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Language:

English

Botanical classification

Caesalpinia sappan L.

Order:

Fabales

Family:

Caesalpiniaceae

Plant growing area

Native origin unknown, maybe India.

Cambodia, China (Cultivated. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan, Yunnan), India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Vietnam.

Grows on hills in low and medium altitudes.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Sappan is a small evergreen thorny tree, 3 to 6 m tall. It prefers clay and limestone lands.

The heartwood contains a red dye and is used medicinally to relieve pain. It is also used as dye for textiles, for prints and in ink making.

Use of sappan wood in the Far East is probably ancient; archaeological remains (silk textiles from the Loulan site) attest its use in the 2nd century BC.

Red wood were imported into Europe from the Far East to the discovery of America.

The coloring matter contained in the wood are brazilin, present in all red woods and flavanoids which are not very much colored; the red dye, brasilein, is obtained after oxidation of brazilin.

This is a very sensitive dye to light; it is not easy to use and it fixes better on animal fibers than on plant fibers.

China:

Sappan wood was imported to China from India, 10 centuries before JC. Its use is mentioned in the "Jiangxi sheng dashi" or "Large annals of Jiangxi province" dating from the early 16th century.

Japan:

Used for dyeing Emperor Clothes.

Used for printing ukiyo-e.

Korea:

The dye is used during the Joseon period (1392-1910) because the red color is very popular for clothing. It is probably imported from China. This red dye was used extensively until the advent of synthetic dyes.

Preparation process for making paper

Wood is cut into small pieces so that brasilin oxidizes with air contact and to allow good extraction of the dye. It is allowed to swell for one day before boiling it for one hour. The dyeing is achieved by three successive extractions, reducing the amount of water each time. The three infusions are then mixed after filtering.

The mordants used are mainly aluminum (which gives a red color) and iron (which gives a brown color). A violet color is obtained by applying successively an iron mordant and then an aluminum mordant.

China:

Cutting takes place every six years. The heart wood alone is used. It is reduced to small fragments which are soaked for several hours in a heated bath.

After filtering, the liquid is ready for use.

The paper sheets are then soaked in the dye bath.

Japan:

The heart of the trunk and larger branches only are used for the extraction of the dye.

The wood is shredded and then crushed in a pestle. The powder can be left to ferment to increase its dyeing power.

The powder is mixed with water during 3 hours in a big amount of water (20 times its weight). Then the decoction is leaved for fermentation during several days according to the color expected to obtain.

After filtering, the liquid is ready for dyeing.

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by their small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Usually the pulp is dyed in the vat before forming the sheets.

Korea:

Wood is cut in small pieces which are then boiled. The extract is filtered before using it to dye. Dyeing is usually carried out using a highly concentrated bath and then repeating the operation several times.

The papers are dyed in three ways: dyeing of the pulp (Seonyeombeop), dyeing of the sheet by dipping, brushing and spraying (Huyeombeop ), combination of the both methods (Honyeombeop). Then the paper can be hammered.

Paper names

In Asia and particularly in China, Korea and Japan, the papers are intended for a wide range of use: Papers for calligraphy and art, Papers for ceremonies, Paper as a medium of exchange, money paper, Papers for making clothes, wall hangings and bedding, Papers for architecture, interior design, Papers for crafts of various kinds, for domestic purposes and leisure. The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Used part of the plant:

Wood

Use for paper making:

Dye

Mordant

Language:

English

Botanical classification

Caesalpinia sappan L.

Order:

Fabales

Family:

Caesalpiniaceae

Plant growing area

Native origin unknown, maybe India.

Cambodia, China (Cultivated. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan, Yunnan), India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Vietnam.

Grows on hills in low and medium altitudes.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Sappan is a small evergreen thorny tree, 3 to 6 m tall. It prefers clay and limestone lands.

The heartwood contains a red dye and is used medicinally to relieve pain. It is also used as dye for textiles, for prints and in ink making.

Use of sappan wood in the Far East is probably ancient; archaeological remains (silk textiles from the Loulan site) attest its use in the 2nd century BC.

Red wood were imported into Europe from the Far East to the discovery of America.

The coloring matter contained in the wood are brazilin, present in all red woods and flavanoids which are not very much colored; the red dye, brasilein, is obtained after oxidation of brazilin.

This is a very sensitive dye to light; it is not easy to use and it fixes better on animal fibers than on plant fibers.

China:

Sappan wood was imported to China from India, 10 centuries before JC. Its use is mentioned in the "Jiangxi sheng dashi" or "Large annals of Jiangxi province" dating from the early 16th century.

Japan:

Used for dyeing Emperor Clothes.

Used for printing ukiyo-e.

Korea:

Preparation process for making paper

The mordants used are mainly aluminum (which gives a red color) and iron (which gives a brown color). A violet color is obtained by applying successively an iron mordant and then an aluminum mordant.

China:

Cutting takes place every six years. The heart wood alone is used. It is reduced to small fragments which are soaked for several hours in a heated bath.

After filtering, the liquid is ready for use.

The paper sheets are then soaked in the dye bath.

Japan:

The heart of the trunk and larger branches only are used for the extraction of the dye.

The wood is shredded and then crushed in a pestle. The powder can be left to ferment to increase its dyeing power.

After filtering, the liquid is ready for dyeing.

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by their small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Usually the pulp is dyed in the vat before forming the sheets.

Korea:

Paper names

Used part of the plant:

Wood

Use for paper making:

Dye

Mordant

Language:

English

Botanical classification

Caesalpinia sappan L.

Order:

Fabales

Family:

Caesalpiniaceae

Plant growing area

Native origin unknown, maybe India.

Cambodia, China (Cultivated. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan, Yunnan), India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Vietnam.

Grows on hills in low and medium altitudes.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Sappan is a small evergreen thorny tree, 3 to 6 m tall. It prefers clay and limestone lands.

The heartwood contains a red dye and is used medicinally to relieve pain. It is also used as dye for textiles, for prints and in ink making.

Use of sappan wood in the Far East is probably ancient; archaeological remains (silk textiles from the Loulan site) attest its use in the 2nd century BC.

Red wood were imported into Europe from the Far East to the discovery of America.

The coloring matter contained in the wood are brazilin, present in all red woods and flavanoids which are not very much colored; the red dye, brasilein, is obtained after oxidation of brazilin.

This is a very sensitive dye to light; it is not easy to use and it fixes better on animal fibers than on plant fibers.

China:

Sappan wood was imported to China from India, 10 centuries before JC. Its use is mentioned in the "Jiangxi sheng dashi" or "Large annals of Jiangxi province" dating from the early 16th century.

Japan:

Used for dyeing Emperor Clothes.

Used for printing ukiyo-e.

Korea:

Preparation process for making paper

The mordants used are mainly aluminum (which gives a red color) and iron (which gives a brown color). A violet color is obtained by applying successively an iron mordant and then an aluminum mordant.

China:

Cutting takes place every six years. The heart wood alone is used. It is reduced to small fragments which are soaked for several hours in a heated bath.

After filtering, the liquid is ready for use.

The paper sheets are then soaked in the dye bath.

Japan:

The heart of the trunk and larger branches only are used for the extraction of the dye.

The wood is shredded and then crushed in a pestle. The powder can be left to ferment to increase its dyeing power.

After filtering, the liquid is ready for dyeing.

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by their small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Usually the pulp is dyed in the vat before forming the sheets.

Korea:

Paper names

Used part of the plant:

Wood

Use for paper making:

Dye

Mordant

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

スホウ

Botanical classification

Caesalpinia sappan L.

Order:

Fabales

Family:

Caesalpiniaceae

Plant growing area

Native origin unknown, maybe India.

Cambodia, China (Cultivated. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan, Yunnan), India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Vietnam.

Grows on hills in low and medium altitudes.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Sappan is a small evergreen thorny tree, 3 to 6 m tall. It prefers clay and limestone lands.

The heartwood contains a red dye and is used medicinally to relieve pain. It is also used as dye for textiles, for prints and in ink making.

Use of sappan wood in the Far East is probably ancient; archaeological remains (silk textiles from the Loulan site) attest its use in the 2nd century BC.

Red wood were imported into Europe from the Far East to the discovery of America.

The coloring matter contained in the wood are brazilin, present in all red woods and flavanoids which are not very much colored; the red dye, brasilein, is obtained after oxidation of brazilin.

This is a very sensitive dye to light; it is not easy to use and it fixes better on animal fibers than on plant fibers.

China:

Sappan wood was imported to China from India, 10 centuries before JC. Its use is mentioned in the "Jiangxi sheng dashi" or "Large annals of Jiangxi province" dating from the early 16th century.

Japan:

Used for dyeing Emperor Clothes.

Used for printing ukiyo-e.

Korea:

Preparation process for making paper

The mordants used are mainly aluminum (which gives a red color) and iron (which gives a brown color). A violet color is obtained by applying successively an iron mordant and then an aluminum mordant.

China:

Cutting takes place every six years. The heart wood alone is used. It is reduced to small fragments which are soaked for several hours in a heated bath.

After filtering, the liquid is ready for use.

The paper sheets are then soaked in the dye bath.

Japan:

The heart of the trunk and larger branches only are used for the extraction of the dye.

The wood is shredded and then crushed in a pestle. The powder can be left to ferment to increase its dyeing power.

After filtering, the liquid is ready for dyeing.

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by their small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Usually the pulp is dyed in the vat before forming the sheets.

Korea:

Paper names

Used part of the plant:

Wood

Use for paper making:

Dye

Mordant

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

スホウ

Botanical classification

Caesalpinia sappan L.

Order:

Fabales

Family:

Caesalpiniaceae

Plant growing area

Native origin unknown, maybe India.

Cambodia, China (Cultivated. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan, Yunnan), India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Vietnam.

Grows on hills in low and medium altitudes.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Sappan is a small evergreen thorny tree, 3 to 6 m tall. It prefers clay and limestone lands.

The heartwood contains a red dye and is used medicinally to relieve pain. It is also used as dye for textiles, for prints and in ink making.

Use of sappan wood in the Far East is probably ancient; archaeological remains (silk textiles from the Loulan site) attest its use in the 2nd century BC.

Red wood were imported into Europe from the Far East to the discovery of America.

The coloring matter contained in the wood are brazilin, present in all red woods and flavanoids which are not very much colored; the red dye, brasilein, is obtained after oxidation of brazilin.

This is a very sensitive dye to light; it is not easy to use and it fixes better on animal fibers than on plant fibers.

China:

Sappan wood was imported to China from India, 10 centuries before JC. Its use is mentioned in the "Jiangxi sheng dashi" or "Large annals of Jiangxi province" dating from the early 16th century.

Japan:

Used for dyeing Emperor Clothes.

Used for printing ukiyo-e.

Korea:

Preparation process for making paper

The mordants used are mainly aluminum (which gives a red color) and iron (which gives a brown color). A violet color is obtained by applying successively an iron mordant and then an aluminum mordant.

China:

Cutting takes place every six years. The heart wood alone is used. It is reduced to small fragments which are soaked for several hours in a heated bath.

After filtering, the liquid is ready for use.

The paper sheets are then soaked in the dye bath.

Japan:

The heart of the trunk and larger branches only are used for the extraction of the dye.

The wood is shredded and then crushed in a pestle. The powder can be left to ferment to increase its dyeing power.

After filtering, the liquid is ready for dyeing.

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by their small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Usually the pulp is dyed in the vat before forming the sheets.

Korea:

Paper names

Used part of the plant:

Wood

Use for paper making:

Dye

Mordant

Language:

French

Botanical classification

Caesalpinia sappan L.

Order:

Fabales

Family:

Caesalpiniaceae

Plant growing area

Native origin unknown, maybe India.

Cambodia, China (Cultivated. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan, Yunnan), India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Vietnam.

Grows on hills in low and medium altitudes.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Sappan is a small evergreen thorny tree, 3 to 6 m tall. It prefers clay and limestone lands.

The heartwood contains a red dye and is used medicinally to relieve pain. It is also used as dye for textiles, for prints and in ink making.

Use of sappan wood in the Far East is probably ancient; archaeological remains (silk textiles from the Loulan site) attest its use in the 2nd century BC.

Red wood were imported into Europe from the Far East to the discovery of America.

The coloring matter contained in the wood are brazilin, present in all red woods and flavanoids which are not very much colored; the red dye, brasilein, is obtained after oxidation of brazilin.

This is a very sensitive dye to light; it is not easy to use and it fixes better on animal fibers than on plant fibers.

China:

Sappan wood was imported to China from India, 10 centuries before JC. Its use is mentioned in the "Jiangxi sheng dashi" or "Large annals of Jiangxi province" dating from the early 16th century.

Japan:

Used for dyeing Emperor Clothes.

Used for printing ukiyo-e.

Korea:

Preparation process for making paper

The mordants used are mainly aluminum (which gives a red color) and iron (which gives a brown color). A violet color is obtained by applying successively an iron mordant and then an aluminum mordant.

China:

Cutting takes place every six years. The heart wood alone is used. It is reduced to small fragments which are soaked for several hours in a heated bath.

After filtering, the liquid is ready for use.

The paper sheets are then soaked in the dye bath.

Japan:

The heart of the trunk and larger branches only are used for the extraction of the dye.

The wood is shredded and then crushed in a pestle. The powder can be left to ferment to increase its dyeing power.

After filtering, the liquid is ready for dyeing.

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by their small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Usually the pulp is dyed in the vat before forming the sheets.

Korea:

Paper names

Used part of the plant:

Wood

Use for paper making:

Dye

Mordant

Language:

Korean

Local scripture:

소목

Botanical classification

Caesalpinia sappan L.

Order:

Fabales

Family:

Caesalpiniaceae

Plant growing area

Native origin unknown, maybe India.

Cambodia, China (Cultivated. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan, Yunnan), India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Vietnam.

Grows on hills in low and medium altitudes.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Sappan is a small evergreen thorny tree, 3 to 6 m tall. It prefers clay and limestone lands.

The heartwood contains a red dye and is used medicinally to relieve pain. It is also used as dye for textiles, for prints and in ink making.

Use of sappan wood in the Far East is probably ancient; archaeological remains (silk textiles from the Loulan site) attest its use in the 2nd century BC.

Red wood were imported into Europe from the Far East to the discovery of America.

The coloring matter contained in the wood are brazilin, present in all red woods and flavanoids which are not very much colored; the red dye, brasilein, is obtained after oxidation of brazilin.

This is a very sensitive dye to light; it is not easy to use and it fixes better on animal fibers than on plant fibers.

China:

Sappan wood was imported to China from India, 10 centuries before JC. Its use is mentioned in the "Jiangxi sheng dashi" or "Large annals of Jiangxi province" dating from the early 16th century.

Japan:

Used for dyeing Emperor Clothes.

Used for printing ukiyo-e.

Korea:

Preparation process for making paper

The mordants used are mainly aluminum (which gives a red color) and iron (which gives a brown color). A violet color is obtained by applying successively an iron mordant and then an aluminum mordant.

China:

Cutting takes place every six years. The heart wood alone is used. It is reduced to small fragments which are soaked for several hours in a heated bath.

After filtering, the liquid is ready for use.

The paper sheets are then soaked in the dye bath.

Japan:

The heart of the trunk and larger branches only are used for the extraction of the dye.

The wood is shredded and then crushed in a pestle. The powder can be left to ferment to increase its dyeing power.

After filtering, the liquid is ready for dyeing.

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by their small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Usually the pulp is dyed in the vat before forming the sheets.

Korea:

Paper names

Used part of the plant:

Wood

Use for paper making:

Dye

Mordant

Language:

French

Botanical classification

Caesalpinia sappan L.

Order:

Fabales

Family:

Caesalpiniaceae

Plant growing area

Native origin unknown, maybe India.

Cambodia, China (Cultivated. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan, Yunnan), India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Vietnam.

Grows on hills in low and medium altitudes.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Sappan is a small evergreen thorny tree, 3 to 6 m tall. It prefers clay and limestone lands.

The heartwood contains a red dye and is used medicinally to relieve pain. It is also used as dye for textiles, for prints and in ink making.

Use of sappan wood in the Far East is probably ancient; archaeological remains (silk textiles from the Loulan site) attest its use in the 2nd century BC.

Red wood were imported into Europe from the Far East to the discovery of America.

The coloring matter contained in the wood are brazilin, present in all red woods and flavanoids which are not very much colored; the red dye, brasilein, is obtained after oxidation of brazilin.

This is a very sensitive dye to light; it is not easy to use and it fixes better on animal fibers than on plant fibers.

China:

Sappan wood was imported to China from India, 10 centuries before JC. Its use is mentioned in the "Jiangxi sheng dashi" or "Large annals of Jiangxi province" dating from the early 16th century.

Japan:

Used for dyeing Emperor Clothes.

Used for printing ukiyo-e.

Korea:

Preparation process for making paper

The mordants used are mainly aluminum (which gives a red color) and iron (which gives a brown color). A violet color is obtained by applying successively an iron mordant and then an aluminum mordant.

China:

Cutting takes place every six years. The heart wood alone is used. It is reduced to small fragments which are soaked for several hours in a heated bath.

After filtering, the liquid is ready for use.

The paper sheets are then soaked in the dye bath.

Japan:

The heart of the trunk and larger branches only are used for the extraction of the dye.

The wood is shredded and then crushed in a pestle. The powder can be left to ferment to increase its dyeing power.

After filtering, the liquid is ready for dyeing.

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by their small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Usually the pulp is dyed in the vat before forming the sheets.

Korea:

Paper names

Used part of the plant:

Wood

Use for paper making:

Dye

Mordant

Language:

English

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fibers
Average fibre lenght	2,5 mm (0.5 – 4.8)
Average fibre width	16,5 µm (10 – 25)
Fibre ends	Blunt, spoon-shaped fiber ends.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Faint.
Associated cells	Rares.
Special features	Lumen varies in width. Transversal cut: Thick cell wall.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Dark purple.

Botanical classification

Corchorus capsularis L.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Tiliaceae

Synonyms:

Corchorus cordifolius Salisb.

Corchorus marua Buch.-Ham.

Plant growing area

The plant is extensively cultivated in tropical countries.

Bangladesh, Burma, China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), India (Bengal), Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan.

Middle-East, North Africa.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, India.

Plant cultivation and use

Corchorus capsularis is a annual or perennial shrub that grows in bushes to 2-4 m in height. It is in flower in August, and the seeds ripen in October.

Leaves and seeds are edible and high in protein.

The leaves, roots, seeds and unripe fruits have medicinal uses.

The plant is mainly used for its high strength fiber that is extracted from the bark of the stem. These fibers are used in the manufacture of packing bags, mats, coarse clothes etc.

The remaining portion after extraction of the fiber is used in the paper industry. The paper is buff grey.

China:

Fibers are employed in making mats.

Jute is one of the oldest fibers used in China in the manufacture of paper. It grew throughout China, especially in north and west areas, such as flax, hemp, ramie. All these plants are called "ma" in ancient Chinese documents.

Korea:

From the Joseon period (1392-1910), raw materials traditionally used for paper production, mainly bark of Broussonetias begin to fail. Papermakers face to a growing demand for paper stimulated by the development of publications initiated during the Goryeo period (907-1392). Other plants will be used to provide a fiber supplement such as wiwteria, rice, oat and barley straws, bamboo, jute, cotton and hemp but also willow leaves, reeds, the bark and needles of pine.

Indeed, jute seems to be used as a complementary fiber source to fibers of paper mulberry from the 15th century. However the old jute papers found in Korea could have been imported papers.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Harvest is possible 4-5 months after sowing. It occurs when the plant is in flower.

The stems are cut at 10cm from the ground and put in bundles and then they are left to ret in stagnant water.

Shelling is performed by beating to get the tow.

The fibers are cooked for 2 hours in an alkaline solution and then ground for around 4 hours.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

French

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fibers
Average fibre lenght	2,5 mm (0.5 – 4.8)
Average fibre width	16,5 µm (10 – 25)
Fibre ends	Blunt, spoon-shaped fiber ends.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Faint.
Associated cells	Rares.
Special features	Lumen varies in width. Transversal cut: Thick cell wall.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Dark purple.

Botanical classification

Corchorus capsularis L.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Tiliaceae

Synonyms:

Corchorus cordifolius Salisb.

Corchorus marua Buch.-Ham.

Plant growing area

The plant is extensively cultivated in tropical countries.

Middle-East, North Africa.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, India.

Plant cultivation and use

Corchorus capsularis is a annual or perennial shrub that grows in bushes to 2-4 m in height. It is in flower in August, and the seeds ripen in October.

Leaves and seeds are edible and high in protein.

The leaves, roots, seeds and unripe fruits have medicinal uses.

The plant is mainly used for its high strength fiber that is extracted from the bark of the stem. These fibers are used in the manufacture of packing bags, mats, coarse clothes etc.

The remaining portion after extraction of the fiber is used in the paper industry. The paper is buff grey.

China:

Fibers are employed in making mats.

Korea:

Indeed, jute seems to be used as a complementary fiber source to fibers of paper mulberry from the 15th century. However the old jute papers found in Korea could have been imported papers.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Harvest is possible 4-5 months after sowing. It occurs when the plant is in flower.

The stems are cut at 10cm from the ground and put in bundles and then they are left to ret in stagnant water.

Shelling is performed by beating to get the tow.

The fibers are cooked for 2 hours in an alkaline solution and then ground for around 4 hours.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Primary tabs

Caesalpinia sappan L.

Caesalpinia sappan L.

Caesalpinia sappan L.

Caesalpinia sappan L.

Caesalpinia sappan L.

Caesalpinia sappan L.

Caesalpinia sappan L.

Caesalpinia sappan L.

Corchorus capsularis L.

Corchorus capsularis L.

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Primary tabs

Caesalpinia sappan L.

Caesalpinia sappan L.

Caesalpinia sappan L.

Caesalpinia sappan L.

Caesalpinia sappan L.

Caesalpinia sappan L.

Caesalpinia sappan L.

Caesalpinia sappan L.

Corchorus capsularis L.

Corchorus capsularis L.

Pages