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Phellodendron sachalinense (F. Schmidt) Sarg. © Flora of China

Phellodendron sachalinense (F. Schmidt) Sarg. © Plantillustrations

Botanical classification

Phellodendron sachalinense (F. Schmidt) Sarg.

Order:

Sapindales

Family:

Rutaceae

Synonyms:

Phellodendron amurense var. sacchalinense F. Schmitt

Plant growing area

Native to east and northeast Asia.

China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Japan, Korea, Russia (Sakhalin island).

Mixed broad-leaved forests, open to dense forests; Grows at an altitude from 800 to 3000 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea .

Plant cultivation and use

Phellodendron sachalinense is a deciduous tree which can reach 15m high with irregular branching.

It has a rapid growth. As it is hardy and can thrive in various soils but prefers sunny exposure. Clumped flowers are yellow. Flowering occurs in early summer. It is often considered as geographical variety of Phellodendron amurense but it differs to it in its thinner layer of cork; like it, its fruits yield an oil which insecticidal properties are similar to those of pyrethrum.

Phellodendron sachalinense has dyeing properties conferred by the alkaloids it contains (mainly berberine).The color varies from pale yellow to brown depending on the concentration.

Phellodendron amurense and Phellodendron sachalinense are both used for the same purpose. It is possible to distinguish them by analysis of the proportions of the alkaloids.

China:

Its use in China is the same as for Phellodendron amurense.

Japan:

Its use in japan is the same as for Phellodendron amurense.

Korea:

Its use in Korea is the same as for Phellodendron amurense.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

The outer bark of Phellodendron, chopped into pieces is placed in a bag, soaked in water and boiled; then the filtrate, a bitter yellow liquid, is collected by pressing the bark.
The residues are crushed and boiled again, three times and the filtrates of the three baths are mixed. This allows for a bigger quantity of liquid and a less saturated color. This liquid is called Huang po.
The paper to be dyed must be unsized to let dye penetrates better. The paper after dyeing has a glossy appearance.

Japan:

Wood is cut in small pieces and boiled. The extract is filtered before dyeing.

Dyeing of paper is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

Wood is cut in small pieces and boiled. The extract is filtered before dyeing.

Papers dyed with Phellodendron amurense are fixed by etching with tannins extracted from the bark of chestnut or oak acorns.

The papers are dyed in three ways: dyeing of the pulp (Seonyeombeop), dyeing of the sheet by dipping, brushing and spraying (Huyeombeop ), combination of the both methods (Honyeombeop). Then the paper can be hammered.

Paper names

In Asia and particularly in China, Korea and Japan, the papers are intended for a wide range of use: Papers for calligraphy and art, Papers for ceremonies, Paper as a medium of exchange, money paper, Papers for making clothes, wall hangings and bedding, Papers for architecture, interior design, Papers for crafts of various kinds, for domestic purposes and leisure. The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.
In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Stem

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

イモガンピ　

Stellera Chamaejasme L. © CFH Nature Museum

Stellera Chamaejasme L. © A. Helman-Ważny

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre lenght	0,5 – 4 mm
Average fibre width	4 – 20 µ
Fibre ends	Rounded or sometimes pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Fibers have ribbon-like shape. “Transparent” like flabby cotton fibers. Cell wall very thin, irregular, very flexible and more irregular compared to Daphne and Edgeworthia. Lumen is often delineated by wavy fiber walls, which creates very irregular space inside the fiber cell.
Herzberg staining	Olive-grey to blue.
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Stellera Chamaejasme L.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Thymelaeaceae

Synonyms:

Chamaejasme stelleriana Kuntze

Passerina chamaejasme Fisch. ex Meisn.

Passerina stelleri Wikstr.

Stellera bodinieri H. Lév.

Stellera chamaejasme f. angustifolia Diels

Stellera chamaejasme f. chrysantha S. C. Huang

Stellera rosea Nakai

Wikstroemia chamaejasme (L.) Domke

Plant growing area

Stellera Chamaejasme is found from North Asia to India.

Bhutan, China (Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol/Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang/Sinkiang, Xizang/Tibet, Yunnan) Mongolia, Nepal, Russia.

It grows on sunny and dry slopes, in sandy places from 2600 to 4200 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Nepal.

China:

Xizang (Tibet), Yunnan.

Plant cultivation and use

Stelleras are sub-shrubs of the Thymelaceae family. Thymelaceae are the base plants for making paper at the foot of Himalayas. Some species grow in the plains, others in the mountains, in rockery; they appreciate calcareous soils.

Genus Stellera includes less than ten species that grow in places quite dry or arid as found in Central Asia, Iran and the highlands of Tibet. The plants are recognizable by their colorful flowers and toxic fruits.

Genus Stellera is very close to genus Daphnae. Therefore there is a great confusion among the various Stellera, Wikstroemias, Edgeworthias and especially Daphnes because their morphologies are very similar.

Stellera chamaejasme, also often called Wikstroemia chamaejasme, is a perennial from 20 to 50cm in height. It grows in arid areas where few plants thrive. It is in flower in June, and the seeds ripen from August to October. The roots are rhizomes; they are thick. They are poisonous but have medicinal and insecticide properties.

The fibers of the roots are used to make rope and paper. Indeed they contain a large amount of hemicelluloses which makes them valuable in the manufacture of paper.

In Tibet, the paper made from the roots of Stellera chamaejasme is regarded as high quality paper and is reserved for special purposes such as paper money.

China:

There are 14 species of wikstroemia in Yunnan. Bai, Naxi and Tibetans. Bai, Naxi and Tibetans in the counties of Lijiang and Zhongdian manufacture paper for religious use with the root of Stellera chamaejasme. The yellow paper (unbleached), symbol of money paper is burned during celebrations such as the festival of the spring day (first day of Chinese lunar year), or the festival of the ghost day (fifteenth day of the seventh Chinese lunar month), or the festival of the dragon boat (fifth day of the fifth Chinese lunar month).

In China, root is also used as pesticide placed on book shelves.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Brown-skin of the roots must be scraped by hand before cooking. Then they are cooked in alkaline lye for half an hour. Beating is performed in a stone mortar with a heavy wooden mallet, for half an hour, two people working together. Then the pulp is dispersed in a bucket of water.
The mould consists of a wooden frame with a stretched fabric. It floats on the surface of the tank filled with water. The pulp is poured into the mould and is distributed evenly by hands. The mould is lifted horizontally to avoid casting the pulp to flow. Then it is left to air dry overnight. The sheet is then detached from the mould.

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Korean

Local scripture:

피뿌리꽃

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre lenght	0,5 – 4 mm
Average fibre width	4 – 20 µ
Fibre ends	Rounded or sometimes pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Fibers have ribbon-like shape. “Transparent” like flabby cotton fibers. Cell wall very thin, irregular, very flexible and more irregular compared to Daphne and Edgeworthia. Lumen is often delineated by wavy fiber walls, which creates very irregular space inside the fiber cell.
Herzberg staining	Olive-grey to blue.
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Stellera Chamaejasme L.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Thymelaeaceae

Synonyms:

Chamaejasme stelleriana Kuntze

Passerina chamaejasme Fisch. ex Meisn.

Passerina stelleri Wikstr.

Stellera bodinieri H. Lév.

Stellera chamaejasme f. angustifolia Diels

Stellera chamaejasme f. chrysantha S. C. Huang

Stellera rosea Nakai

Wikstroemia chamaejasme (L.) Domke

Plant growing area

Stellera Chamaejasme is found from North Asia to India.

It grows on sunny and dry slopes, in sandy places from 2600 to 4200 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Nepal.

China:

Xizang (Tibet), Yunnan.

Plant cultivation and use

The fibers of the roots are used to make rope and paper. Indeed they contain a large amount of hemicelluloses which makes them valuable in the manufacture of paper.

In Tibet, the paper made from the roots of Stellera chamaejasme is regarded as high quality paper and is reserved for special purposes such as paper money.

China:

In China, root is also used as pesticide placed on book shelves.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

からふときはだ

Synonym:

樺太黄蘗

Botanical classification

Phellodendron sachalinense (F. Schmidt) Sarg.

Order:

Sapindales

Family:

Rutaceae

Synonyms:

Phellodendron amurense var. sacchalinense F. Schmitt

Plant growing area

Native to east and northeast Asia.

China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Japan, Korea, Russia (Sakhalin island).

Mixed broad-leaved forests, open to dense forests; Grows at an altitude from 800 to 3000 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea .

Plant cultivation and use

Phellodendron sachalinense is a deciduous tree which can reach 15m high with irregular branching.

Phellodendron sachalinense has dyeing properties conferred by the alkaloids it contains (mainly berberine).The color varies from pale yellow to brown depending on the concentration.

Phellodendron amurense and Phellodendron sachalinense are both used for the same purpose. It is possible to distinguish them by analysis of the proportions of the alkaloids.

China:

Its use in China is the same as for Phellodendron amurense.

Japan:

Its use in japan is the same as for Phellodendron amurense.

Korea:

Its use in Korea is the same as for Phellodendron amurense.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Japan:

Wood is cut in small pieces and boiled. The extract is filtered before dyeing.

Dyeing of paper is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

Wood is cut in small pieces and boiled. The extract is filtered before dyeing.

Papers dyed with Phellodendron amurense are fixed by etching with tannins extracted from the bark of chestnut or oak acorns.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.
In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Stem

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

English

Botanical classification

Phellodendron sachalinense (F. Schmidt) Sarg.

Order:

Sapindales

Family:

Rutaceae

Synonyms:

Phellodendron amurense var. sacchalinense F. Schmitt

Plant growing area

Native to east and northeast Asia.

China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Japan, Korea, Russia (Sakhalin island).

Mixed broad-leaved forests, open to dense forests; Grows at an altitude from 800 to 3000 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea .

Plant cultivation and use

Phellodendron sachalinense is a deciduous tree which can reach 15m high with irregular branching.

Phellodendron sachalinense has dyeing properties conferred by the alkaloids it contains (mainly berberine).The color varies from pale yellow to brown depending on the concentration.

Phellodendron amurense and Phellodendron sachalinense are both used for the same purpose. It is possible to distinguish them by analysis of the proportions of the alkaloids.

China:

Its use in China is the same as for Phellodendron amurense.

Japan:

Its use in japan is the same as for Phellodendron amurense.

Korea:

Its use in Korea is the same as for Phellodendron amurense.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Japan:

Wood is cut in small pieces and boiled. The extract is filtered before dyeing.

Dyeing of paper is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

Wood is cut in small pieces and boiled. The extract is filtered before dyeing.

Papers dyed with Phellodendron amurense are fixed by etching with tannins extracted from the bark of chestnut or oak acorns.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.
In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Stem

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

English

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre lenght	0,5 – 4 mm
Average fibre width	4 – 20 µ
Fibre ends	Rounded or sometimes pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Fibers have ribbon-like shape. “Transparent” like flabby cotton fibers. Cell wall very thin, irregular, very flexible and more irregular compared to Daphne and Edgeworthia. Lumen is often delineated by wavy fiber walls, which creates very irregular space inside the fiber cell.
Herzberg staining	Olive-grey to blue.
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Stellera Chamaejasme L.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Thymelaeaceae

Synonyms:

Chamaejasme stelleriana Kuntze

Passerina chamaejasme Fisch. ex Meisn.

Passerina stelleri Wikstr.

Stellera bodinieri H. Lév.

Stellera chamaejasme f. angustifolia Diels

Stellera chamaejasme f. chrysantha S. C. Huang

Stellera rosea Nakai

Wikstroemia chamaejasme (L.) Domke

Plant growing area

Stellera Chamaejasme is found from North Asia to India.

It grows on sunny and dry slopes, in sandy places from 2600 to 4200 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Nepal.

China:

Xizang (Tibet), Yunnan.

Plant cultivation and use

The fibers of the roots are used to make rope and paper. Indeed they contain a large amount of hemicelluloses which makes them valuable in the manufacture of paper.

In Tibet, the paper made from the roots of Stellera chamaejasme is regarded as high quality paper and is reserved for special purposes such as paper money.

China:

In China, root is also used as pesticide placed on book shelves.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Chinese

Local scripture:

川黄檗

Botanical classification

Phellodendron sachalinense (F. Schmidt) Sarg.

Order:

Sapindales

Family:

Rutaceae

Synonyms:

Phellodendron amurense var. sacchalinense F. Schmitt

Plant growing area

Native to east and northeast Asia.

China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Japan, Korea, Russia (Sakhalin island).

Mixed broad-leaved forests, open to dense forests; Grows at an altitude from 800 to 3000 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea .

Plant cultivation and use

Phellodendron sachalinense is a deciduous tree which can reach 15m high with irregular branching.

Phellodendron sachalinense has dyeing properties conferred by the alkaloids it contains (mainly berberine).The color varies from pale yellow to brown depending on the concentration.

Phellodendron amurense and Phellodendron sachalinense are both used for the same purpose. It is possible to distinguish them by analysis of the proportions of the alkaloids.

China:

Its use in China is the same as for Phellodendron amurense.

Japan:

Its use in japan is the same as for Phellodendron amurense.

Korea:

Its use in Korea is the same as for Phellodendron amurense.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Japan:

Wood is cut in small pieces and boiled. The extract is filtered before dyeing.

Dyeing of paper is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

Wood is cut in small pieces and boiled. The extract is filtered before dyeing.

Papers dyed with Phellodendron amurense are fixed by etching with tannins extracted from the bark of chestnut or oak acorns.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.
In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Stem

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

Korean

Local scripture:

넓은 잎 황벽나무

Botanical classification

Phellodendron sachalinense (F. Schmidt) Sarg.

Order:

Sapindales

Family:

Rutaceae

Synonyms:

Phellodendron amurense var. sacchalinense F. Schmitt

Plant growing area

Native to east and northeast Asia.

China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Japan, Korea, Russia (Sakhalin island).

Mixed broad-leaved forests, open to dense forests; Grows at an altitude from 800 to 3000 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea .

Plant cultivation and use

Phellodendron sachalinense is a deciduous tree which can reach 15m high with irregular branching.

Phellodendron sachalinense has dyeing properties conferred by the alkaloids it contains (mainly berberine).The color varies from pale yellow to brown depending on the concentration.

Phellodendron amurense and Phellodendron sachalinense are both used for the same purpose. It is possible to distinguish them by analysis of the proportions of the alkaloids.

China:

Its use in China is the same as for Phellodendron amurense.

Japan:

Its use in japan is the same as for Phellodendron amurense.

Korea:

Its use in Korea is the same as for Phellodendron amurense.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Japan:

Wood is cut in small pieces and boiled. The extract is filtered before dyeing.

Dyeing of paper is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

Wood is cut in small pieces and boiled. The extract is filtered before dyeing.

Papers dyed with Phellodendron amurense are fixed by etching with tannins extracted from the bark of chestnut or oak acorns.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.
In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Stem

Use for paper making:

Dye

Wisteria floribunda (willd.) DC © Flora of China

Wisteria floribunda (willd.) DC © T.H. Choi

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre lenght	1,7 mm (0.9 – 2.6)
Average fibre width	17,5 µm (9.3 – 24.8)
Fibre ends	Blunt.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Les prominent fiber wall; no cross-marking.
Associated cells
Special features
Herzberg staining	Purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Yellow.

Botanical classification

Wisteria floribunda (willd.) DC

Order:

Fabales

Family:

Fabaceae

Synonyms:

Glycine floribunda Willd.

Kraunhia floribunda (Willd.) Taub.

Phaseolodes floribundum (Willd.) Kuntze

Rehsonia floribunda (Willd.) Stritch

Plant growing area

China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Henan, Hebei, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu), Korea,Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Wisteria floribunda is a deciduous woody liana. It prefers moist soils and full sun.

Lianas can reach 30m length. Blooming takes place in early spring. Flowers which forms grapes reaching 50cm length, are pale purple. Fruits are poisonous but edible after cooking. Flowers are also eaten and leaves are used to make tea. Seeds have diuretic properties.

Fibers from the stems are long and are used to make a paper with a buff color.

China:

Wisteria floribunda fibers were used in China long before in Korea.

The use of Wisteria floribunda is popular in the Sui dynasty (581-618), the Five Dynasties (581-960) and Tang dynasty (618-907). It disappears after the Tang period because its growth is slow and the quantities obtained were scarce.

The use of the plant is cited in "Yunju Mishu" or "Rare Books of Yunju", text written during the Song Dynasty (960-1279) which provides guidance on raw materials used in the manufacture of paper and provinces where they are used.

Korea:

From the Joseon period (1392-1910), raw materials traditionally used for paper production, mainly bark of Broussonetias begin to fail. Papermakers face to a growing demand for paper stimulated by the development of publications initiated during the Goryeo period (907-1392). Other plants will be used to provide a fiber supplement such as glycine, rice, oat and barley straws, bamboo, jute, cotton and hemp but also willow leaves, reeds, the bark and needles of pine.
Wisteria floribunda seems to have been used very early, since the Goryeo period.

Wisteria is used alone or mixed with Broussonetia Kazinoki, for the manufacture of paper devoted to white fans as the paper has a very smooth surface.

Preparation process for making paper

Korea:

Stems are harvested in summer. After removing the leaves they are steamed. They are cooked for 3 hours in alkaline lye. They are then crushed in a mill or a mortar.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

English

Spyrigira turfosa F. Gray © Biologie-resources

Spyrigira turfosa F. Gray © Protist-information service

Identification

Fibre type
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Spirogyra turfosa F. Gray

Order:

Zygnematales

Family:

Zygnemataceae

Plant growing area

It is commonly found in freshwaters reported from all continents.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Thailand.

Plant cultivation and use

There are more than 400 species of Spirogyra in the world. Spirogyra Turfosa is a genus of filamentous green algae that lives in freshwater, in shallow ponds, ditches and at the edges of large lakes. It grows under water until spring and then with increasing of heat and sun, it develops as a floating viscous filaments mass of few centimeters.

China:

Algae were used during the Seonjin period (265-316) and then under the Tang (618-907) and Song (960-1279).

In the "Yunju Mishu" or "Rare Books in Yunju", text written during the Song Dynasty and giving information on raw materials used in the manufacture of paper and provinces where they are used, it is stated that moss is used in the maritime areas of China. Is this moss, bog moss or algae ?

Korea:

Spyrogyra turfosa is the commonest macroscopic freshwater algae in Korea. Algae have been used in Korea as decorative element in paper, generally mixed with the bark of paper mulberry.

These papers were produced during the Joseon period (1392-1910) for paper correspondence or poetry.

Thailand:

This is a modern use for decorative papers.

Algaes come from the sea and are washed, cooked and beaten.

Paper names

In Asia and particularly in China, Korea and Japan, the papers are intended for a wide range of use: Papers for calligraphy and art, Papers for ceremonies, Paper as a medium of exchange, money paper, Papers for making clothes, wall hangings and bedding, Papers for architecture, interior design, Papers for crafts of various kinds, for domestic purposes and leisure.
The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Primary tabs

Phellodendron sachalinense (F. Schmidt) Sarg.

Stellera Chamaejasme L.

Stellera Chamaejasme L.

Phellodendron sachalinense (F. Schmidt) Sarg.

Phellodendron sachalinense (F. Schmidt) Sarg.

Stellera Chamaejasme L.

Phellodendron sachalinense (F. Schmidt) Sarg.

Phellodendron sachalinense (F. Schmidt) Sarg.

Wisteria floribunda (willd.) DC

Spirogyra turfosa F. Gray

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Primary tabs

Phellodendron sachalinense (F. Schmidt) Sarg.

Stellera Chamaejasme L.

Stellera Chamaejasme L.

Phellodendron sachalinense (F. Schmidt) Sarg.

Phellodendron sachalinense (F. Schmidt) Sarg.

Stellera Chamaejasme L.

Phellodendron sachalinense (F. Schmidt) Sarg.

Phellodendron sachalinense (F. Schmidt) Sarg.

Wisteria floribunda (willd.) DC

Spirogyra turfosa F. Gray

Pages