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Myrica rubra (Lour.) Siebold & Zucc. © Flora of China

Myrica rubra (Lour.) Siebold & Zucc. © Kenpei

Botanical classification

Myrica rubra (Lour.) Siebold & Zucc.

Order:

Fagales

Family:

Myricaceae

Synonyms:

Daphne argyi H. Lév.

Morella rubra Lour.

Myrica rubra var. acuminata Nakai

Plant growing area

China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Japan (Southern Honshu), Korea, Philippines, Taiwan.

Grows in forests in mountain slopes, in valleys from 100 to 1500 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Korea, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

Myrica rubra is an evergreen tree growing to 15 m. The plant prefers a moist soil, grows in sun or light shade. It is in bloom in March April. The fruits are red; they are as their seeds, edible.

Stem bark, fruits and seeds are used in traditonal medecine.

Leaves and twigs give a brown dye. The dye is a flavonoid, the myricétol which occurs mainly in the leaves.

Japan:

The dye is used in dyeing fabrics (kimonos) and also in the printing of engravings. It has been used since the Nara period (710-794); it was popular in combination with indigo to give black during the Edo period (1603-1868).

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Used in the form of leave and twig compost.

Japan:

The bark is cooked for approximately 24 hours in water and then the liquid is filtered. Colour turns to a yellow-brown colour when used with an alum or ash lye mordant; when used with an iron mordant it gives a green to brown colour.

Dyeing is done in two ways: dyeing the paper pulp (sukizome) or the sheet (hitashizome-dipping or brushing-hikizome). Usually the pulp is dyed in the vat before making the sheet.

Korea:

The papers are dyed in three ways: dyeing of the pulp (Seonyeombeop), dyeing of the sheet by dipping, brushing and spraying (Huyeombeop ), combination of the both methods (Honyeombeop). Then the paper can be hammered.

Paper names

In Asia and particularly in China, Korea and Japan, the papers are intended for a wide range of use: Papers for calligraphy and art, Papers for ceremonies, Paper as a medium of exchange, money paper, Papers for making clothes, wall hangings and bedding, Papers for architecture, interior design, Papers for crafts of various kinds, for domestic purposes and leisure. The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Used part of the plant:

Leaf

Twigs

Bark

Use for paper making:

Dye

Identification

Fibre type	Grass (Stem)
Average fibre lenght	3,5 mm
Average fibre width	14,5 µm
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Very large vessel elements and abundant parenchyma cells. Prominent wall.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Reddish purple.

Botanical classification

Cyperus exaltatus Retz

Order:

Poales

Family:

Cyperaceae

Plant growing area

It grows in tropical south east Asia from India to Japan and southwards to southern Australia.

Bangladesh, Burma, China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, South Guizhou, Hainan, East Hubei, Jiangsu, Jilin, Shandong, Zhejiang), India, Indonesia, Japan, Kashmir, Korea, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.

It grows at altitudes between sea level and 1100 meters, in grasslands, pond margins; it appreciates sandy soil, moist or wet places.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Cyperus exaltatus is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant which grows in tufts to more than one meter.

Korea:

Cyperus exaltatus is used mixed with paper mulberry fibers as a supplement in the pulp.

Paper names

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Leaf

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

French

Identification

Fibre type	Grass (Stem)
Average fibre lenght	3,5 mm
Average fibre width	14,5 µm
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Very large vessel elements and abundant parenchyma cells. Prominent wall.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Reddish purple.

Botanical classification

Cyperus exaltatus Retz

Order:

Poales

Family:

Cyperaceae

Plant growing area

It grows in tropical south east Asia from India to Japan and southwards to southern Australia.

It grows at altitudes between sea level and 1100 meters, in grasslands, pond margins; it appreciates sandy soil, moist or wet places.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Cyperus exaltatus is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant which grows in tufts to more than one meter.

Korea:

Cyperus exaltatus is used mixed with paper mulberry fibers as a supplement in the pulp.

Paper names

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Leaf

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

カンエンガヤツリ

Identification

Fibre type	Grass (Stem)
Average fibre lenght	3,5 mm
Average fibre width	14,5 µm
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Very large vessel elements and abundant parenchyma cells. Prominent wall.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Reddish purple.

Botanical classification

Cyperus exaltatus Retz

Order:

Poales

Family:

Cyperaceae

Plant growing area

It grows in tropical south east Asia from India to Japan and southwards to southern Australia.

It grows at altitudes between sea level and 1100 meters, in grasslands, pond margins; it appreciates sandy soil, moist or wet places.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Cyperus exaltatus is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant which grows in tufts to more than one meter.

Korea:

Cyperus exaltatus is used mixed with paper mulberry fibers as a supplement in the pulp.

Paper names

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Leaf

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Korean

Local scripture:

왕골

Identification

Fibre type	Grass (Stem)
Average fibre lenght	3,5 mm
Average fibre width	14,5 µm
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Very large vessel elements and abundant parenchyma cells. Prominent wall.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Reddish purple.

Botanical classification

Cyperus exaltatus Retz

Order:

Poales

Family:

Cyperaceae

Plant growing area

It grows in tropical south east Asia from India to Japan and southwards to southern Australia.

It grows at altitudes between sea level and 1100 meters, in grasslands, pond margins; it appreciates sandy soil, moist or wet places.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Cyperus exaltatus is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant which grows in tufts to more than one meter.

Korea:

Cyperus exaltatus is used mixed with paper mulberry fibers as a supplement in the pulp.

Paper names

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Leaf

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Literally hemp paper dyed with amor cork . This term is also used for China grass or paper mulberry papers. Paper from the Tang dynasty (618-907).

Origin:

China

Botanical name:

Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaudich.

Cannabis sativa L.

Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L’Hér. ex Vent.

Phellodendron amurense Rupr.

Language:

Chinese

Local scripture:

高秆莎草

Identification

Fibre type	Grass (Stem)
Average fibre lenght	3,5 mm
Average fibre width	14,5 µm
Fibre ends	Pointed.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Very large vessel elements and abundant parenchyma cells. Prominent wall.
Herzberg staining	Dark purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Reddish purple.

Botanical classification

Cyperus exaltatus Retz

Order:

Poales

Family:

Cyperaceae

Plant growing area

It grows in tropical south east Asia from India to Japan and southwards to southern Australia.

It grows at altitudes between sea level and 1100 meters, in grasslands, pond margins; it appreciates sandy soil, moist or wet places.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Cyperus exaltatus is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant which grows in tufts to more than one meter.

Korea:

Cyperus exaltatus is used mixed with paper mulberry fibers as a supplement in the pulp.

Paper names

Used part of the plant:

Stem

Leaf

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Abelmoschus moschatus Medik. © Satheesan.vn

Botanical classification

Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Malvaceae

Synonyms:

Abelmoschus abelmoschus (L.) Karsten

Abelmoschus officinalis Endl.

Abelmoschus moschatus var. betulifolius (Mast.) Hochr.

Hibiscus abelmoschus L.

Hibiscus abelmoschus (L.) Karsten

Hibiscus chinensis Roxb.

Hibiscus cardiophyllus Baill.

Hibiscus collinsianus Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray

Hibiscus moschatus (Medik.) Salisb.

Plant growing area

China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi, Yunnan), Cambodia, India, Laos, Nepal, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.

Grows on mountain slopes and valleys, stream sides and flat areas at an altitude from 600 to 1100m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan.

China:

Guangdong.

Plant cultivation and use

Perennial herb reaching 1-2 m heigth. Its growth is rapid. The plant prefers non acid and well drained soils and sunny areas. It is in flowers from June to October.

The seeds have medicinal properties, they are diuretic, emollient and antispasmodic.

An edible oil is extracted from the seeds and leaves.

The fibers obtained from the bark of the stems are used to make ropes.

A mucilage is extracted from the roots which is used as formation aid in paper making. This viscous material is added to the pulp to increase its viscosity and thus delay the settling of fibers in the tank. In addition, the mucilage allows a better dispersion of the long fibers.

China:

Unclear whether the plant has been used as formation aid or as sizing agent.

Japan:

Used as formation aid.

Preparation process for making paper

China:

Roots are cleaned, cut in slices and dipped during one night in cold water.

The mucilage is filtered through a cloth and poured into the pulp.

Japan:

Roots are cleaned, crushed and dipped during one night in cold water.

The mucilage is filtered through a cloth and poured into the pulp.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Use for paper making:

Formation aid

Sizing agent

Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. © CFH Nature Museum

Botanical classification

Ulmus parvifolia Jacq.

Order:

Rosales

Family:

Ulmaceae

Synonyms:

Microptelea parvifolia (Jacq.) Spach

Planera parvifolia (Jacq.) Sweet

Ulmus campestris L. var. chinensis Loudon

Ulmus chinensis Pers.

Ulmus coreana Nakai

Ulmus japonica Siebold

Ulmus shirasawana Daveau

Ulmus sieboldii Daveau

Ulmus shirasawana Daveau

Plant growing area

China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang), India, Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Ryukyu), North Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam.

Grows below 800 m.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Ulmus parvifolia is a deciduous tree up to 25 m in height. The pale yellow flowers appear in September. They produce samaras, ripe in October, which contain seeds. It prefers moist, well-drained soils, a sun exposure. It is resistant to low temperatures.

Chinese Elm is often used as an ornamental tree or for bonsais. Its very hard wood is used in making furniture and tools.

The leaves, bark and flowers have medicinal properties. Its leaves and fruits are edible. The inner bark dried and reduced to powder is used as a thickener in soups in Asia.

The mucilage extracted from the bark is used as formation aid in paper making. This viscous material is added to the pulp to increase its viscosity and thus delay the settling of fibers in the tank. In addition, the mucilage allows a better dispersion of the long fibers.

China:

It is frequently used beside Hibiscus manihot.

Its use is mentionned in "Wuli xiaoshi" or "Some Knowledge of Physics" written by Fang Yishi in 1643.

Korea:

Its bark has been used to produce formation aid in Korea until mid 19th century.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Formation aid

Botanical classification

Rubia cordifolia L.

Order:

Gentianales

Family:

Rubiaceae

Synonyms:

Rubia cordifolia subsp. pratensis (Maxim.) Kitam.

Rubia cordifolia var. coriacea Z.Ying Zhang

Rubia cordifolia var. munjista (Roxb.) Miq.

Rubia cordifolia var. pratensis Maxim.

Rubia cordifolia var. rotundifolia Franch.

Rubia manjith Roxb. ex Flem.

Rubia mitis Miq.

Rubia munjista Roxb

Rubia pratensis (Maxim.) Nakai

Rubia scandens Zoll. & Moritzi

Plant growing area

Grows everywhere in Asia and Himalaya until 2700m altitude. Common in forest edges and undergrowth.

Buthan, China, India, Indonesia (Java), Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu), Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Rubia cordifolia is a rhizomatous perennial vine that can reach 1m. The flowers are small and have a cream color, they are arranged in clusters at the base of the leaves. Flowering occurs between July and September depending on the region. The fruits are small black berries. The roots are fleshy creeping rhizomes. It is botanically very close to Rubia tinctorium.

The plant has been extensively cultivated since the antiquity for the production of red color used to dye and print cloth. Until the mid nineteenth century and the advent of synthetic dyes, it represented an important economic resource as well in Asia, Europe and Africa.

Rubia cordifolia has antibacterial properties.

The main component of most madders is an anthraquinone, alizarin, which is found in the rhizome. It is present only in small amounts in this species. The main dyes are in order of the percentage munjistin, pseudopurpurin, purpurin which are all anthraquinones.

The color is mainly used for dyeing textiles (red or rose madder) and as a pigment in paint (madder lake).

Japan:

The plant is native to Japan. Its use in textiles dates back to the 4th century. The dye is used in dyeing fabrics and also for prints.

The advent of synthetic alizarin has significantly reduced demand for natural dye.

Other Rubia grown in Japan for their dye are: Rubia tinctorum L., Rubia argyi (H. Léveillé & Vaniot) H. Hara ex Lauener & DK Ferguson better known as Rubia akane Nakai.

Preparation process for making paper

Madder is propagated by planting seed or root division. The plants are harvested in its third year because the concentration of dye is greater. The harvest takes place at the end of autumn.
The roots are sorted, scrubbed, dried and crushed into powder. The powder is stored in barrels to age before being sold to the dyers.

Madder contains two colorants: one is red and the second is dark yellowish and soluble in water. To separate them, it is necessary to dissolve the madder powder in water and make it decant. The yellow supernatant water is removed and the operation is repeated until the water runs clear.
Then madder is boiled for several hours and then filtered through a cloth. It is kept liquid.

Another method is to get what is called "madder flower". The roots powder is treated with acidulated water and then rinsed to remove the yellow dyes, mucilages and minerals. The resulting powder has a better dyeing power.

The mordant is generally alum. The use of iron as mordant gives a violet color.

Japan:

The plant is torn when it is 18 to 30 months, at the end of summer when the stems begin to fade. The roots are dried either in the open air or in an oven for several days. They are then crushed into powder. They can be stored in this form before being used for dyeing.

Immediate use: the root is cut into pieces and placed in water to soak. The extract is filtered. Then fresh water is added and the operation is repeated for several extracts which will be mixed together. The second extract which tends to be orange is sometimes discarded.

Alum must be used as mordant to set the color to the fibers.

Dyeing is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome ou tsukezome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by the small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Korea:

Paper names

The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Use for paper making:

Dye

Primary tabs

Myrica rubra (Lour.) Siebold & Zucc.

Cyperus exaltatus Retz

Cyperus exaltatus Retz

Cyperus exaltatus Retz

Cyperus exaltatus Retz

Cyperus exaltatus Retz

Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.

Ulmus parvifolia Jacq.

Rubia cordifolia L.

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Primary tabs

Myrica rubra (Lour.) Siebold & Zucc.

Cyperus exaltatus Retz

Cyperus exaltatus Retz

Cyperus exaltatus Retz

Cyperus exaltatus Retz

Cyperus exaltatus Retz

Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.

Ulmus parvifolia Jacq.

Rubia cordifolia L.

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