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Language:

French

Botanical classification

Quercus acutissima Carruth.

Order:

Fagales

Family:

Fagaceae

Synonyms:

Quercus acutissima var. depressinucata H. W. Jen & R. Q. Gao

Quercus acutissima var. macrocarpa X.W. Li & Y.Q. Zhu

Quercus acutissima var. septentrionalis Liou

Quercus lunglingensis Hu

Plant growing area

Originally native to eastern Asia, in China, Korea and Japan.

Bhutan, Cambodia, China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, South East Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), North East India, Japan (south Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu), Korea, Burma, Nepal, North Thailand, Vietnam.

Grows in deciduous forests, below 100-2200 m altitude.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Quercus acutissima is a deciduous tree, reaching 25-30 m in height. Flowering occurs in April-May. Flowers, catkins shaped give a fruit, acorn shaped with a big cup.

The wood has the same characteristics as other oaks but tends to crack. It is used as an ornamental in parks, for making tools, for charcoal. It is mainly used for its tannins contained in the bark.

For dyeing, acorn cupules are used. The colors are brown.
Dyeing ingredients are tannins which are found in the bark, the acorn cupules and the galls. These tannins are a mixture of polyphenols: hydrolysable tannins (ellagitannins), condensed tannins (procyanidins), hybrid tannins (gallo-tannins and ellagiflavano-tanins).

China:

Quercus acutissima is mentioned for the preparation of brown dyes in two books of the late 16th century, "Zunsheng bajian" or "Eight orders to follow the meaning of life" by Gao Lian and « Kuaixue tang manlu » or “Cloudy Notes from joyful snow Palace " by Feng Mengzhen.

Japan:

It is a tree used since ancient times in Japan for the production of charcoal, because it has a quite rapid growing.

Always gray was one of the most popular colors in Japan. During the Edo period (1603-1868) the acorn is widely used for dyeing fabrics in gray and black, especially for the costumes of Noh Theater. In the Engishiki (Compendium of laws dated 927 by Fujiwara no Tadahira) there is a mention of a color called Tsurubami (that is to say the acorn color).

Other oak species are also used in Japan for their acorns: Kashiwa (Quercus dentata Thunb.) Konara (Quercus serrata Murray) Shirakashi (Quercu myrsinaefolia Bl).

Preparation process for making paper

China:

The dye is a decoction of oak acorns. The cupules are boiled and then the extract is filtered before to be used. It can be used in combination with other dyes to change the color. Gao Lian in "Zunsheng bajian" or "Eight orders to follow the meaning of life" (1591) proposes to prepare three dyeing baths: phellodendron, oak acorns and safflower in which the paper sheet is dipped successively starting with the phellodendron bath then oak acorn bath and finishing with the safflower bath. Between each bath sheet is dried.

Japan:

Harvesting takes place when acorns are ripe in late summer. After picking, the acorn cupules are dried. Then they will be grinded into powder and boiled. The decoction is filtered before being used. The paper sheets are soaked into the dye bath and allowed to dry. The color obtained is a brown tone ranging from beige to brown depending on the number of passes through the bath. It is possible to use various mordants to obtain other colors. Without mordant the color obtain is beige to brown; if the mordant is an ash lye or copper acetate, color is yellow-brow; if mordant is an iron salt, the color varies from gray to black.Dyeing of paper is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing.

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Usually three jars of dye are prepared with decreasing concentrations. The paper is dipped in the less concentrated dye jar and oxidation occurs in the air; the paper is then soaked in the little bit more concentrated dye. After oxidation, the sheet is dipped into the third jar with the strongest concentration. The process can be repeated several times to obtain a color more or less intense. The sheet is dried by exposing the surface to air; the color changes by oxidation.

Korea:

The papers are dyed in three ways: dyeing of the pulp (Seonyeombeop), dyeing of the sheet by dipping, brushing and spraying (Huyeombeop ), combination of the both methods (Honyeombeop). Then the paper can be hammered.

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Fruit

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

Chinese

Local scripture:

瑞香

Identification

Fibre type	...
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Daphne odora Thunb.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Thymelaeaceae

Synonyms:

Daphne chinensis Spreng.

Daphne. hybrida Lindl.

Daphne japonica Thunb.

Daphne kiusiana var. odora (Thunb.) Makino

Daphne mazelii Carrière

Daphne odora f. alba (Hemsl.) H. Hara

Daphne odora f. marginata Makino

Daphne odora f. rosacea (Makino) H. Hara

Daphne odora var. alba Hemsl.

Daphne odora var. leucantha Makino

Daphne odora var. marginata Miq.

Daphne odora var. mazelii (Carrière) Hemsl.

Daphne odora var. rosacea Makino

Daphne odora var. variegata Bean

Daphne sinensis Lam.

Daphne speciosissima Carrière

Daphne triflora Lour.

Plant growing area

Native origin is obscure, probably China or Japan but now widely cultivated in China.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan.

China:

Xizang (Tibet).

Plant cultivation and use

Daphnes are shrubs or sub-shrubs of the Thymelaceae family. Daphnes comprise from 50 to 95 species, according to the classifications. Some species grow in the plains, others in the mountains, in rockery; they appreciate calcareous soils. The plants are recognizable by their colorful flowers and toxic fruits.
There is a great confusion among the various Daphnes, Edgeworthias and especially Wikstroemias because their morphologies are very similar.

The etymology of daphne comes from the name of the nymph, daughter of Peneus, who pursued by Apollo, was transformed into a laurel tree to escape.

The Daphne odora is an evergreen shrub that can reach 1.5 m in height and prefers sunny areas. It is easy to propagate but its life does not exceed ten years.

The bark contains a large amount of hemicelluloses which makes it valuable in the manufacture of paper. Daphnes are the base plants for making paper at the foot of Himalayas.

All parts of the plant are said to be poisonous, however the roots and bark are used in the traditional Nepalese medicine in the treatment of fevers. The bark has a high content of diterpene esters of tigliane daphnane type.

China:

Daphne odora is widely cultivated in China.

Daphne papers are considered as the best in Tibet where they are called dug-shog which means poison paper because of the repellent properties of the bark.

Paper names

In Asia and particularly in China, Korea and Japan, the papers are intended for a wide range of use: Papers for calligraphy and art, Papers for ceremonies, Paper as a medium of exchange, money paper, Papers for making clothes, wall hangings and bedding, Papers for architecture, interior design, Papers for crafts of various kinds, for domestic purposes and leisure. The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Identification

Fibre type	Grass
Average fibre lenght	1.4mm
Average fibre width	15µm
Fibre ends	Blunt or pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Strong.
Associated cells	Vessel elements. Parenchyma cells. Presence of other thin walled pitted fibres, rounded or barrel.
Special features	Fibers with thick and narrow walls. Large rectangular epidermal cells, often double-walled, in saw tooth shape.
Herzberg staining	Green/Blue.
Graff 'C' staining	Green/Blue.

Botanical classification

Triticum aestivum L.

Order:

Poales

Family:

Poaceae

Synonyms:

Triticum aestivum subsp. vulgare (Vill.) Thell.

Triticum aestivum var. hybernum (L.) Farw.

Triticum aestivum var. hybernum (L.) Fiori

Triticum compositum L.

Triticum dicoccon var. timopheevii Zhuk.

Triticum estivum Raf.

Triticum hybernum L.

Triticum orientale Percival

Triticum persicum Vavilov ex Zhukov

Triticum pyramidale Percival

Triticum sativum Lam.

Triticum sativum var. aestivum (L.) Alph. Wood

Triticum sativum var. compositum (L.) Alph. Wood

Triticum sativum var. vulgare (Vill.) Vilm.

Triticum sativum var. vulgare Desv.

Triticum sativum var. vulgare Hack.

Triticum timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk.

Triticum vulgare (L.) Salisb.

Triticum vulgare Vill.

Triticum vulgare var. aestivum (L.) Spenn.

Zeia vulgaris var. aestiva (L.) Lunell

Plant growing area

Plant of Mediterranean origin, cultivated worldwide: it is found from Europe to China.

China (throughout China).

Grown in fields at altitudes below 3500m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

China:

Zhejiang.

Japan:

Shikoku (Ehime prefecture).

Plant cultivation and use

Wheat is an annual plant up to 1.50m in height, consisting of a stem topped by an ear. The plant can adapt to different kinds of soils, but moist and well-drained and she requires full sun.
There are about 25 species of Triticum worldwide, including four in China, which were all introduced.
The ancestor of today's wheats is a wild grass, Egilope, that grew in the Middle East where it was domesticated in the early Neolithic. Wheat is an essential nutrient in Western societies as bread, porridges, noodles etc.. The expansion of wheat cultivation takes place both to Europe and eastward, reaching China and Korea around 3500 BC. and Japan around 2300 BC.
Triticum aestivum wheat is grown to make bread flour in the West and noodles in Asia.
The wheat straw is used as bedding and fodder for animals, to cover houses and in the manufacture of handicrafts.
Straw is not very often used in the manufacture of Asian papers.
Starch is used as a sizing agent for textiles.

China:

Su I-Chien (953-996), in the "Phu Weng Fang Ssu" or "Four implements for writing in a scholar's studio" says that rice and wheat straws are used in Zhejiang and produce an excellent paper when mixed with rattan.

Song Yingxing (1587-1646) in the "Tian Gong Kai Wu" or "Creations of nature and work of man " (encyclopedia dated around 1634) mentions the blending of straw with bamboo in the manufacture of wrapping paper.
Currently straw is still one of the most used materials in the production of packaging paper, ceremony papers and sanitary papers.

Japan:

Rice straw was used at the time of mechanization with the search for new materials. These tests were conducted in Kochi Prefecture during the Meiji period (1868-1912).

Straw is also used in the manufacture of paper of kariryo hanshi or improved hanshi after the World War II.

Korea:

In Korea, wheat and rice straws are used in combination with the bark of Broussonetia. They are additional raw materials to reduce the cost during the Joseon period (1392-1910).

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Wheat is harvested in late summer; after collecting the seeds, the straw is cut in pieces and beaten to soften it.

Straw is set to be steeped in lime water for 5 days in earthen jars, or after soaking in water for 24 hours, it is cooked for two hours in ash lye or caustic soda.

The straw is then placed in fine mesh bags suspended from poles in running water to remove the whole lime.

Straw is then beaten in a ball mill for 1½ hours. The beating is shorter and less violent than for bamboo or bark pulps.

"Tian Gong Kai Wu" variant: the straw is beaten at first, then after immersion in lime water, it is buried in a pit. After disintegration, straw, placed in cloth bags, is rinsed in river.

Japan:

Straw is boiled in caustic soda.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Chinese

Local scripture:

大麻

Cannabis sativa L.© O.W.Thomé Flora von Deutschland 1885

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre length	11mm
Average fibre width	22µm (10-50µm)
Fibre ends	Tapering blunt.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Prominent cross-markings and longitudinal striations.
Associated Cells	Often present.
Special features	Long fibers. Large and abrundant parenchyma cells in the plant core. Thick walls with many cross-markings, dislocations and longitudinal striations. Blunt ends but also irregular because of the of the preparation method. Fibers from textiles do not contain associated cells in general, while those from the raw materials contain vessels with craters, parenchyma and short fibers with holes. Hemp fibers generally are larger than those of flax. Irregularities in the walls. Irregular large lumen, many cross-markings, irregular state fibers and fibrillation show if they come from rags.
Herzberg Stain	Purple yellow (bast) / dark purple (nucleus). wine red.
C. Graff Stain	Red.

Botanical classification

Cannabis sativa L.

Order:

Rosales

Family:

Cannabaceae

Synonyms:

Cannabis chinensis Delile

Cannabis indica Lam.

Cannabis sativa var. indica (Lam.) E. Small & Cronquist

Plant growing area

Native or naturalized in Bhutan, India, and Sikkim, Central Asia.

Cultivated throughout China, native or naturalized in Xinjiang.

Cannabis sativa is probably originally native to Central Asia, but its long cultivation makes it difficult to know its exact original distribution. This long cultivation and human selection for different desirable characteristics has resulted in considerable variations, but separation into either several species or the recognition of several varieties is probably not justified beyond the level of cultivated forms.

Hemp cultivation has accompanied human migration and conquest to spread over all continents.

Currently it is cultivated in all warm temperate regions.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

China:

Sichuan, Xinjiang.

Japan:

Shikoku (Tokushima, Kochi prefectures), Province: Chūbu (Fukui prefecture).

Plant cultivation and use

Annual plant up to 2m in height; very polymorphic plant, numerous breeds which quality varies with the weather, latitude, land.

The plant is dioecious (two sexes), but there are monoecious varieties.

The plant has been used for millennia as a source of fibres, for its seed oil, as food, as drug, as medicine; each part is harvested differently depending on its use.

It gives rise to two cultures: one for oil and one for fibres. Culture for the fibres is made on fertile land during summer.

The fibres are derived from the peripheral part of the stem; plant must pass a rigorous preparation in order to recover them.

The operation of retting is to place the stems in water for fermentation in order to eliminate the parenchyma surrounding the fibres. Then come the drying, crushing and beating operations to separate the long fibres.

China:

Hemp cultivation is probably one of the oldest and most durable in China. Hemp was grown all over China but particularly in the north. It probably evolved in northern China and was the first fibre plant to be cultivated. The oldest Chinese pharmacopeia book, "Bencao jing" or "Classic of Materia medica" (ca. 100 BC) mentioned that Taishan (Tai mount in Shandong province) was one of the oldest locations where hemp was grown in historical times. Hemp is the oldest plant to be used in making clothes before the use of cotton fibers in textiles from the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644).

Hemp, flax, ramie, jute are called “ma” in old Chinese documents.

The use of hemp as fiber in papermaking is the oldest and dates back to the Western Han (206 BC-8 AD). The first papers are made from either fibre cloths or raw bast fibres. The oldest paper fragments from the Western Han period, discovered in Minfeg (Xinjiang province) dated from the beginning of the third century BC, the fragments found in Baqiao (Shaanxi province) dated 140- 87 BC and the fragments found in 1934 in Lobnor, near Loulan (Xinjiang province) dated from the first century BC, were all made with hemp fibres. Other common papermaking materials were used such as paper mulberry and ramie in the Han period and later as rattan introduced in the 3^rd century, but hemp remained the primary material for paper manufacture.

During the Tang period (618-907), hemp paper is considered as the best for calligraphy, bookbinding and official documents (including at Imperial Court’s) because it is light, strong and waterproof.

The use of hemp in paper making declined after the Tang period and was replaced progressively by ramie and bamboo.

Japan:

In Japan hemp plays a part in many rituals and stories since it is traditionally associated with purity and plays a symbolic role in the customs of the courtship.

Hemp as paper fiber is introduced to Japan via Korea at the end of the 6th century. Papers made from hemp fibers are called mashi.

The period from the 6th to the 12th century is marked by a centralized authority on the Chinese model which provokes the production of numerous documents. Hemp, gampi and kozo fibers are used in the manufacture of paper often in combination; however hemp fibers are the most popular and they are the most used during the Nara period (710-794).

One of the first texts to be printed upon paper in the world, the one million prayers “Dharani” from Empress Shotoku about 770 is composed of hemp.

Since the Heian period (794-1185), hemp will fall out of favour and replaced by gampi and kozo, easier to implement.

Korea:

In Korea, papermaking started no long after its birth in China; its origins are purported to fall somewhere between the third century and the end of the sixth century. The first Korean papermakers used materials and technologies similar to those of the Chinese which include hemp and ramie scraps and paper mulberry.

During the three kingdoms (Goguryo, Baekje and Silla : 18 B.C. - 668 A.D.) paper is made from hemp (ma ji) and paper mulberry (jo ji).

The paper made from hemp in Goguryo (37 BC-668 AD) was famous for its white color and smooth surface.

Goryo dynasty (918-1392) encouraged the cultivation of paper mulberry trees and private papermaking industry from 1145, to meet the growing demand for paper thanks to the publication and export of the complete collection of Buddhist sutras. So, hemp use in papermaking declined.

Under the Joeseon kingdom (1392-1910) in the early 15th century when lack of raw materials began to be felt, Korean papermakers are shipped to China to learn new techniques and the use of other raw materials to replace the paper mulberry fibers. These paper makers will reintroduce the use of hemp mixed with mulberry fibers.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Cleaned fabric wastes are soaked in water in stone mortars. Then they are soaked or cooked in alcaline solution for one day. Finally they are crushed in a mortar or a grinder.

Japan:

Stems are harvested in late summer or autumn. They are either retted or steamed until the fibers are free. Then, the operation is followed by an alcaline cooking for 2 hours. The pulp is grinded ou beaten. The sheet is obtained by bailing.

Korea:

Waste fabrics are soaked in water and then shredded into small pieces before being crushed in a grinder. The pulp is steamed, rinsed with water before being crushed again. The pulp is poured into the vat and the sheet is formed on a fixed mold. Drying and bleaching are performed inside the mold.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Chinese

Local scripture:

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre length	11mm
Average fibre width	22µm (10-50µm)
Fibre ends	Tapering blunt.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Prominent cross-markings and longitudinal striations.
Associated Cells	Often present.
Special features	Long fibers. Large and abrundant parenchyma cells in the plant core. Thick walls with many cross-markings, dislocations and longitudinal striations. Blunt ends but also irregular because of the of the preparation method. Fibers from textiles do not contain associated cells in general, while those from the raw materials contain vessels with craters, parenchyma and short fibers with holes. Hemp fibers generally are larger than those of flax. Irregularities in the walls. Irregular large lumen, many cross-markings, irregular state fibers and fibrillation show if they come from rags.
Herzberg Stain	Purple yellow (bast) / dark purple (nucleus). wine red.
C. Graff Stain	Red.

Botanical classification

Cannabis sativa L.

Order:

Rosales

Family:

Cannabaceae

Synonyms:

Cannabis chinensis Delile

Cannabis indica Lam.

Cannabis sativa var. indica (Lam.) E. Small & Cronquist

Plant growing area

Native or naturalized in Bhutan, India, and Sikkim, Central Asia.

Cultivated throughout China, native or naturalized in Xinjiang.

Hemp cultivation has accompanied human migration and conquest to spread over all continents.

Currently it is cultivated in all warm temperate regions.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

China:

Sichuan, Xinjiang.

Japan:

Shikoku (Tokushima, Kochi prefectures), Province: Chūbu (Fukui prefecture).

Plant cultivation and use

Annual plant up to 2m in height; very polymorphic plant, numerous breeds which quality varies with the weather, latitude, land.

The plant is dioecious (two sexes), but there are monoecious varieties.

The plant has been used for millennia as a source of fibres, for its seed oil, as food, as drug, as medicine; each part is harvested differently depending on its use.

It gives rise to two cultures: one for oil and one for fibres. Culture for the fibres is made on fertile land during summer.

The fibres are derived from the peripheral part of the stem; plant must pass a rigorous preparation in order to recover them.

China:

Hemp, flax, ramie, jute are called “ma” in old Chinese documents.

The use of hemp in paper making declined after the Tang period and was replaced progressively by ramie and bamboo.

Japan:

In Japan hemp plays a part in many rituals and stories since it is traditionally associated with purity and plays a symbolic role in the customs of the courtship.

Hemp as paper fiber is introduced to Japan via Korea at the end of the 6th century. Papers made from hemp fibers are called mashi.

One of the first texts to be printed upon paper in the world, the one million prayers “Dharani” from Empress Shotoku about 770 is composed of hemp.

Since the Heian period (794-1185), hemp will fall out of favour and replaced by gampi and kozo, easier to implement.

Korea:

During the three kingdoms (Goguryo, Baekje and Silla : 18 B.C. - 668 A.D.) paper is made from hemp (ma ji) and paper mulberry (jo ji).

The paper made from hemp in Goguryo (37 BC-668 AD) was famous for its white color and smooth surface.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Cleaned fabric wastes are soaked in water in stone mortars. Then they are soaked or cooked in alcaline solution for one day. Finally they are crushed in a mortar or a grinder.

Japan:

Korea:

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Korean

Local scripture:

삼/대마

Synonym:

Daema

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre length	11mm
Average fibre width	22µm (10-50µm)
Fibre ends	Tapering blunt.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Prominent cross-markings and longitudinal striations.
Associated Cells	Often present.
Special features	Long fibers. Large and abrundant parenchyma cells in the plant core. Thick walls with many cross-markings, dislocations and longitudinal striations. Blunt ends but also irregular because of the of the preparation method. Fibers from textiles do not contain associated cells in general, while those from the raw materials contain vessels with craters, parenchyma and short fibers with holes. Hemp fibers generally are larger than those of flax. Irregularities in the walls. Irregular large lumen, many cross-markings, irregular state fibers and fibrillation show if they come from rags.
Herzberg Stain	Purple yellow (bast) / dark purple (nucleus). wine red.
C. Graff Stain	Red.

Botanical classification

Cannabis sativa L.

Order:

Rosales

Family:

Cannabaceae

Synonyms:

Cannabis chinensis Delile

Cannabis indica Lam.

Cannabis sativa var. indica (Lam.) E. Small & Cronquist

Plant growing area

Native or naturalized in Bhutan, India, and Sikkim, Central Asia.

Cultivated throughout China, native or naturalized in Xinjiang.

Hemp cultivation has accompanied human migration and conquest to spread over all continents.

Currently it is cultivated in all warm temperate regions.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

China:

Sichuan, Xinjiang.

Japan:

Shikoku (Tokushima, Kochi prefectures), Province: Chūbu (Fukui prefecture).

Plant cultivation and use

Annual plant up to 2m in height; very polymorphic plant, numerous breeds which quality varies with the weather, latitude, land.

The plant is dioecious (two sexes), but there are monoecious varieties.

The plant has been used for millennia as a source of fibres, for its seed oil, as food, as drug, as medicine; each part is harvested differently depending on its use.

It gives rise to two cultures: one for oil and one for fibres. Culture for the fibres is made on fertile land during summer.

The fibres are derived from the peripheral part of the stem; plant must pass a rigorous preparation in order to recover them.

China:

Hemp, flax, ramie, jute are called “ma” in old Chinese documents.

The use of hemp in paper making declined after the Tang period and was replaced progressively by ramie and bamboo.

Japan:

In Japan hemp plays a part in many rituals and stories since it is traditionally associated with purity and plays a symbolic role in the customs of the courtship.

Hemp as paper fiber is introduced to Japan via Korea at the end of the 6th century. Papers made from hemp fibers are called mashi.

One of the first texts to be printed upon paper in the world, the one million prayers “Dharani” from Empress Shotoku about 770 is composed of hemp.

Since the Heian period (794-1185), hemp will fall out of favour and replaced by gampi and kozo, easier to implement.

Korea:

During the three kingdoms (Goguryo, Baekje and Silla : 18 B.C. - 668 A.D.) paper is made from hemp (ma ji) and paper mulberry (jo ji).

The paper made from hemp in Goguryo (37 BC-668 AD) was famous for its white color and smooth surface.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Cleaned fabric wastes are soaked in water in stone mortars. Then they are soaked or cooked in alcaline solution for one day. Finally they are crushed in a mortar or a grinder.

Japan:

Korea:

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

タイマ

たいま

大麻

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre length	11mm
Average fibre width	22µm (10-50µm)
Fibre ends	Tapering blunt.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Prominent cross-markings and longitudinal striations.
Associated Cells	Often present.
Special features	Long fibers. Large and abrundant parenchyma cells in the plant core. Thick walls with many cross-markings, dislocations and longitudinal striations. Blunt ends but also irregular because of the of the preparation method. Fibers from textiles do not contain associated cells in general, while those from the raw materials contain vessels with craters, parenchyma and short fibers with holes. Hemp fibers generally are larger than those of flax. Irregularities in the walls. Irregular large lumen, many cross-markings, irregular state fibers and fibrillation show if they come from rags.
Herzberg Stain	Purple yellow (bast) / dark purple (nucleus). wine red.
C. Graff Stain	Red.

Botanical classification

Cannabis sativa L.

Order:

Rosales

Family:

Cannabaceae

Synonyms:

Cannabis chinensis Delile

Cannabis indica Lam.

Cannabis sativa var. indica (Lam.) E. Small & Cronquist

Plant growing area

Native or naturalized in Bhutan, India, and Sikkim, Central Asia.

Cultivated throughout China, native or naturalized in Xinjiang.

Hemp cultivation has accompanied human migration and conquest to spread over all continents.

Currently it is cultivated in all warm temperate regions.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

China:

Sichuan, Xinjiang.

Japan:

Shikoku (Tokushima, Kochi prefectures), Province: Chūbu (Fukui prefecture).

Plant cultivation and use

Annual plant up to 2m in height; very polymorphic plant, numerous breeds which quality varies with the weather, latitude, land.

The plant is dioecious (two sexes), but there are monoecious varieties.

The plant has been used for millennia as a source of fibres, for its seed oil, as food, as drug, as medicine; each part is harvested differently depending on its use.

It gives rise to two cultures: one for oil and one for fibres. Culture for the fibres is made on fertile land during summer.

The fibres are derived from the peripheral part of the stem; plant must pass a rigorous preparation in order to recover them.

China:

Hemp, flax, ramie, jute are called “ma” in old Chinese documents.

The use of hemp in paper making declined after the Tang period and was replaced progressively by ramie and bamboo.

Japan:

In Japan hemp plays a part in many rituals and stories since it is traditionally associated with purity and plays a symbolic role in the customs of the courtship.

Hemp as paper fiber is introduced to Japan via Korea at the end of the 6th century. Papers made from hemp fibers are called mashi.

One of the first texts to be printed upon paper in the world, the one million prayers “Dharani” from Empress Shotoku about 770 is composed of hemp.

Since the Heian period (794-1185), hemp will fall out of favour and replaced by gampi and kozo, easier to implement.

Korea:

During the three kingdoms (Goguryo, Baekje and Silla : 18 B.C. - 668 A.D.) paper is made from hemp (ma ji) and paper mulberry (jo ji).

The paper made from hemp in Goguryo (37 BC-668 AD) was famous for its white color and smooth surface.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Cleaned fabric wastes are soaked in water in stone mortars. Then they are soaked or cooked in alcaline solution for one day. Finally they are crushed in a mortar or a grinder.

Japan:

Korea:

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Chinese

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre length	11mm
Average fibre width	22µm (10-50µm)
Fibre ends	Tapering blunt.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Prominent cross-markings and longitudinal striations.
Associated Cells	Often present.
Special features	Long fibers. Large and abrundant parenchyma cells in the plant core. Thick walls with many cross-markings, dislocations and longitudinal striations. Blunt ends but also irregular because of the of the preparation method. Fibers from textiles do not contain associated cells in general, while those from the raw materials contain vessels with craters, parenchyma and short fibers with holes. Hemp fibers generally are larger than those of flax. Irregularities in the walls. Irregular large lumen, many cross-markings, irregular state fibers and fibrillation show if they come from rags.
Herzberg Stain	Purple yellow (bast) / dark purple (nucleus). wine red.
C. Graff Stain	Red.

Botanical classification

Cannabis sativa L.

Order:

Rosales

Family:

Cannabaceae

Synonyms:

Cannabis chinensis Delile

Cannabis indica Lam.

Cannabis sativa var. indica (Lam.) E. Small & Cronquist

Plant growing area

Native or naturalized in Bhutan, India, and Sikkim, Central Asia.

Cultivated throughout China, native or naturalized in Xinjiang.

Hemp cultivation has accompanied human migration and conquest to spread over all continents.

Currently it is cultivated in all warm temperate regions.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

China:

Sichuan, Xinjiang.

Japan:

Shikoku (Tokushima, Kochi prefectures), Province: Chūbu (Fukui prefecture).

Plant cultivation and use

Annual plant up to 2m in height; very polymorphic plant, numerous breeds which quality varies with the weather, latitude, land.

The plant is dioecious (two sexes), but there are monoecious varieties.

The plant has been used for millennia as a source of fibres, for its seed oil, as food, as drug, as medicine; each part is harvested differently depending on its use.

It gives rise to two cultures: one for oil and one for fibres. Culture for the fibres is made on fertile land during summer.

The fibres are derived from the peripheral part of the stem; plant must pass a rigorous preparation in order to recover them.

China:

Hemp, flax, ramie, jute are called “ma” in old Chinese documents.

The use of hemp in paper making declined after the Tang period and was replaced progressively by ramie and bamboo.

Japan:

In Japan hemp plays a part in many rituals and stories since it is traditionally associated with purity and plays a symbolic role in the customs of the courtship.

Hemp as paper fiber is introduced to Japan via Korea at the end of the 6th century. Papers made from hemp fibers are called mashi.

One of the first texts to be printed upon paper in the world, the one million prayers “Dharani” from Empress Shotoku about 770 is composed of hemp.

Since the Heian period (794-1185), hemp will fall out of favour and replaced by gampi and kozo, easier to implement.

Korea:

During the three kingdoms (Goguryo, Baekje and Silla : 18 B.C. - 668 A.D.) paper is made from hemp (ma ji) and paper mulberry (jo ji).

The paper made from hemp in Goguryo (37 BC-668 AD) was famous for its white color and smooth surface.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Cleaned fabric wastes are soaked in water in stone mortars. Then they are soaked or cooked in alcaline solution for one day. Finally they are crushed in a mortar or a grinder.

Japan:

Korea:

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Chinese

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre length	11mm
Average fibre width	22µm (10-50µm)
Fibre ends	Tapering blunt.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Prominent cross-markings and longitudinal striations.
Associated Cells	Often present.
Special features	Long fibers. Large and abrundant parenchyma cells in the plant core. Thick walls with many cross-markings, dislocations and longitudinal striations. Blunt ends but also irregular because of the of the preparation method. Fibers from textiles do not contain associated cells in general, while those from the raw materials contain vessels with craters, parenchyma and short fibers with holes. Hemp fibers generally are larger than those of flax. Irregularities in the walls. Irregular large lumen, many cross-markings, irregular state fibers and fibrillation show if they come from rags.
Herzberg Stain	Purple yellow (bast) / dark purple (nucleus). wine red.
C. Graff Stain	Red.

Botanical classification

Cannabis sativa L.

Order:

Rosales

Family:

Cannabaceae

Synonyms:

Cannabis chinensis Delile

Cannabis indica Lam.

Cannabis sativa var. indica (Lam.) E. Small & Cronquist

Plant growing area

Native or naturalized in Bhutan, India, and Sikkim, Central Asia.

Cultivated throughout China, native or naturalized in Xinjiang.

Hemp cultivation has accompanied human migration and conquest to spread over all continents.

Currently it is cultivated in all warm temperate regions.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

China:

Sichuan, Xinjiang.

Japan:

Shikoku (Tokushima, Kochi prefectures), Province: Chūbu (Fukui prefecture).

Plant cultivation and use

Annual plant up to 2m in height; very polymorphic plant, numerous breeds which quality varies with the weather, latitude, land.

The plant is dioecious (two sexes), but there are monoecious varieties.

The plant has been used for millennia as a source of fibres, for its seed oil, as food, as drug, as medicine; each part is harvested differently depending on its use.

It gives rise to two cultures: one for oil and one for fibres. Culture for the fibres is made on fertile land during summer.

The fibres are derived from the peripheral part of the stem; plant must pass a rigorous preparation in order to recover them.

China:

Hemp, flax, ramie, jute are called “ma” in old Chinese documents.

The use of hemp in paper making declined after the Tang period and was replaced progressively by ramie and bamboo.

Japan:

In Japan hemp plays a part in many rituals and stories since it is traditionally associated with purity and plays a symbolic role in the customs of the courtship.

Hemp as paper fiber is introduced to Japan via Korea at the end of the 6th century. Papers made from hemp fibers are called mashi.

One of the first texts to be printed upon paper in the world, the one million prayers “Dharani” from Empress Shotoku about 770 is composed of hemp.

Since the Heian period (794-1185), hemp will fall out of favour and replaced by gampi and kozo, easier to implement.

Korea:

During the three kingdoms (Goguryo, Baekje and Silla : 18 B.C. - 668 A.D.) paper is made from hemp (ma ji) and paper mulberry (jo ji).

The paper made from hemp in Goguryo (37 BC-668 AD) was famous for its white color and smooth surface.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Cleaned fabric wastes are soaked in water in stone mortars. Then they are soaked or cooked in alcaline solution for one day. Finally they are crushed in a mortar or a grinder.

Japan:

Korea:

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Korean

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre length	11mm
Average fibre width	22µm (10-50µm)
Fibre ends	Tapering blunt.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Prominent cross-markings and longitudinal striations.
Associated Cells	Often present.
Special features	Long fibers. Large and abrundant parenchyma cells in the plant core. Thick walls with many cross-markings, dislocations and longitudinal striations. Blunt ends but also irregular because of the of the preparation method. Fibers from textiles do not contain associated cells in general, while those from the raw materials contain vessels with craters, parenchyma and short fibers with holes. Hemp fibers generally are larger than those of flax. Irregularities in the walls. Irregular large lumen, many cross-markings, irregular state fibers and fibrillation show if they come from rags.
Herzberg Stain	Purple yellow (bast) / dark purple (nucleus). wine red.
C. Graff Stain	Red.

Botanical classification

Cannabis sativa L.

Order:

Rosales

Family:

Cannabaceae

Synonyms:

Cannabis chinensis Delile

Cannabis indica Lam.

Cannabis sativa var. indica (Lam.) E. Small & Cronquist

Plant growing area

Native or naturalized in Bhutan, India, and Sikkim, Central Asia.

Cultivated throughout China, native or naturalized in Xinjiang.

Hemp cultivation has accompanied human migration and conquest to spread over all continents.

Currently it is cultivated in all warm temperate regions.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

China:

Sichuan, Xinjiang.

Japan:

Shikoku (Tokushima, Kochi prefectures), Province: Chūbu (Fukui prefecture).

Plant cultivation and use

Annual plant up to 2m in height; very polymorphic plant, numerous breeds which quality varies with the weather, latitude, land.

The plant is dioecious (two sexes), but there are monoecious varieties.

The plant has been used for millennia as a source of fibres, for its seed oil, as food, as drug, as medicine; each part is harvested differently depending on its use.

It gives rise to two cultures: one for oil and one for fibres. Culture for the fibres is made on fertile land during summer.

The fibres are derived from the peripheral part of the stem; plant must pass a rigorous preparation in order to recover them.

China:

Hemp, flax, ramie, jute are called “ma” in old Chinese documents.

The use of hemp in paper making declined after the Tang period and was replaced progressively by ramie and bamboo.

Japan:

In Japan hemp plays a part in many rituals and stories since it is traditionally associated with purity and plays a symbolic role in the customs of the courtship.

Hemp as paper fiber is introduced to Japan via Korea at the end of the 6th century. Papers made from hemp fibers are called mashi.

One of the first texts to be printed upon paper in the world, the one million prayers “Dharani” from Empress Shotoku about 770 is composed of hemp.

Since the Heian period (794-1185), hemp will fall out of favour and replaced by gampi and kozo, easier to implement.

Korea:

During the three kingdoms (Goguryo, Baekje and Silla : 18 B.C. - 668 A.D.) paper is made from hemp (ma ji) and paper mulberry (jo ji).

The paper made from hemp in Goguryo (37 BC-668 AD) was famous for its white color and smooth surface.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Cleaned fabric wastes are soaked in water in stone mortars. Then they are soaked or cooked in alcaline solution for one day. Finally they are crushed in a mortar or a grinder.

Japan:

Korea:

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Primary tabs

Quercus acutissima Carruth.

Daphne odora Thunb.

Triticum aestivum L.

Cannabis sativa L.

Cannabis sativa L.

Cannabis sativa L.

Cannabis sativa L.

Cannabis sativa L.

Cannabis sativa L.

Cannabis sativa L.

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Primary tabs

Quercus acutissima Carruth.

Daphne odora Thunb.

Triticum aestivum L.

Cannabis sativa L.

Cannabis sativa L.

Cannabis sativa L.

Cannabis sativa L.

Cannabis sativa L.

Cannabis sativa L.

Cannabis sativa L.

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