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Dalbergia hupeana Hance © Plantillustrations

Dalbergia hupeana Hance © CFH Nature Museum

Identification

Fibre type
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Dalbergia hupeana Hance

Order:

Fabales

Family:

Fabaceae

Synonyms:

Dalbergia hupeana var. bauhiniifolia Pamp.

Dalbergia sacerdotum Prain

Plant growing area

Endemic in China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang).

Grows in forests, on mountain slopes, by streams, between 800 to 1400 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China.

Plant cultivation and use

Dalbergia hupeana is a tree, 10-20 m tall. There are some hundreds species of Dalbergia which are exploited for their hardwood and essential oils they contain. These oils confer them insecticides and medicinal properties (antiphlogistic).

China:

Hardwood tree that grew first in the department of Xuanzheng (Anhui).

The bark of sandalwood called tanpi was the main material for manufacturing Xuan paper.

During the Later Han Dynasty, it would be discovered by accident that it could be used to make paper.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

The tree is cut during the winter and cut into pieces. These pieces are placed in a steamer and the bark is peeled. It is washed with water and then mixed with lime for 10 or 20 days. When the bark is half softened, it was beaten with a foot hammer or a water wheel grinder. The beating is repeated 3 or 4 times to get the right consistency and the pulp can be used to form the sheets.

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Dye

Language:

English

Botanical classification

Carthamus tinctorius L.

Order:

Asterales

Family:

Asteraceae

Plant growing area

Carthamus tinctorius is apparently native originally to the eastern Mediterranean; since it grows wild in South Europe and around Mediterranean Sea (Turkey), it is known mostly in cultivation today.

China (Gansu, Guangxi, Hebei, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Zheijiang).

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Carthamus tinctorius is an annual or biennial herb that can reach one meter in height.

It is cultivated in Asia as a source of vegetable dye and oil seed. Dried flowers are also used in traditional Chinese medicine.

The coloring substance comes from the dried flowers. The flower contains two coloring substances: red (carthamine, soluble in bases) and yellow (precarthamine, safflomine, tinctormine soluble in water). The yellow dye, water soluble, can be removed by soaking first, the flowers in water and changing the water after pressing flowers, until it becomes clear. Its use is first mentioned in the 2nd century BC in the Far East but it is older in Persia. In China and Japan, the red from safflower was used as a blush.

China:

Using the plant as a dye was introduced by the northwest tribes; it is an important dyestuff under the Han (202 BC - 220 AC.).

It is used for dyeing paper from the end of the Yuan dynasty (1280-1368), beginning of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), in particular for dyeing cards of officials, announcements of happy events cards; in general the paper is made of bamboo and is thick.

Japan:

Using the plant as a dye was imported from China during the Tang Dynasty (618-960).

Safflower is used as textile and paper dye and in Ukiyo-e printing; this use appears around 1715.

Korea:

This dye which is expensive is reserved for royal garments. Both dyes are used in dyeing fabric, the yellow one for silk and wool, the red one for plant fibers.

It is a popular dye for hanji. It is also used in high-blood medication.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Qimin yaoshu treaty or “Main techniques for the welfare of the people” by Jia sixie (535 AD) and Tiangong Kaiwu or “Creations of nature and work of man” by Song Yingxing (1637) describe the preparation process.

The leaves are picked at dawn when they are still fresh. They are already crushed to a paste. This paste is pressed in a bag and rinsed to remove the yellow dye; the operation is very long. (The yellow dye can be stored as a basis for other dyes)

Flowers free of yellow dye are mixed with potash; the mixture is placed on a filter and washed down with water. The filtrate is then mixed with a weak acid (lemon juice, pomegranate juice) to precipitate the coloring material.

The red dye does not require the use of a mordant.

Japan:

Picking takes place during flowering (July-August), when the flower heads are almost faded.

The flowers are washed 4 or 5 times with water to remove unwanted material (yellow dyes) and then pressed and dried in the form of cakes for sale.

To extract the dye, the flowers are placed in contact with an alkaline solution (soda or straw ashes) for one hour and must be filtered to obtain the carthamine extract.

The residue is treated again with lye until exhaustion.

To precipitate carthamine as a powder, a weak acid (made from green plums or acetic acid) is used. Color can be dried for preservation.

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by their small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Usually the pulp is dyed in the vat before forming the sheets.

Korea:

Harvesting takes place in the morning when the plants are wet. The whole plants are placed in pots with water to ferment for 4-5 days. The liquid is then filtered prior to use.

The papers are dyed in three ways: dyeing of the pulp (Seonyeombeop), dyeing of the sheet by dipping, brushing and spraying (Huyeombeop ), combination of the both methods (Honyeombeop). Then the paper can be hammered.

Paper names

In Asia and particularly in China, Korea and Japan, the papers are intended for a wide range of use: Papers for calligraphy and art, Papers for ceremonies, Paper as a medium of exchange, money paper, Papers for making clothes, wall hangings and bedding, Papers for architecture, interior design, Papers for crafts of various kinds, for domestic purposes and leisure. The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Flower

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

French

Botanical classification

Carthamus tinctorius L.

Order:

Asterales

Family:

Asteraceae

Plant growing area

Carthamus tinctorius is apparently native originally to the eastern Mediterranean; since it grows wild in South Europe and around Mediterranean Sea (Turkey), it is known mostly in cultivation today.

China (Gansu, Guangxi, Hebei, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Zheijiang).

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Carthamus tinctorius is an annual or biennial herb that can reach one meter in height.

It is cultivated in Asia as a source of vegetable dye and oil seed. Dried flowers are also used in traditional Chinese medicine.

China:

Using the plant as a dye was introduced by the northwest tribes; it is an important dyestuff under the Han (202 BC - 220 AC.).

Japan:

Using the plant as a dye was imported from China during the Tang Dynasty (618-960).

Safflower is used as textile and paper dye and in Ukiyo-e printing; this use appears around 1715.

Korea:

This dye which is expensive is reserved for royal garments. Both dyes are used in dyeing fabric, the yellow one for silk and wool, the red one for plant fibers.

It is a popular dye for hanji. It is also used in high-blood medication.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

The red dye does not require the use of a mordant.

Japan:

Picking takes place during flowering (July-August), when the flower heads are almost faded.

The flowers are washed 4 or 5 times with water to remove unwanted material (yellow dyes) and then pressed and dried in the form of cakes for sale.

To extract the dye, the flowers are placed in contact with an alkaline solution (soda or straw ashes) for one hour and must be filtered to obtain the carthamine extract.

The residue is treated again with lye until exhaustion.

To precipitate carthamine as a powder, a weak acid (made from green plums or acetic acid) is used. Color can be dried for preservation.

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by their small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Usually the pulp is dyed in the vat before forming the sheets.

Korea:

Harvesting takes place in the morning when the plants are wet. The whole plants are placed in pots with water to ferment for 4-5 days. The liquid is then filtered prior to use.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Flower

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

ベニバナ

べにばな

紅花

Botanical classification

Carthamus tinctorius L.

Order:

Asterales

Family:

Asteraceae

Plant growing area

Carthamus tinctorius is apparently native originally to the eastern Mediterranean; since it grows wild in South Europe and around Mediterranean Sea (Turkey), it is known mostly in cultivation today.

China (Gansu, Guangxi, Hebei, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Zheijiang).

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Carthamus tinctorius is an annual or biennial herb that can reach one meter in height.

It is cultivated in Asia as a source of vegetable dye and oil seed. Dried flowers are also used in traditional Chinese medicine.

China:

Using the plant as a dye was introduced by the northwest tribes; it is an important dyestuff under the Han (202 BC - 220 AC.).

Japan:

Using the plant as a dye was imported from China during the Tang Dynasty (618-960).

Safflower is used as textile and paper dye and in Ukiyo-e printing; this use appears around 1715.

Korea:

This dye which is expensive is reserved for royal garments. Both dyes are used in dyeing fabric, the yellow one for silk and wool, the red one for plant fibers.

It is a popular dye for hanji. It is also used in high-blood medication.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

The red dye does not require the use of a mordant.

Japan:

Picking takes place during flowering (July-August), when the flower heads are almost faded.

The flowers are washed 4 or 5 times with water to remove unwanted material (yellow dyes) and then pressed and dried in the form of cakes for sale.

To extract the dye, the flowers are placed in contact with an alkaline solution (soda or straw ashes) for one hour and must be filtered to obtain the carthamine extract.

The residue is treated again with lye until exhaustion.

To precipitate carthamine as a powder, a weak acid (made from green plums or acetic acid) is used. Color can be dried for preservation.

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by their small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Usually the pulp is dyed in the vat before forming the sheets.

Korea:

Harvesting takes place in the morning when the plants are wet. The whole plants are placed in pots with water to ferment for 4-5 days. The liquid is then filtered prior to use.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Flower

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

French

Botanical classification

Carthamus tinctorius L.

Order:

Asterales

Family:

Asteraceae

Plant growing area

Carthamus tinctorius is apparently native originally to the eastern Mediterranean; since it grows wild in South Europe and around Mediterranean Sea (Turkey), it is known mostly in cultivation today.

China (Gansu, Guangxi, Hebei, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Zheijiang).

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Carthamus tinctorius is an annual or biennial herb that can reach one meter in height.

It is cultivated in Asia as a source of vegetable dye and oil seed. Dried flowers are also used in traditional Chinese medicine.

China:

Using the plant as a dye was introduced by the northwest tribes; it is an important dyestuff under the Han (202 BC - 220 AC.).

Japan:

Using the plant as a dye was imported from China during the Tang Dynasty (618-960).

Safflower is used as textile and paper dye and in Ukiyo-e printing; this use appears around 1715.

Korea:

This dye which is expensive is reserved for royal garments. Both dyes are used in dyeing fabric, the yellow one for silk and wool, the red one for plant fibers.

It is a popular dye for hanji. It is also used in high-blood medication.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

The red dye does not require the use of a mordant.

Japan:

Picking takes place during flowering (July-August), when the flower heads are almost faded.

The flowers are washed 4 or 5 times with water to remove unwanted material (yellow dyes) and then pressed and dried in the form of cakes for sale.

To extract the dye, the flowers are placed in contact with an alkaline solution (soda or straw ashes) for one hour and must be filtered to obtain the carthamine extract.

The residue is treated again with lye until exhaustion.

To precipitate carthamine as a powder, a weak acid (made from green plums or acetic acid) is used. Color can be dried for preservation.

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by their small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Usually the pulp is dyed in the vat before forming the sheets.

Korea:

Harvesting takes place in the morning when the plants are wet. The whole plants are placed in pots with water to ferment for 4-5 days. The liquid is then filtered prior to use.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Flower

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

French

Stellera Chamaejasme L. © CFH Nature Museum

Stellera Chamaejasme L. © A. Helman-Ważny

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre lenght	0,5 – 4 mm
Average fibre width	4 – 20 µ
Fibre ends	Rounded or sometimes pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Fibers have ribbon-like shape. “Transparent” like flabby cotton fibers. Cell wall very thin, irregular, very flexible and more irregular compared to Daphne and Edgeworthia. Lumen is often delineated by wavy fiber walls, which creates very irregular space inside the fiber cell.
Herzberg staining	Olive-grey to blue.
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Stellera Chamaejasme L.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Thymelaeaceae

Synonyms:

Chamaejasme stelleriana Kuntze

Passerina chamaejasme Fisch. ex Meisn.

Passerina stelleri Wikstr.

Stellera bodinieri H. Lév.

Stellera chamaejasme f. angustifolia Diels

Stellera chamaejasme f. chrysantha S. C. Huang

Stellera rosea Nakai

Wikstroemia chamaejasme (L.) Domke

Plant growing area

Stellera Chamaejasme is found from North Asia to India.

Bhutan, China (Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol/Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang/Sinkiang, Xizang/Tibet, Yunnan) Mongolia, Nepal, Russia.

It grows on sunny and dry slopes, in sandy places from 2600 to 4200 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Nepal.

China:

Xizang (Tibet), Yunnan.

Plant cultivation and use

Stelleras are sub-shrubs of the Thymelaceae family. Thymelaceae are the base plants for making paper at the foot of Himalayas. Some species grow in the plains, others in the mountains, in rockery; they appreciate calcareous soils.

Genus Stellera includes less than ten species that grow in places quite dry or arid as found in Central Asia, Iran and the highlands of Tibet. The plants are recognizable by their colorful flowers and toxic fruits.

Genus Stellera is very close to genus Daphnae. Therefore there is a great confusion among the various Stellera, Wikstroemias, Edgeworthias and especially Daphnes because their morphologies are very similar.

Stellera chamaejasme, also often called Wikstroemia chamaejasme, is a perennial from 20 to 50cm in height. It grows in arid areas where few plants thrive. It is in flower in June, and the seeds ripen from August to October. The roots are rhizomes; they are thick. They are poisonous but have medicinal and insecticide properties.

The fibers of the roots are used to make rope and paper. Indeed they contain a large amount of hemicelluloses which makes them valuable in the manufacture of paper.

In Tibet, the paper made from the roots of Stellera chamaejasme is regarded as high quality paper and is reserved for special purposes such as paper money.

China:

There are 14 species of wikstroemia in Yunnan. Bai, Naxi and Tibetans. Bai, Naxi and Tibetans in the counties of Lijiang and Zhongdian manufacture paper for religious use with the root of Stellera chamaejasme. The yellow paper (unbleached), symbol of money paper is burned during celebrations such as the festival of the spring day (first day of Chinese lunar year), or the festival of the ghost day (fifteenth day of the seventh Chinese lunar month), or the festival of the dragon boat (fifth day of the fifth Chinese lunar month).

In China, root is also used as pesticide placed on book shelves.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Brown-skin of the roots must be scraped by hand before cooking. Then they are cooked in alkaline lye for half an hour. Beating is performed in a stone mortar with a heavy wooden mallet, for half an hour, two people working together. Then the pulp is dispersed in a bucket of water.
The mould consists of a wooden frame with a stretched fabric. It floats on the surface of the tank filled with water. The pulp is poured into the mould and is distributed evenly by hands. The mould is lifted horizontally to avoid casting the pulp to flow. Then it is left to air dry overnight. The sheet is then detached from the mould.

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

English

Identification

Fibre type
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Dalbergia hupeana Hance

Order:

Fabales

Family:

Fabaceae

Synonyms:

Dalbergia hupeana var. bauhiniifolia Pamp.

Dalbergia sacerdotum Prain

Plant growing area

Endemic in China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang).

Grows in forests, on mountain slopes, by streams, between 800 to 1400 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China.

Plant cultivation and use

China:

Hardwood tree that grew first in the department of Xuanzheng (Anhui).

The bark of sandalwood called tanpi was the main material for manufacturing Xuan paper.

During the Later Han Dynasty, it would be discovered by accident that it could be used to make paper.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Dye

Language:

French

Identification

Fibre type
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Dalbergia hupeana Hance

Order:

Fabales

Family:

Fabaceae

Synonyms:

Dalbergia hupeana var. bauhiniifolia Pamp.

Dalbergia sacerdotum Prain

Plant growing area

Endemic in China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang).

Grows in forests, on mountain slopes, by streams, between 800 to 1400 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China.

Plant cultivation and use

China:

Hardwood tree that grew first in the department of Xuanzheng (Anhui).

The bark of sandalwood called tanpi was the main material for manufacturing Xuan paper.

During the Later Han Dynasty, it would be discovered by accident that it could be used to make paper.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Dye

Language:

Chinese

Local scripture:

白花荛花

Wikstroemia trichotoma (Thunb.) Makino © Flora of China

Wikstroemia trichotoma (Thunb.) Makino © Asian Flowers

Wikstroemia trichotoma (Thunb.) Makino © T.H. Choi

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre lenght	4 mm
Average fibre width	19,8 μ
Fibre ends	Variable.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Cross-markings.
Associated cells
Special features	Faint wall.
Herzberg staining	Purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Reddish purple.

Botanical classification

Wikstroemia trichotoma (Thunb.) Makino

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Thymelaeaceae

Synonyms:

Diplomorpha ellipsocarpa (Maxim.) Nakai

Diplomorpha trichotoma (Thunb.) Nakai

Passerina japonica Siebold & Zucc.

Queria trichotoma Thunb.

Wikstroemai ellipsocarpa Maxim.

Wikstroemia japonica (Siebold & Zucc.) Miq.

Plant growing area

China (Anhui, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang), Japan (wild. Kiushu, West Japan), South Korea.

Grows in open forests, among shrubs on limestone hills, shaded places, roadsides, ca. 600 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

Wikstroemia trichotoma is a shrub of the Thymelaceae family, which includes nearly 500 species in 44 genera. There is a great confusion among the various Wikstroemias, Stelleras, Edgeworthias and especially Daphnes, because their morphologies are very similar.

Thymelaceaes are base plants for paper making in the Himalaya areas. The plants are valued for the large amount of hemicelluloses contained in the bark. They are also very much used in Chinese medicine.

Wikstroemia sikokiana is an evergreen shrub, from 0,5m to 3,5m tall. Blooming takes place in summer. Its fruits are not edible and it has no known medicinal use.

China:

There are 14 wikstroemia species in Yunnan among which 6 are located in the northwest (delavayi, leptophylla, canescens, lichiangensis, scytophylla, lamatsoensis).

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Harvesting takes place every three years from mid-March to late April when the sap is rising and makes the fibers bright and makes debarking easier.
The bark is peeled off immediately without steaming and hung to dry. At this stage the bark is called "black bark".

Alkaline cooking is done at this stage and lasts 2 to 3 hours. The alkaline agent is wood ashes lye or lime or caustic soda. Bleaching is sometimes made with chlorine.

After cooking barks are placed in water for several days to remove cooking residues. It also allows achieving bleaching.

Beating is done manually or with a small hollander beater. Sorting hard impurities is done manually or, more recently, with diaphragm flat screen because the fibers are relatively short. In this case the sorting is done after pulp beating.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Chinese

Local scripture:

狼毒

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre lenght	0,5 – 4 mm
Average fibre width	4 – 20 µ
Fibre ends	Rounded or sometimes pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Fibers have ribbon-like shape. “Transparent” like flabby cotton fibers. Cell wall very thin, irregular, very flexible and more irregular compared to Daphne and Edgeworthia. Lumen is often delineated by wavy fiber walls, which creates very irregular space inside the fiber cell.
Herzberg staining	Olive-grey to blue.
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Stellera Chamaejasme L.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Thymelaeaceae

Synonyms:

Chamaejasme stelleriana Kuntze

Passerina chamaejasme Fisch. ex Meisn.

Passerina stelleri Wikstr.

Stellera bodinieri H. Lév.

Stellera chamaejasme f. angustifolia Diels

Stellera chamaejasme f. chrysantha S. C. Huang

Stellera rosea Nakai

Wikstroemia chamaejasme (L.) Domke

Plant growing area

Stellera Chamaejasme is found from North Asia to India.

It grows on sunny and dry slopes, in sandy places from 2600 to 4200 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Nepal.

China:

Xizang (Tibet), Yunnan.

Plant cultivation and use

The fibers of the roots are used to make rope and paper. Indeed they contain a large amount of hemicelluloses which makes them valuable in the manufacture of paper.

In Tibet, the paper made from the roots of Stellera chamaejasme is regarded as high quality paper and is reserved for special purposes such as paper money.

China:

In China, root is also used as pesticide placed on book shelves.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Primary tabs

Dalbergia hupeana Hance

Carthamus tinctorius L.

Carthamus tinctorius L.

Carthamus tinctorius L.

Carthamus tinctorius L.

Stellera Chamaejasme L.

Dalbergia hupeana Hance

Dalbergia hupeana Hance

Wikstroemia trichotoma (Thunb.) Makino

Stellera Chamaejasme L.

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Primary tabs

Dalbergia hupeana Hance

Carthamus tinctorius L.

Carthamus tinctorius L.

Carthamus tinctorius L.

Carthamus tinctorius L.

Stellera Chamaejasme L.

Dalbergia hupeana Hance

Dalbergia hupeana Hance

Wikstroemia trichotoma (Thunb.) Makino

Stellera Chamaejasme L.

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