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Synonyms:

Phellodendron amurense var. sacchalinense F. Schmitt

Plant growing area

Native to east and northeast Asia.

China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Japan, Korea, Russia (Sakhalin island).

Mixed broad-leaved forests, open to dense forests; Grows at an altitude from 800 to 3000 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea .

Plant cultivation and use

Phellodendron sachalinense is a deciduous tree which can reach 15m high with irregular branching.

It has a rapid growth. As it is hardy and can thrive in various soils but prefers sunny exposure. Clumped flowers are yellow. Flowering occurs in early summer. It is often considered as geographical variety of Phellodendron amurense but it differs to it in its thinner layer of cork; like it, its fruits yield an oil which insecticidal properties are similar to those of pyrethrum.

Phellodendron sachalinense has dyeing properties conferred by the alkaloids it contains (mainly berberine).The color varies from pale yellow to brown depending on the concentration.

Phellodendron amurense and Phellodendron sachalinense are both used for the same purpose. It is possible to distinguish them by analysis of the proportions of the alkaloids.

China:

Its use in China is the same as for Phellodendron amurense.

Japan:

Its use in japan is the same as for Phellodendron amurense.

Korea:

Its use in Korea is the same as for Phellodendron amurense.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

The outer bark of Phellodendron, chopped into pieces is placed in a bag, soaked in water and boiled; then the filtrate, a bitter yellow liquid, is collected by pressing the bark.
The residues are crushed and boiled again, three times and the filtrates of the three baths are mixed. This allows for a bigger quantity of liquid and a less saturated color. This liquid is called Huang po.
The paper to be dyed must be unsized to let dye penetrates better. The paper after dyeing has a glossy appearance.

Japan:

Wood is cut in small pieces and boiled. The extract is filtered before dyeing.

Dyeing of paper is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

Wood is cut in small pieces and boiled. The extract is filtered before dyeing.

Papers dyed with Phellodendron amurense are fixed by etching with tannins extracted from the bark of chestnut or oak acorns.

The papers are dyed in three ways: dyeing of the pulp (Seonyeombeop), dyeing of the sheet by dipping, brushing and spraying (Huyeombeop ), combination of the both methods (Honyeombeop). Then the paper can be hammered.

Paper names

In Asia and particularly in China, Korea and Japan, the papers are intended for a wide range of use: Papers for calligraphy and art, Papers for ceremonies, Paper as a medium of exchange, money paper, Papers for making clothes, wall hangings and bedding, Papers for architecture, interior design, Papers for crafts of various kinds, for domestic purposes and leisure. The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.
In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Stem

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

English

Botanical classification

Phellodendron sachalinense (F. Schmidt) Sarg.

Order:

Sapindales

Family:

Synonyms:

Phellodendron amurense var. sacchalinense F. Schmitt

Plant growing area

Native to east and northeast Asia.

China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Japan, Korea, Russia (Sakhalin island).

Mixed broad-leaved forests, open to dense forests; Grows at an altitude from 800 to 3000 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea .

Plant cultivation and use

Phellodendron sachalinense is a deciduous tree which can reach 15m high with irregular branching.

Phellodendron sachalinense has dyeing properties conferred by the alkaloids it contains (mainly berberine).The color varies from pale yellow to brown depending on the concentration.

Phellodendron amurense and Phellodendron sachalinense are both used for the same purpose. It is possible to distinguish them by analysis of the proportions of the alkaloids.

China:

Its use in China is the same as for Phellodendron amurense.

Japan:

Its use in japan is the same as for Phellodendron amurense.

Korea:

Its use in Korea is the same as for Phellodendron amurense.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Japan:

Wood is cut in small pieces and boiled. The extract is filtered before dyeing.

Dyeing of paper is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

Wood is cut in small pieces and boiled. The extract is filtered before dyeing.

Papers dyed with Phellodendron amurense are fixed by etching with tannins extracted from the bark of chestnut or oak acorns.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.
In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Stem

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

Local scripture:

川黄檗

Botanical classification

Phellodendron sachalinense (F. Schmidt) Sarg.

Order:

Sapindales

Family:

Synonyms:

Phellodendron amurense var. sacchalinense F. Schmitt

Plant growing area

Native to east and northeast Asia.

China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Japan, Korea, Russia (Sakhalin island).

Mixed broad-leaved forests, open to dense forests; Grows at an altitude from 800 to 3000 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea .

Plant cultivation and use

Phellodendron sachalinense is a deciduous tree which can reach 15m high with irregular branching.

Phellodendron sachalinense has dyeing properties conferred by the alkaloids it contains (mainly berberine).The color varies from pale yellow to brown depending on the concentration.

Phellodendron amurense and Phellodendron sachalinense are both used for the same purpose. It is possible to distinguish them by analysis of the proportions of the alkaloids.

China:

Its use in China is the same as for Phellodendron amurense.

Japan:

Its use in japan is the same as for Phellodendron amurense.

Korea:

Its use in Korea is the same as for Phellodendron amurense.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Japan:

Wood is cut in small pieces and boiled. The extract is filtered before dyeing.

Dyeing of paper is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

Wood is cut in small pieces and boiled. The extract is filtered before dyeing.

Papers dyed with Phellodendron amurense are fixed by etching with tannins extracted from the bark of chestnut or oak acorns.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.
In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Stem

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

Korean

Local scripture:

넓은 잎 황벽나무

Botanical classification

Phellodendron sachalinense (F. Schmidt) Sarg.

Order:

Sapindales

Family:

Synonyms:

Phellodendron amurense var. sacchalinense F. Schmitt

Plant growing area

Native to east and northeast Asia.

China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Japan, Korea, Russia (Sakhalin island).

Mixed broad-leaved forests, open to dense forests; Grows at an altitude from 800 to 3000 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea .

Plant cultivation and use

Phellodendron sachalinense is a deciduous tree which can reach 15m high with irregular branching.

Phellodendron sachalinense has dyeing properties conferred by the alkaloids it contains (mainly berberine).The color varies from pale yellow to brown depending on the concentration.

Phellodendron amurense and Phellodendron sachalinense are both used for the same purpose. It is possible to distinguish them by analysis of the proportions of the alkaloids.

China:

Its use in China is the same as for Phellodendron amurense.

Japan:

Its use in japan is the same as for Phellodendron amurense.

Korea:

Its use in Korea is the same as for Phellodendron amurense.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Japan:

Wood is cut in small pieces and boiled. The extract is filtered before dyeing.

Dyeing of paper is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

Wood is cut in small pieces and boiled. The extract is filtered before dyeing.

Papers dyed with Phellodendron amurense are fixed by etching with tannins extracted from the bark of chestnut or oak acorns.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.
In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Stem

Use for paper making:

Dye

Language:

Local scripture:

檀皮

Dalbergia hupeana Hance © Plantillustrations

Dalbergia hupeana Hance © CFH Nature Museum

Identification

Fibre type
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Dalbergia hupeana Hance

Order:

Fabales

Family:

Synonyms:

Dalbergia hupeana var. bauhiniifolia Pamp.

Dalbergia sacerdotum Prain

Plant growing area

Endemic in China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang).

Grows in forests, on mountain slopes, by streams, between 800 to 1400 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China.

Plant cultivation and use

Dalbergia hupeana is a tree, 10-20 m tall. There are some hundreds species of Dalbergia which are exploited for their hardwood and essential oils they contain. These oils confer them insecticides and medicinal properties (antiphlogistic).

China:

Hardwood tree that grew first in the department of Xuanzheng (Anhui).

The bark of sandalwood called tanpi was the main material for manufacturing Xuan paper.

During the Later Han Dynasty, it would be discovered by accident that it could be used to make paper.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

The tree is cut during the winter and cut into pieces. These pieces are placed in a steamer and the bark is peeled. It is washed with water and then mixed with lime for 10 or 20 days. When the bark is half softened, it was beaten with a foot hammer or a water wheel grinder. The beating is repeated 3 or 4 times to get the right consistency and the pulp can be used to form the sheets.

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Dye

Language:

Local scripture:

黄檀

Identification

Fibre type
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Dalbergia hupeana Hance

Order:

Fabales

Family:

Synonyms:

Dalbergia hupeana var. bauhiniifolia Pamp.

Dalbergia sacerdotum Prain

Plant growing area

Endemic in China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang).

Grows in forests, on mountain slopes, by streams, between 800 to 1400 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China.

Plant cultivation and use

China:

Hardwood tree that grew first in the department of Xuanzheng (Anhui).

The bark of sandalwood called tanpi was the main material for manufacturing Xuan paper.

During the Later Han Dynasty, it would be discovered by accident that it could be used to make paper.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Dye

Language:

Local scripture:

檀

Identification

Fibre type
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Dalbergia hupeana Hance

Order:

Fabales

Family:

Synonyms:

Dalbergia hupeana var. bauhiniifolia Pamp.

Dalbergia sacerdotum Prain

Plant growing area

Endemic in China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang).

Grows in forests, on mountain slopes, by streams, between 800 to 1400 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China.

Plant cultivation and use

China:

Hardwood tree that grew first in the department of Xuanzheng (Anhui).

The bark of sandalwood called tanpi was the main material for manufacturing Xuan paper.

During the Later Han Dynasty, it would be discovered by accident that it could be used to make paper.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Japan:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Dye

Language:

Korean

Local scripture:

단향피

Identification

Fibre type
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Dalbergia hupeana Hance

Order:

Fabales

Family: