dried in the air for several days. The long fibers are separated from the seeds and waste and will then go through a further cleaning. The short fibers are collected with gins.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Fruit

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

French

Identification

Fibre type	...
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Daphne odora Thunb.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Thymelaeaceae

Synonyms:

Daphne chinensis Spreng.

Daphne. hybrida Lindl.

Daphne japonica Thunb.

Daphne kiusiana var. odora (Thunb.) Makino

Daphne mazelii Carrière

Daphne odora f. alba (Hemsl.) H. Hara

Daphne odora f. marginata Makino

Daphne odora f. rosacea (Makino) H. Hara

Daphne odora var. alba Hemsl.

Daphne odora var. leucantha Makino

Daphne odora var. marginata Miq.

Daphne odora var. mazelii (Carrière) Hemsl.

Daphne odora var. rosacea Makino

Daphne odora var. variegata Bean

Daphne sinensis Lam.

Daphne speciosissima Carrière

Daphne triflora Lour.

Plant growing area

Native origin is obscure, probably China or Japan but now widely cultivated in China.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan.

China:

Xizang (Tibet).

Plant cultivation and use

Daphnes are shrubs or sub-shrubs of the Thymelaceae family. Daphnes comprise from 50 to 95 species, according to the classifications. Some species grow in the plains, others in the mountains, in rockery; they appreciate calcareous soils. The plants are recognizable by their colorful flowers and toxic fruits.
There is a great confusion among the various Daphnes, Edgeworthias and especially Wikstroemias because their morphologies are very similar.

The etymology of daphne comes from the name of the nymph, daughter of Peneus, who pursued by Apollo, was transformed into a laurel tree to escape.

The Daphne odora is an evergreen shrub that can reach 1.5 m in height and prefers sunny areas. It is easy to propagate but its life does not exceed ten years.

The bark contains a large amount of hemicelluloses which makes it valuable in the manufacture of paper. Daphnes are the base plants for making paper at the foot of Himalayas.

All parts of the plant are said to be poisonous, however the roots and bark are used in the traditional Nepalese medicine in the treatment of fevers. The bark has a high content of diterpene esters of tigliane daphnane type.

China:

Daphne odora is widely cultivated in China.

Daphne papers are considered as the best in Tibet where they are called dug-shog which means poison paper because of the repellent properties of the bark.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Identification

Fibre type	...
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Daphne odora Thunb.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Thymelaeaceae

Synonyms:

Daphne chinensis Spreng.

Daphne. hybrida Lindl.

Daphne japonica Thunb.

Daphne kiusiana var. odora (Thunb.) Makino

Daphne mazelii Carrière

Daphne odora f. alba (Hemsl.) H. Hara

Daphne odora f. marginata Makino

Daphne odora f. rosacea (Makino) H. Hara

Daphne odora var. alba Hemsl.

Daphne odora var. leucantha Makino

Daphne odora var. marginata Miq.

Daphne odora var. mazelii (Carrière) Hemsl.

Daphne odora var. rosacea Makino

Daphne odora var. variegata Bean

Daphne sinensis Lam.

Daphne speciosissima Carrière

Daphne triflora Lour.

Plant growing area

Native origin is obscure, probably China or Japan but now widely cultivated in China.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan.

China:

Xizang (Tibet).

Plant cultivation and use

The etymology of daphne comes from the name of the nymph, daughter of Peneus, who pursued by Apollo, was transformed into a laurel tree to escape.

The Daphne odora is an evergreen shrub that can reach 1.5 m in height and prefers sunny areas. It is easy to propagate but its life does not exceed ten years.

The bark contains a large amount of hemicelluloses which makes it valuable in the manufacture of paper. Daphnes are the base plants for making paper at the foot of Himalayas.

China:

Daphne odora is widely cultivated in China.

Daphne papers are considered as the best in Tibet where they are called dug-shog which means poison paper because of the repellent properties of the bark.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

French

Abelmoschus moschatus Medik. © Satheesan.vn

Botanical classification

Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Malvaceae

Synonyms:

Abelmoschus abelmoschus (L.) Karsten

Abelmoschus officinalis Endl.

Abelmoschus moschatus var. betulifolius (Mast.) Hochr.

Hibiscus abelmoschus L.

Hibiscus abelmoschus (L.) Karsten

Hibiscus chinensis Roxb.

Hibiscus cardiophyllus Baill.

Hibiscus collinsianus Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray

Hibiscus moschatus (Medik.) Salisb.

Plant growing area

China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi, Yunnan), Cambodia, India, Laos, Nepal, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.

Grows on mountain slopes and valleys, stream sides and flat areas at an altitude from 600 to 1100m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan.

China:

Guangdong.

Plant cultivation and use

Perennial herb reaching 1-2 m heigth. Its growth is rapid. The plant prefers non acid and well drained soils and sunny areas. It is in flowers from June to October.

The seeds have medicinal properties, they are diuretic, emollient and antispasmodic.

An edible oil is extracted from the seeds and leaves.

The fibers obtained from the bark of the stems are used to make ropes.

A mucilage is extracted from the roots which is used as formation aid in paper making. This viscous material is added to the pulp to increase its viscosity and thus delay the settling of fibers in the tank. In addition, the mucilage allows a better dispersion of the long fibers.

China:

Unclear whether the plant has been used as formation aid or as sizing agent.

Japan:

Used as formation aid.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Roots are cleaned, cut in slices and dipped during one night in cold water.

The mucilage is filtered through a cloth and poured into the pulp.

Japan:

Roots are cleaned, crushed and dipped during one night in cold water.

The mucilage is filtered through a cloth and poured into the pulp.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Use for paper making:

Formation aid

Sizing agent

Hibiscus manihot L. var. manihot © Flora of China

Hibiscus manihot L. var. manihot © C. Laroque

Botanical classification

Hibiscus manihot L. var. manihot

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Malvaceae

Synonyms:

Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik. var. manihot

Hibiscus japonicus Miq.

Plant growing area

China: (Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan), India, Japan, Korea, Nepal, Philippines, Taiwan, North Thailand.

Grows in grasslands, on streamsides, margins of cultivated fields, from 1000 to 2100 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

Hibiscus manihot is a perennial plant with annuals flowers, 1 to 2 m in height that grows rather in temperate zones. It prefers well-drained soil but of various kinds and a sunny exposure. The flower color varies from white to light yellow. Flowering occurs between August and October.
The plant has medicinal properties, it is emmenagogue and sedative for pain. Its flowers and leaves are edible.

The roots contain a mucilage which is a polysaccharide, a copolymer of D-galacturonic acid and L-rhamnose. This viscous material is added to pulp to increase its viscosity and thus delay the settling of fibers in the tank. In addition, the mucilage allows a better dispersion of the long fibers. The solution is unstable and its viscosity decreases with the heat, prolonged exposure to air and mechanical agitation. So, during the work, the papermaker will add mucilage gradually as its viscosity decreases.

In the late 19th century, it seems that the use of the mucilage from the Hibiscus manihot replaced the use of other plants to become the dominant mucilage throughout East Asia.

China:

Hibiscus manihot is used during the South Song dynasty (1127-1279) but the beginning of its use is probably older. The use of Hibiscus manihot is quoted in the stories of "Guixinzashi " or "Miscellaneous news from Guixin street" by Zhou Mi (mid 13th century). Other references show that it is still used as formation aid at the end of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), particularly for the manufacture of paper made with paper mulberry fibers; its use is documented in the "Wulixiaoshi" or "Some Knowledge of Physics" written by Fang Yishi in 1643.

Japan:

The plant grows wild throughout Japan. When it is grown on rich soils it has less coarse roots than the plants grown on poor soils. The leaves and flowers are removed to allow better root growth. The plant is torn from the ground when the leaves turn yellow, the roots are separated from the rest of the plant, bundled and placed in a dry place.

During the warm season the mucilage should be used immediately because it quickly loses its properties by fermenting.

Korea:

The plant was probably imported from China. In the past all plant parts were used to give the mucilage (stem, leaves, roots).

She is quoted in an encyclopedia dated 1850 “Ojuyeonmunjangjeonsango” by Igyujyeong.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

The plant is sown in spring and harvest usually takes place in late fall before the frost. The flowers are removed regularly to allow better root growth.

The plant is torn from the ground when the leaves turn yellow. The outer bark is peeled from the root. The root is crushed or coarsely grated. It is then placed in a cloth bag and submerged in a bucket of water. After formation of the mucilage, the bag is pressed or suspended to extract it.

Japan:

Seeds are sown at the same time as mungo beans.

The plant is torn from the ground when the leaves turn yellow, usually in June and it is dried until a later use. Or the roots are recovered to be used immediately, in November December. They can also be kept immersed in creosote.

The outer bark is peeled from the root. The root is crushed or coarsely grated. It is then placed in a cloth bag and submerged in a bucket of water. After formation of the mucilage the bag is pressed or suspended to extract it.

Korea:

The plant is sown in spring and harvest usually takes place in late fall before the frost. The flowers are removed regularly to allow better root growth.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Use for paper making:

Formation aid

Language:

Korean

Local scripture:

벼

Identification

Fibre type	Straw
Average fibre lenght	1.4mm (0.4 – 3.5)
Average fibre width	8 µm (4 – 16)
Fibre ends	Scalloped or pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Faint fiber wall
Associated cells	Vessel elements relatively small and abundant. Numerous small parenchyma cells in barrel-shaped, with thin-walled. Pitted vessel elements. Epidermal cells in sawtooth-shape. Prickle hairs. Occasional presence of siliceous phytoliths elements.
Special features	Short fibers with thick and narrow walls. Numerous narrow epidermal cells with conical protuberances.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Reddish blue.

Botanical classification

Oryza sativa L.

Order:

Poales

Family:

Poaceae

Synonyms:

Oryza formosana Masam. & Suzuki

Oryza sativa var. formosana (Masam. & Suzuki) Yeh & Henderson

Plant growing area

There were several centers of domestication in China south of Yangtze, Thailand and northern India.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Burma, China, Korea, India, Japan.

China:

Anhui, Zhejiang.

Plant cultivation and use

Rice is one of the three main food grasses. It is found from sea level to 2000 meters. It is an annual plant, with a stem topped by a thatch, ranging from one meter to five meters (floating rice).

Rice begins to be cultivated from the Neolithic period (-8000). The wild relative which Oryza sativa comes from is Oryza rufipogon which existence is attested from about 650,000 years.
Oryza sativa is derived from various events of domestication around -5000 in Northern India, and at the border between China and Burma.

Rice is regularly cultivated in China as early as -3000. Its cultivation came to Japan to -1700 and covers most areas in warm tropical Asia.

The straw is an abundant agricultural by-product that finds many uses: papermaking fibers, biomass fuel, mulch for animals etc.

In the paper industry, it is often mixed with long bast fibers to reduce the effect of diffusion of ink in paper. Making paper from rice or wheat straws is simpler than with other materials because they are softer materials, and they require less preparation time.

China:

Su I-Chien (953-996), in the "Phu Weng Fang Ssu" or "Four implements for writing in a scholar's studio" says that rice and wheat straws are used in Zhejiang and produce an excellent paper when mixed with rattan.

The most famous paper containing rice straw is Xuan zhi. This paper is produced in Jing County, Anhui Province. It is made from fibers from the bark of blue sandalwood and rice straw. It is the mixture of the two types of fibers that gives the paper its qualities for painting and calligraphy, in particular the effect of sharp brushstrokes.

Xuan paper is cited in the "Xīn Tángshū" or “New history of Tang” (edited by official scholars of the Song Dynasty), in 1060.

Its manufacture in Jing County dates back to Tang Dynasty (618-907). Neighboring cities around Xuancheng and Taiping were production centers. Jing County during the Tang period was under the juridiction of Xuanzhou prefecture, which gave it its name. Gradually during the Song dynasty (960-1279), papermaking moved essentially towards Jing County because the raw materials were abundant: Ulmus cavaleriei or Pteroceltis tatarinowii is an endemic species there and the rice is grown on site. Originally, rice straw was added as a supplement to reduce the fibrous raw material costs. Other materials such as bamboo are also used during the Song and Yuan dynasties ((1280-1368).

During the Ming (1368-1644), paper was made by mixing rice straw and bamboo : Song Yingxing (1587-1646) in the "Tian Gong Kai Wu" or "Creations of nature and work of man " (encyclopedia dated 1637) mentions the blending of straw with bamboo in the manufacture of wrapping paper.
Currently straw is still one of the most used materials in the production of packaging paper, ceremony papers and sanitary papers.

Japan:

Rice straw was used at the time of mechanization with the search for new materials. These tests were conducted in Kochi Prefecture during the Meiji period (1868-1912).

Straw is also used in the manufacture of paper kairyo hanshi or improved hanshi after the World War II.

In Japan various parts of the straw are used: the highest quality is produced with the portion of the stem that goes from the first node to the head (sube), the second quality is composed of the part below the first node (nakanuki ) and the remainder gives the worst quality (dou).

Rice flour is used to give gloss to the paper and can be mixed with chalk, kaolin to load paper.

Korea:

The various straws are used in combination with the bark of Broussonetia. They are additional raw materials to reduce the cost.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

After harvesting and removing of the seeds, the straw is beaten to soften it. Then the stalks are layered with lime in a pit covered with earth during 6 months; this allows rapid disintegration.

The straw is then placed in fine mesh bags suspended from poles in running water to remove the whole lime.

The beating is shorter and less violent than for bamboo or bark pulps.

"Tian Gong Kai Wu" variant: the straw is beaten at first then after immersion in lime water, it is buried in a pit. After disintegration, straw, placed in cloth bags, is rinsed in river.

Japan:

Straw is boiled in caustic soda.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Straw

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

English

Identification

Fibre type	Straw
Average fibre lenght	1.4mm (0.4 – 3.5)
Average fibre width	8 µm (4 – 16)
Fibre ends	Scalloped or pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Faint fiber wall
Associated cells	Vessel elements relatively small and abundant. Numerous small parenchyma cells in barrel-shaped, with thin-walled. Pitted vessel elements. Epidermal cells in sawtooth-shape. Prickle hairs. Occasional presence of siliceous phytoliths elements.
Special features	Short fibers with thick and narrow walls. Numerous narrow epidermal cells with conical protuberances.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Reddish blue.

Botanical classification

Oryza sativa L.

Order:

Poales

Family:

Poaceae

Synonyms:

Oryza formosana Masam. & Suzuki

Oryza sativa var. formosana (Masam. & Suzuki) Yeh & Henderson

Plant growing area

There were several centers of domestication in China south of Yangtze, Thailand and northern India.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Burma, China, Korea, India, Japan.

China:

Anhui, Zhejiang.

Plant cultivation and use

Rice is one of the three main food grasses. It is found from sea level to 2000 meters. It is an annual plant, with a stem topped by a thatch, ranging from one meter to five meters (floating rice).

Rice is regularly cultivated in China as early as -3000. Its cultivation came to Japan to -1700 and covers most areas in warm tropical Asia.

The straw is an abundant agricultural by-product that finds many uses: papermaking fibers, biomass fuel, mulch for animals etc.

China:

Xuan paper is cited in the "Xīn Tángshū" or “New history of Tang” (edited by official scholars of the Song Dynasty), in 1060.

Japan:

Rice straw was used at the time of mechanization with the search for new materials. These tests were conducted in Kochi Prefecture during the Meiji period (1868-1912).

Straw is also used in the manufacture of paper kairyo hanshi or improved hanshi after the World War II.

Rice flour is used to give gloss to the paper and can be mixed with chalk, kaolin to load paper.

Korea:

The various straws are used in combination with the bark of Broussonetia. They are additional raw materials to reduce the cost.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

After harvesting and removing of the seeds, the straw is beaten to soften it. Then the stalks are layered with lime in a pit covered with earth during 6 months; this allows rapid disintegration.

The straw is then placed in fine mesh bags suspended from poles in running water to remove the whole lime.

The beating is shorter and less violent than for bamboo or bark pulps.

"Tian Gong Kai Wu" variant: the straw is beaten at first then after immersion in lime water, it is buried in a pit. After disintegration, straw, placed in cloth bags, is rinsed in river.

Japan:

Straw is boiled in caustic soda.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Straw

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

English

Identification

Fibre type	Straw
Average fibre lenght	1.4mm (0.4 – 3.5)
Average fibre width	8 µm (4 – 16)
Fibre ends	Scalloped or pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Faint fiber wall
Associated cells	Vessel elements relatively small and abundant. Numerous small parenchyma cells in barrel-shaped, with thin-walled. Pitted vessel elements. Epidermal cells in sawtooth-shape. Prickle hairs. Occasional presence of siliceous phytoliths elements.
Special features	Short fibers with thick and narrow walls. Numerous narrow epidermal cells with conical protuberances.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Reddish blue.

Botanical classification

Oryza sativa L.

Order:

Poales

Family:

Poaceae

Synonyms:

Oryza formosana Masam. & Suzuki

Oryza sativa var. formosana (Masam. & Suzuki) Yeh & Henderson

Plant growing area

There were several centers of domestication in China south of Yangtze, Thailand and northern India.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Burma, China, Korea, India, Japan.

China:

Anhui, Zhejiang.

Plant cultivation and use

Rice is one of the three main food grasses. It is found from sea level to 2000 meters. It is an annual plant, with a stem topped by a thatch, ranging from one meter to five meters (floating rice).

Rice is regularly cultivated in China as early as -3000. Its cultivation came to Japan to -1700 and covers most areas in warm tropical Asia.

The straw is an abundant agricultural by-product that finds many uses: papermaking fibers, biomass fuel, mulch for animals etc.

China:

Xuan paper is cited in the "Xīn Tángshū" or “New history of Tang” (edited by official scholars of the Song Dynasty), in 1060.

Japan:

Rice straw was used at the time of mechanization with the search for new materials. These tests were conducted in Kochi Prefecture during the Meiji period (1868-1912).

Straw is also used in the manufacture of paper kairyo hanshi or improved hanshi after the World War II.

Rice flour is used to give gloss to the paper and can be mixed with chalk, kaolin to load paper.

Korea:

The various straws are used in combination with the bark of Broussonetia. They are additional raw materials to reduce the cost.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

After harvesting and removing of the seeds, the straw is beaten to soften it. Then the stalks are layered with lime in a pit covered with earth during 6 months; this allows rapid disintegration.

The straw is then placed in fine mesh bags suspended from poles in running water to remove the whole lime.

The beating is shorter and less violent than for bamboo or bark pulps.

"Tian Gong Kai Wu" variant: the straw is beaten at first then after immersion in lime water, it is buried in a pit. After disintegration, straw, placed in cloth bags, is rinsed in river.

Japan:

Straw is boiled in caustic soda.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Straw

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Primary tabs

Gossypium arboreum L.

Gossypium arboreum L.

Sphagnum palustre L.

Spirogyra turfosa F. Gray

Gossypium arboreum L.

Daphne odora Thunb.

Daphne odora Thunb.

Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.

Hibiscus manihot L. var. manihot

Oryza sativa L.

Oryza sativa L.

Oryza sativa L.

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Primary tabs

Gossypium arboreum L.

Gossypium arboreum L.

Sphagnum palustre L.

Spirogyra turfosa F. Gray

Gossypium arboreum L.

Daphne odora Thunb.

Daphne odora Thunb.

Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.

Hibiscus manihot L. var. manihot

Oryza sativa L.

Oryza sativa L.

Oryza sativa L.

Pages