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Botanical classification

Quercus acutissima Carruth.

Order:

Fagales

Family:

Synonyms:

Quercus acutissima var. depressinucata H. W. Jen & R. Q. Gao

Quercus acutissima var. macrocarpa X.W. Li & Y.Q. Zhu

Quercus acutissima var. septentrionalis Liou

Quercus lunglingensis Hu

Plant growing area

Originally native to eastern Asia, in China, Korea and Japan.

Bhutan, Cambodia, China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, South East Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), North East India, Japan (south Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu), Korea, Burma, Nepal, North Thailand, Vietnam.

Grows in deciduous forests, below 100-2200 m altitude.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Quercus acutissima is a deciduous tree, reaching 25-30 m in height. Flowering occurs in April-May. Flowers, catkins shaped give a fruit, acorn shaped with a big cup.

The wood has the same characteristics as other oaks but tends to crack. It is used as an ornamental in parks, for making tools, for charcoal. It is mainly used for its tannins contained in the bark.

For dyeing, acorn cupules are used. The colors are brown.
Dyeing ingredients are tannins which are found in the bark, the acorn cupules and the galls. These tannins are a mixture of polyphenols: hydrolysable tannins (ellagitannins), condensed tannins (procyanidins), hybrid tannins (gallo-tannins and ellagiflavano-tanins).

China:

Quercus acutissima is mentioned for the preparation of brown dyes in two books of the late 16th century, "Zunsheng bajian" or "Eight orders to follow the meaning of life" by Gao Lian and « Kuaixue tang manlu » or “Cloudy Notes from joyful snow Palace " by Feng Mengzhen.

Japan:

It is a tree used since ancient times in Japan for the production of charcoal, because it has a quite rapid growing.

Always gray was one of the most popular colors in Japan. During the Edo period (1603-1868) the acorn is widely used for dyeing fabrics in gray and black, especially for the costumes of Noh Theater. In the Engishiki (Compendium of laws dated 927 by Fujiwara no Tadahira) there is a mention of a color called Tsurubami (that is to say the acorn color).

Other oak species are also used in Japan for their acorns: Kashiwa (Quercus dentata Thunb.) Konara (Quercus serrata Murray) Shirakashi (Quercu myrsinaefolia Bl).

Preparation process for making paper

China:

The dye is a decoction of oak acorns. The cupules are boiled and then the extract is filtered before to be used. It can be used in combination with other dyes to change the color. Gao Lian in "Zunsheng bajian" or "Eight orders to follow the meaning of life" (1591) proposes to prepare three dyeing baths: phellodendron, oak acorns and safflower in which the paper sheet is dipped successively starting with the phellodendron bath then oak acorn bath and finishing with the safflower bath. Between each bath sheet is dried.

Japan:

Harvesting takes place when acorns are ripe in late summer. After picking, the acorn cupules are dried. Then they will be grinded into powder and boiled. The decoction is filtered before being used. The paper sheets are soaked into the dye bath and allowed to dry. The color obtained is a brown tone ranging from beige to brown depending on the number of passes through the bath. It is possible to use various mordants to obtain other colors. Without mordant the color obtain is beige to brown; if the mordant is an ash lye or copper acetate, color is yellow-brow; if mordant is an iron salt, the color varies from gray to black.Dyeing of paper is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing.

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Usually three jars of dye are prepared with decreasing concentrations. The paper is dipped in the less concentrated dye jar and oxidation occurs in the air; the paper is then soaked in the little bit more concentrated dye. After oxidation, the sheet is dipped into the third jar with the strongest concentration. The process can be repeated several times to obtain a color more or less intense. The sheet is dried by exposing the surface to air; the color changes by oxidation.

Korea:

The papers are dyed in three ways: dyeing of the pulp (Seonyeombeop), dyeing of the sheet by dipping, brushing and spraying (Huyeombeop ), combination of the both methods (Honyeombeop). Then the paper can be hammered.

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Fruit

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

French

Botanical classification

Quercus acutissima Carruth.

Order:

Fagales

Family:

Synonyms:

Quercus acutissima var. depressinucata H. W. Jen & R. Q. Gao

Quercus acutissima var. macrocarpa X.W. Li & Y.Q. Zhu

Quercus acutissima var. septentrionalis Liou

Quercus lunglingensis Hu

Plant growing area

Originally native to eastern Asia, in China, Korea and Japan.

Grows in deciduous forests, below 100-2200 m altitude.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Quercus acutissima is a deciduous tree, reaching 25-30 m in height. Flowering occurs in April-May. Flowers, catkins shaped give a fruit, acorn shaped with a big cup.

The wood has the same characteristics as other oaks but tends to crack. It is used as an ornamental in parks, for making tools, for charcoal. It is mainly used for its tannins contained in the bark.

China:

Japan:

It is a tree used since ancient times in Japan for the production of charcoal, because it has a quite rapid growing.

Other oak species are also used in Japan for their acorns: Kashiwa (Quercus dentata Thunb.) Konara (Quercus serrata Murray) Shirakashi (Quercu myrsinaefolia Bl).

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Japan:

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Fruit

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

Botanical classification

Quercus acutissima Carruth.

Order:

Fagales

Family:

Synonyms:

Quercus acutissima var. depressinucata H. W. Jen & R. Q. Gao

Quercus acutissima var. macrocarpa X.W. Li & Y.Q. Zhu

Quercus acutissima var. septentrionalis Liou

Quercus lunglingensis Hu

Plant growing area

Originally native to eastern Asia, in China, Korea and Japan.

Grows in deciduous forests, below 100-2200 m altitude.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Quercus acutissima is a deciduous tree, reaching 25-30 m in height. Flowering occurs in April-May. Flowers, catkins shaped give a fruit, acorn shaped with a big cup.

The wood has the same characteristics as other oaks but tends to crack. It is used as an ornamental in parks, for making tools, for charcoal. It is mainly used for its tannins contained in the bark.

China:

Japan:

It is a tree used since ancient times in Japan for the production of charcoal, because it has a quite rapid growing.

Other oak species are also used in Japan for their acorns: Kashiwa (Quercus dentata Thunb.) Konara (Quercus serrata Murray) Shirakashi (Quercu myrsinaefolia Bl).

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Japan:

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Fruit

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

French

Botanical classification

Quercus acutissima Carruth.

Order:

Fagales

Family:

Synonyms:

Quercus acutissima var. depressinucata H. W. Jen & R. Q. Gao

Quercus acutissima var. macrocarpa X.W. Li & Y.Q. Zhu

Quercus acutissima var. septentrionalis Liou

Quercus lunglingensis Hu

Plant growing area

Originally native to eastern Asia, in China, Korea and Japan.

Grows in deciduous forests, below 100-2200 m altitude.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Quercus acutissima is a deciduous tree, reaching 25-30 m in height. Flowering occurs in April-May. Flowers, catkins shaped give a fruit, acorn shaped with a big cup.

The wood has the same characteristics as other oaks but tends to crack. It is used as an ornamental in parks, for making tools, for charcoal. It is mainly used for its tannins contained in the bark.

China:

Japan:

It is a tree used since ancient times in Japan for the production of charcoal, because it has a quite rapid growing.

Other oak species are also used in Japan for their acorns: Kashiwa (Quercus dentata Thunb.) Konara (Quercus serrata Murray) Shirakashi (Quercu myrsinaefolia Bl).

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Japan:

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Fruit

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

Miscanthus sinensis Anders. © Flora of China

Identification

Fibre type	Stem, straw
Average fibre lenght	2mm
Average fibre width	20µm
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Strong.
Associated cells	Epidermal cells present Pitted vessel elements and parenchyma cells
Special features
Herzberg staining	Blue
Graff 'C' staining	Blue

Botanical classification

Miscanthus sinensis Anders.

Order:

Poales

Family:

Poaceae

Synonyms:

Erianthus japonicus (Trin.) P. Beauv.

Eulalia japonica Trin.

Eulalia japonica Trin. ex Steud.

Eulalia japonica var. gracillima (Hitchc.) Grier

Miscanthus japonicus (Trin.) Andersson

Miscanthus japonicus Andersson

Miscanthus condensatus Hack.

Miscanthus kanehirae Honda

Miscanthus purpurascens Andersson

Miscanthus sinensis fo. gracillimus (Hitchc.) Ohwi

Miscanthus sinensis fo. sinensis

Miscanthus sinensis fo. variegatus (Beal) Beetle

Miscanthus sinensis subsp. purpurascens (Andersson) Tzvelev

Miscanthus sinensis var. gracillimus Hitchc.

Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens (Andersson) Matsum.

Miscanthus sinensis var. condensatus (Hack.) Makino

Miscanthus transmorrisonensis Hayata

Miscanthus sinensis var. variegatus Beal

Miscanthus sinensis var. zebrinus Beal

Ripidium japonicum (Trin.) Trin.

Saccharum japonicum Thunb.

Saccharum japonicum Houtt.

Xiphagrostis japonicus (Trin.) Coville

Plant growing area

There are 14 species of Miscanthus, mostly located in South Asia and the Pacific Islands; two species are endemic to China.

China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Japan, Korea, Taiwan.

Grows on mountain slopes, on the coasts, below 2000 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Herbaceous perennial plant forming dense clumps from underground rhizomes, at height of 0,80m to 4 m. The culms are topped by feathery silver spikes. It has a rapid growth, it adapts to various types of soils and is resistant to wind and spray. Flowering occurs in late summer.

Japan:

In Japan, the plant is used as thatching for traditional Japanese farmhouses.

In papermaking, it is mainly used to make the movable screen of the paper mould. Its smooth surface leaves no mark.

It is also used as fibers mixed with gampi or other fibers to make gasenshi.

After World War II, a papermaker named Shusaku Tomi, on the Noto peninsula (Ishikawa Prefecture), tried again to make paper with these fibers.

Korea:

From the Joseon period (1392-1910), raw materials traditionally used for paper production, mainly bark of Broussonetias begin to fail. Papermakers face to a growing demand for paper stimulated by the development of publications initiated during the Goryeo period (907-1392). Other plants will be used to provide a fiber supplement such as wisteria, rice, oat and barley straws, bamboo, jute, cotton and hemp but also willow leaves, reeds, the bark and needles of pine.
Indeed miscanthus sinensis seems to be used as a complementary fiber source to fibers of paper mulberry from the 15th century.

However, this reed is mainly used to make the movable screen of the paper mould. Its smooth surface leaves no mark.

Paper names

In Asia and particularly in China, Korea and Japan, the papers are intended for a wide range of use: Papers for calligraphy and art, Papers for ceremonies, Paper as a medium of exchange, money paper, Papers for making clothes, wall hangings and bedding, Papers for architecture, interior design, Papers for crafts of various kinds, for domestic purposes and leisure. The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Miscanthus tinctorius (Steud.) Hack © K. Yamasaki

Miscanthus tinctorius (Steud.) Hack © Botanic

Botanical classification

Miscanthus tinctorius (Steud.) Hack

Order:

Poales

Family:

Poaceae

Synonyms:

Erianthus tinctorius Sieber

Miscanthus sieboldii Honda

Saccharum tinctorium Steud.

Plant growing area

Eastern Asia, Japan (Honshu)

Grows on the slopes of mountains, in meadows and uncultivated places.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Miscanthus tinctorius is a perennial grass up to 60-150 cm high. It flowers from August to September. The flowers form clusters and produce caryopses.

This grass prefers fresh to moist soils of loamy-sandy type and a semi-shaded exposure. They are resistant to frost.

Stems and leaves contain the dyes. The main dyes, flavones, are luteolin or luteolol and arthraxin.

Dye when fresh, can give a bright yellow; mixed with other colors, mustard yellow to moss green can be obtained. The color has a low fading resistance to light, in particular when the mordant used is alum.

China:

This dye was identified in clothing from graves in Xinjiang, dating from the 5^th BC.

Japan:

During the Nara period (710-794), Ibukiyama near Lake Biwa (Shiga Prefecture) is renowned for the quality of its karyasu thanks to favorable growing conditions.

The dye is often confused, because of the proximity of its components, with that extracted from kobunagusa (Arthraxon hispidus L.).

The use of Miscanthus tinctorius is attested in written sources until the 8th century AD. The yellow dye cited in "Ebukuryo" (Garnment code from 8th century AD) may be Karyasu but could also be Kuchinashi (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) or Kihada (Phellodendron amurense).

A recipe for preparing the dye is given in the "Engishiki" which is a collection of laws and regulations dating from the 10th century.

It seems to have been widely used for dyeing clothes of common people and clothes of Buddhist monks.

It is often used in combination with indigo especially Polygonum tinctorium to get greens.
Its use to dye thin papers is mentioned in "Makura no Soshi" or "The pillow book", treaty by Seisho Nagon from the 11th century.

It seems it would have also been used in printing prints despite its very little resistance to light.

Preparation process for making paper

Japan:

Harvesting takes place at the end of summer when the ears are formed. The stems are mowed and collected in stacks which are left to dry until winter. They are dried quickly before they could be stained by impurities from water or the soil.

To prepare the dye, stems and leaves are boiled. After filtration of the color, the items to be dyed are immersed in the bath and then placed in an alkaline bath (camellia ash lye in particular) to get a very intense yellow. With alum mordant color tends to be green.

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

Paper names

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Leaf

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre lenght	12,2mm
Average fibre width	30,2µ
Fibre ends	Blunt.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Cross-markings.
Associated cells
Special features	Less prominent wall.
Herzberg staining	Purple
Graff 'C' staining	Purple

Botanical classification

Morus alba L.

Order:

Rosales

Family:

Synonyms:

Morus alba var. tatarica (L.) Ser.

Morus atropurpurea Roxb.

Morus indica L.

Morus intermedia Perr.

Morus multicaulis Perr.

Morus tatarica L.

Plant growing area

Cultivated throughout the world. China (cultivated throughout China), India, Pakistan.

Found in disturbed areas, woodland margins, fencerows, dry to moist thickets; 0-1500 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

China:

Jiangsu, Zheijiang.

Japan:

Chubu (Nagano prefecture), Shikoku (Tokushima prefecture).

Plant cultivation and use

Morus alba is a deciduous tree (persistent in some tropical regions) that can reach 20 meters high. Its growth is rapid when the tree is young and then it slows down. It is propagated by cuttings. Flowering occurs from spring to summer. Quite hardy, it tolerates drought.
It produces a latex and its fruits are edible.
Fruits, roots and bark of Morus alba are used in traditional medicine, the root bark has deworming properties.
The roots, leaves and bark are used for dyeing. The leaves contain rutin (flavonols); wood and bark contain various flavones (mulberrol, mulberrochromène, cyclomulberrol, etc.
The bark yields papermaking fibers and textile fibers.
Morus alba has been widely cultivated from India, Afghanistan and Iran to South of Europe to serve as food for silkworms for a thousand years. It is now cultivated worldwide.
Originally endemic to northern China, it is now grown throughout China. The traditional tree is planted for the cultivation of silkworms especially in the provinces of Zhejiang and Jiansu. This culture began in China over four thousand years ago.

China:

There is confusion about the nature of the various shrubs providing barks in the Moraceae family. The three words for mulberry in China (Ku Chou Kou) were mixed up because their pronunciation is very close and the appearance of the shrubs is similar. The various Chinese sources show that the bark of Morus alba and Broussonetia papyrifera were both used in the manufacture of paper.

The bark of Morus Alba has a wrinkled surface; the fibers are long and very difficult to separate. Therefore, the raw material takes longer to prepare than Broussonetia papyrifera and Broussonetia kazinoki. That is may be why the bark of these last ones have been used more.

According to Pan Jixing, the fibers are used in the manufacture of paper since the Wei dynasty (220-265).
The white mulberry paper is very common as writing carrier under the Jin (265-420) and the Tang (618-907). Many Dunhuang manuscripts were papers made with chu bark.

In the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) history, it is specified that mulberry (sang pi) gives fibers (sang jang), a greenish material, for money paper. This paper thick and smooth, is produced in Zhejiang as it is used by silk producers to keep the eggs of silkworms.

Japan:

The area around Omachi city (Nagano Prefecture - Chubu) was a large production area of mulberry paper because it was one of the largest growing areas of silkworms. Papermakers used to make various kinds of papers related to sericulture production (bags for the growth of cocoons, carriers for eggs).
It is used in combination with the paper mulberry during the years when the harvest of the latter is not good.

Korea:

The bark is used in mixture with paper mulberry fibers during the Joseon period (1392-1910). The roots are used as yellow dye.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Harvesting takes place in the spring. The bark is directly peeled from the wood or the branches are put in bundles for steaming. The peeling of the bark is done after steaming or cooking in boiling water inside a closed tank. The bark can then either be dried in the sun or to ferment. In the first case, the impurities are removed by an alkaline cooking (ash lye) that can last several days. If the fermentation process is used, the barks are immersed in water to ferment for several days. They are then rinsed and brown bark is scraped with a knife. They are then immersed in lime for several weeks. The operation is followed by further rinsing.

Bleaching is carried out by exposing the bark to the sun with water spraying for 7 to 11 weeks.
The bark is then crushed by various methods: in a mortar with a pestle or with a trip hammer (foot hammer or hammer with cams activated by water power) on a stone or beaten with mallets or wooden sticks or crushed in a grinder moved by an animal.

Before making the sheets, a dispersing agent is added to the pulp which is brewed.
Sheet forming uses several methods: bailing in one or several scoops depending on the desired thickness.

The sheets are couched in a pile before being put under weight or in press during one night. They are then brushed on a heated or not heated wall to dry.

Japan:

Harvesting begins when the leaves have fallen in November, December. The branches are cut into equal pieces of one meter in length to form bundles. These bundles are placed in an oven for two to three hours to facilitate the peeling of the bark. The bark at this stage is called "black bark" because of its outside layer to be removed before ensiling. It is scraped with a knife.
The bark is then rinsed and allowed to dry on rack. The bark is ready to make paper after two or three years of storage.
Before cooking the bark can be bleached: it is exposed to sunlight in the cold water of a river or on the snow. Cooking in an alkaline solution allows the removal of lignin, pectins, gums and waxes, which would block the separation of fibers during the beating. Alcaline solutions are either wood ash or alkaline chemicals (sodium hydroxide or lime). Cooking lasts about two hours but the duration varies depending on the age of the bark and the alkali used. After cooking the barks are rinsed to remove alkali residues. Removing of foreign particles is done by hands in cold water.

The pulp is then beaten manually with mallets or sticks, or in the Japanese hollander, the naginata.
The pulp is poured into a wooden vat already filled with water and the dispersing agent is added to the paste which is whipped using a wooden rake.
Two methods are used to make the sheet: nagashizuki or tamezuki. In the tamezuki method the amount of needed pulp is taken at once to form the sheet. In the nagashizuki method the sheet is made by superimposing layers of fibers successively until the desired thickness.
The sheets are laid one by one on a board equipped with marks, with or without spacer (thread, stems) for better separation after pressing. The pressing is done by placing the paper stack under load or in a lever press. The pressing is done at the end of the workday, it lasts usually one night. To make them dry, the sheets are brushed on wooden boards which will be placed outdoors or indoors. Currently heated metal plates are also used.
Finally, the sheets are sorted and usually trimmed with a knife using a template.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Leaf

Bark

Use for paper making:

Dye

Fiber

Language:

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre lenght	12,2mm
Average fibre width	30,2µ
Fibre ends	Blunt.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Cross-markings.
Associated cells
Special features	Less prominent wall.
Herzberg staining	Purple
Graff 'C' staining	Purple

Botanical classification

Morus alba L.

Order:

Rosales

Family:

Synonyms:

Morus alba var. tatarica (L.) Ser.

Morus atropurpurea Roxb.

Morus indica L.

Morus intermedia Perr.

Morus multicaulis Perr.

Morus tatarica L.

Plant growing area

Cultivated throughout the world. China (cultivated throughout China), India, Pakistan.

Found in disturbed areas, woodland margins, fencerows, dry to moist thickets; 0-1500 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

China:

Jiangsu, Zheijiang.

Japan:

Chubu (Nagano prefecture), Shikoku (Tokushima prefecture).

Plant cultivation and use

China:

Japan:

Korea:

The bark is used in mixture with paper mulberry fibers during the Joseon period (1392-1910). The roots are used as yellow dye.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Before making the sheets, a dispersing agent is added to the pulp which is brewed.
Sheet forming uses several methods: bailing in one or several scoops depending on the desired thickness.

The sheets are couched in a pile before being put under weight or in press during one night. They are then brushed on a heated or not heated wall to dry.

Japan:

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Leaf

Bark

Use for paper making:

Dye

Fiber

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

マグワ　

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre lenght	12,2mm
Average fibre width	30,2µ
Fibre ends	Blunt.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Cross-markings.
Associated cells
Special features	Less prominent wall.
Herzberg staining	Purple
Graff 'C' staining	Purple

Botanical classification

Morus alba L.

Order:

Rosales

Family:

Synonyms:

Morus alba var. tatarica (L.) Ser.

Morus atropurpurea Roxb.

Morus indica L.

Morus intermedia Perr.

Morus multicaulis Perr.

Morus tatarica L.

Plant growing area

Cultivated throughout the world. China (cultivated throughout China), India, Pakistan.

Found in disturbed areas, woodland margins, fencerows, dry to moist thickets; 0-1500 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

China:

Jiangsu, Zheijiang.

Japan:

Chubu (Nagano prefecture), Shikoku (Tokushima prefecture).

Plant cultivation and use

China:

Japan:

Korea:

The bark is used in mixture with paper mulberry fibers during the Joseon period (1392-1910). The roots are used as yellow dye.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Before making the sheets, a dispersing agent is added to the pulp which is brewed.
Sheet forming uses several methods: bailing in one or several scoops depending on the desired thickness.

The sheets are couched in a pile before being put under weight or in press during one night. They are then brushed on a heated or not heated wall to dry.

Japan:

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Leaf

Bark

Use for paper making:

Dye

Fiber

Language:

French

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre lenght	12,2mm
Average fibre width	30,2µ
Fibre ends	Blunt.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Cross-markings.
Associated cells
Special features	Less prominent wall.
Herzberg staining	Purple
Graff 'C' staining	Purple

Botanical classification

Morus alba L.

Order:

Rosales

Family:

Synonyms:

Morus alba var. tatarica (L.) Ser.

Morus atropurpurea Roxb.

Morus indica L.

Morus intermedia Perr.

Morus multicaulis Perr.

Morus tatarica L.

Plant growing area

Cultivated throughout the world. China (cultivated throughout China), India, Pakistan.

Found in disturbed areas, woodland margins, fencerows, dry to moist thickets; 0-1500 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

China:

Jiangsu, Zheijiang.

Japan:

Chubu (Nagano prefecture), Shikoku (Tokushima prefecture).

Plant cultivation and use

China:

Japan:

Korea:

The bark is used in mixture with paper mulberry fibers during the Joseon period (1392-1910). The roots are used as yellow dye.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Before making the sheets, a dispersing agent is added to the pulp which is brewed.
Sheet forming uses several methods: bailing in one or several scoops depending on the desired thickness.

The sheets are couched in a pile before being put under weight or in press during one night. They are then brushed on a heated or not heated wall to dry.

Japan:

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Leaf

Bark

Use for paper making:

Dye

Fiber

Language:

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre lenght	12,2mm
Average fibre width	30,2µ
Fibre ends	Blunt.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Cross-markings.
Associated cells
Special features	Less prominent wall.
Herzberg staining	Purple
Graff 'C' staining	Purple

Botanical classification

Morus alba L.

Order:

Rosales

Family: