Search

Language:

Local scripture:

瑞香

Identification

Fibre type	...
Average fibre lenght
Average fibre width
Fibre ends
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features
Herzberg staining
Graff 'C' staining

Botanical classification

Daphne odora Thunb.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Thymelaeaceae

Synonyms:

Daphne chinensis Spreng.

Daphne. hybrida Lindl.

Daphne japonica Thunb.

Daphne kiusiana var. odora (Thunb.) Makino

Daphne mazelii Carrière

Daphne odora f. alba (Hemsl.) H. Hara

Daphne odora f. marginata Makino

Daphne odora f. rosacea (Makino) H. Hara

Daphne odora var. alba Hemsl.

Daphne odora var. leucantha Makino

Daphne odora var. marginata Miq.

Daphne odora var. mazelii (Carrière) Hemsl.

Daphne odora var. rosacea Makino

Daphne odora var. variegata Bean

Daphne sinensis Lam.

Daphne speciosissima Carrière

Daphne triflora Lour.

Plant growing area

Native origin is obscure, probably China or Japan but now widely cultivated in China.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan.

China:

Xizang (Tibet).

Plant cultivation and use

Daphnes are shrubs or sub-shrubs of the Thymelaceae family. Daphnes comprise from 50 to 95 species, according to the classifications. Some species grow in the plains, others in the mountains, in rockery; they appreciate calcareous soils. The plants are recognizable by their colorful flowers and toxic fruits.
There is a great confusion among the various Daphnes, Edgeworthias and especially Wikstroemias because their morphologies are very similar.

The etymology of daphne comes from the name of the nymph, daughter of Peneus, who pursued by Apollo, was transformed into a laurel tree to escape.

The Daphne odora is an evergreen shrub that can reach 1.5 m in height and prefers sunny areas. It is easy to propagate but its life does not exceed ten years.

The bark contains a large amount of hemicelluloses which makes it valuable in the manufacture of paper. Daphnes are the base plants for making paper at the foot of Himalayas.

All parts of the plant are said to be poisonous, however the roots and bark are used in the traditional Nepalese medicine in the treatment of fevers. The bark has a high content of diterpene esters of tigliane daphnane type.

China:

Daphne odora is widely cultivated in China.

Daphne papers are considered as the best in Tibet where they are called dug-shog which means poison paper because of the repellent properties of the bark.

Paper names

In Asia and particularly in China, Korea and Japan, the papers are intended for a wide range of use: Papers for calligraphy and art, Papers for ceremonies, Paper as a medium of exchange, money paper, Papers for making clothes, wall hangings and bedding, Papers for architecture, interior design, Papers for crafts of various kinds, for domestic purposes and leisure. The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Used part of the plant:

Bark

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

English

Identification

Fibre type	Fruit
Average fibre lenght	16mm (10-40mm)
Average fibre width	20μm (12-38μm)
Fibre ends	Variable, usually broken or tapering.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Flat ribbon-like twisted fibers When fibers have been mercerized, they swell and the convolutions are no longer visible. Immature fibers often are not twisted. Transverse cut : Kidney bean shape, clear lumen. Prominent fiber wall.
Herzberg staining	Red light purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Yellow.

Botanical classification

Gossypium arboreum L.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Malvaceae

Plant growing area

Gossypium arboreum L. is cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World; it is supposed to be native from India and Sri Lanka.

All species have been introduced to China.

China (Cultivated. Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan), Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

There are around thirty wild species and many hybrids developed in many areas, but the main species (diploid) are Gossypium herbaceum L. (var. typicum, or frutescens, or africanum), Gossypium arboreum L. (var. typicum, or neglectum, or cernuum).

The cultivated species (triploid) are Gossypium barbadense L, Gossypium hirsutum L., Gossypium religiosum L.

The origin is uncertain. The Herbaceum was imported as domesticated species to Saudi and Syria and then to India, where Arboreum has developed from the Herbaceum. Then it prevailed in Africa and Asia. From these species a triploid has developed which replaced the two other ones.

Many archaeological evidences show that cotton was domesticated several thousand years before our Era and in regions far apart: 10.000 BC in Egypt, Mexico 7000 BC, from 2300 BC in India. However, it seems certain that it is from India that it has spread to Persia in the 4th century BC and to Malaysia, Indonesia, Southeast Asia and China.

Gossypium arboreum is a perennial shrub up to 1.50m in height; other species can be perennial herbs or shrubs.

The colors of the flowers vary depending on the species, from off-white to purple. The fruits are ovoid capsules which open at maturity in 3 to 5 valves containing 6 to 12 seeds covered with hair, white fibers which can be 2 to 5 cm in length depending on the variety.

There are two types of fibers: long fibers (lints), and shorter hairs (linters).

The seeds, after removal of the fibers can produce oil. The roots are used as decoctions in the Indian pharmacopoeia for the treatment of urinary diseases.

The fibers used for textiles and paper production come from the hairs of the seeds of one or an other species.

In the case of paper, fibers tend to come from rags, they are rarely used raw. But in this case, the linters or more rarely, lints are used.

The first attempts to use fibers directly from the plant began in the early 20th century in the modern industry. Linters are torn by special gins. The lints are treated with caustic soda and linters by caustic solutions and are bleached.

China:

Cotton has never been used as a major material in the manufacture of paper, probably because of its use in textiles. There is a paper called "cotton paper" (Mien chih) but it is made from paper mulberry.

Cotton clothes are admired under the Tang’s (618-907), but the cultivation of cotton settles later. At that time, the calicos and muslins were imported by Chinese merchants from India to the warehouse of Palembang in Indonesia. From there, the culture has developed in Indochina.

It would be ambassadors from Indochina who presented to Emperor cottonseed as a tribute. The cultivation of cotton was slow to spread throughout China. However texts from the Tang period mention the cultivation in the south of a plant called Ku pei or Chi pei or cotton.

Culture really starts in the Song dynasty (960-1279) provided by two routes:

The south, from Indochina to Guangdong, Fujian.

The west to Gansu and Shanxi, through Turkestan. It is the variety Herbaceum that will not exceed the north boarders. The other will spread everywhere and quickly.

At the end of the 13th century, cotton has come to Chang Jiang (Yangzi River or blue River) and becomes a real industry.

As the culture takes a lot of water, it is planted in rotation with rice in the south and wheat in the north.

In the late Ming (1368-1644) it is the most important crop in the delta of the Chang Jiang.

Japan:

Cotton has been used in Japon since the Meiji period (1868-1912).

Korea:

From the Joseon period (1392-1910), raw materials traditionally used for paper production, mainly bark of Broussonetias begin to fail. Papermakers face to a growing demand for paper stimulated by the development of publications initiated during the Goryeo period (907-1392). Other plants will be used to provide a fiber supplement such as wisteria, rice, oat and barley straws, bamboo, jute, cotton and hemp but also willow leaves, reeds, the bark and needles of pine.

In Korea, stem is also used.

Preparation process for making paper

Cotton tree bears flowers and fruits at the same time, so harvesting lasts several months when the fruit is ripe: the capsules burst and release the fibers which are torn.

Cotton is dried in the air for several days. The long fibers are separated from the seeds and waste and will then go through a further cleaning. The short fibers are collected with gins.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Fruit

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Japanese

Local scripture:

キダチワタ

Identification

Fibre type	Fruit
Average fibre lenght	16mm (10-40mm)
Average fibre width	20μm (12-38μm)
Fibre ends	Variable, usually broken or tapering.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Flat ribbon-like twisted fibers When fibers have been mercerized, they swell and the convolutions are no longer visible. Immature fibers often are not twisted. Transverse cut : Kidney bean shape, clear lumen. Prominent fiber wall.
Herzberg staining	Red light purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Yellow.

Botanical classification

Gossypium arboreum L.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Malvaceae

Plant growing area

Gossypium arboreum L. is cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World; it is supposed to be native from India and Sri Lanka.

All species have been introduced to China.

China (Cultivated. Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan), Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

The cultivated species (triploid) are Gossypium barbadense L, Gossypium hirsutum L., Gossypium religiosum L.

Gossypium arboreum is a perennial shrub up to 1.50m in height; other species can be perennial herbs or shrubs.

There are two types of fibers: long fibers (lints), and shorter hairs (linters).

The seeds, after removal of the fibers can produce oil. The roots are used as decoctions in the Indian pharmacopoeia for the treatment of urinary diseases.

The fibers used for textiles and paper production come from the hairs of the seeds of one or an other species.

In the case of paper, fibers tend to come from rags, they are rarely used raw. But in this case, the linters or more rarely, lints are used.

China:

Culture really starts in the Song dynasty (960-1279) provided by two routes:

The south, from Indochina to Guangdong, Fujian.

The west to Gansu and Shanxi, through Turkestan. It is the variety Herbaceum that will not exceed the north boarders. The other will spread everywhere and quickly.

At the end of the 13th century, cotton has come to Chang Jiang (Yangzi River or blue River) and becomes a real industry.

As the culture takes a lot of water, it is planted in rotation with rice in the south and wheat in the north.

In the late Ming (1368-1644) it is the most important crop in the delta of the Chang Jiang.

Japan:

Cotton has been used in Japon since the Meiji period (1868-1912).

Korea:

In Korea, stem is also used.

Preparation process for making paper

Cotton tree bears flowers and fruits at the same time, so harvesting lasts several months when the fruit is ripe: the capsules burst and release the fibers which are torn.

Cotton is dried in the air for several days. The long fibers are separated from the seeds and waste and will then go through a further cleaning. The short fibers are collected with gins.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Fruit

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Korean

Local scripture:

목화

Identification

Fibre type	Fruit
Average fibre lenght	16mm (10-40mm)
Average fibre width	20μm (12-38μm)
Fibre ends	Variable, usually broken or tapering.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Flat ribbon-like twisted fibers When fibers have been mercerized, they swell and the convolutions are no longer visible. Immature fibers often are not twisted. Transverse cut : Kidney bean shape, clear lumen. Prominent fiber wall.
Herzberg staining	Red light purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Yellow.

Botanical classification

Gossypium arboreum L.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Malvaceae

Plant growing area

Gossypium arboreum L. is cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World; it is supposed to be native from India and Sri Lanka.

All species have been introduced to China.

China (Cultivated. Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan), Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

The cultivated species (triploid) are Gossypium barbadense L, Gossypium hirsutum L., Gossypium religiosum L.

Gossypium arboreum is a perennial shrub up to 1.50m in height; other species can be perennial herbs or shrubs.

There are two types of fibers: long fibers (lints), and shorter hairs (linters).

The seeds, after removal of the fibers can produce oil. The roots are used as decoctions in the Indian pharmacopoeia for the treatment of urinary diseases.

The fibers used for textiles and paper production come from the hairs of the seeds of one or an other species.

In the case of paper, fibers tend to come from rags, they are rarely used raw. But in this case, the linters or more rarely, lints are used.

China:

Culture really starts in the Song dynasty (960-1279) provided by two routes:

The south, from Indochina to Guangdong, Fujian.

The west to Gansu and Shanxi, through Turkestan. It is the variety Herbaceum that will not exceed the north boarders. The other will spread everywhere and quickly.

At the end of the 13th century, cotton has come to Chang Jiang (Yangzi River or blue River) and becomes a real industry.

As the culture takes a lot of water, it is planted in rotation with rice in the south and wheat in the north.

In the late Ming (1368-1644) it is the most important crop in the delta of the Chang Jiang.

Japan:

Cotton has been used in Japon since the Meiji period (1868-1912).

Korea:

In Korea, stem is also used.

Preparation process for making paper

Cotton tree bears flowers and fruits at the same time, so harvesting lasts several months when the fruit is ripe: the capsules burst and release the fibers which are torn.

Cotton is dried in the air for several days. The long fibers are separated from the seeds and waste and will then go through a further cleaning. The short fibers are collected with gins.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Fruit

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Chinese

Local scripture:

鸡脚棉

Identification

Fibre type	Fruit
Average fibre lenght	16mm (10-40mm)
Average fibre width	20μm (12-38μm)
Fibre ends	Variable, usually broken or tapering.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Flat ribbon-like twisted fibers When fibers have been mercerized, they swell and the convolutions are no longer visible. Immature fibers often are not twisted. Transverse cut : Kidney bean shape, clear lumen. Prominent fiber wall.
Herzberg staining	Red light purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Yellow.

Botanical classification

Gossypium arboreum L.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Malvaceae

Plant growing area

Gossypium arboreum L. is cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World; it is supposed to be native from India and Sri Lanka.

All species have been introduced to China.

China (Cultivated. Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan), Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

The cultivated species (triploid) are Gossypium barbadense L, Gossypium hirsutum L., Gossypium religiosum L.

Gossypium arboreum is a perennial shrub up to 1.50m in height; other species can be perennial herbs or shrubs.

There are two types of fibers: long fibers (lints), and shorter hairs (linters).

The seeds, after removal of the fibers can produce oil. The roots are used as decoctions in the Indian pharmacopoeia for the treatment of urinary diseases.

The fibers used for textiles and paper production come from the hairs of the seeds of one or an other species.

In the case of paper, fibers tend to come from rags, they are rarely used raw. But in this case, the linters or more rarely, lints are used.

China:

Culture really starts in the Song dynasty (960-1279) provided by two routes:

The south, from Indochina to Guangdong, Fujian.

The west to Gansu and Shanxi, through Turkestan. It is the variety Herbaceum that will not exceed the north boarders. The other will spread everywhere and quickly.

At the end of the 13th century, cotton has come to Chang Jiang (Yangzi River or blue River) and becomes a real industry.

As the culture takes a lot of water, it is planted in rotation with rice in the south and wheat in the north.

In the late Ming (1368-1644) it is the most important crop in the delta of the Chang Jiang.

Japan:

Cotton has been used in Japon since the Meiji period (1868-1912).

Korea:

In Korea, stem is also used.

Preparation process for making paper

Cotton tree bears flowers and fruits at the same time, so harvesting lasts several months when the fruit is ripe: the capsules burst and release the fibers which are torn.

Cotton is dried in the air for several days. The long fibers are separated from the seeds and waste and will then go through a further cleaning. The short fibers are collected with gins.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Fruit

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

French

Identification

Fibre type	Fruit
Average fibre lenght	16mm (10-40mm)
Average fibre width	20μm (12-38μm)
Fibre ends	Variable, usually broken or tapering.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Flat ribbon-like twisted fibers When fibers have been mercerized, they swell and the convolutions are no longer visible. Immature fibers often are not twisted. Transverse cut : Kidney bean shape, clear lumen. Prominent fiber wall.
Herzberg staining	Red light purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Yellow.

Botanical classification

Gossypium arboreum L.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Malvaceae

Plant growing area

Gossypium arboreum L. is cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World; it is supposed to be native from India and Sri Lanka.

All species have been introduced to China.

China (Cultivated. Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan), Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

The cultivated species (triploid) are Gossypium barbadense L, Gossypium hirsutum L., Gossypium religiosum L.

Gossypium arboreum is a perennial shrub up to 1.50m in height; other species can be perennial herbs or shrubs.

There are two types of fibers: long fibers (lints), and shorter hairs (linters).

The seeds, after removal of the fibers can produce oil. The roots are used as decoctions in the Indian pharmacopoeia for the treatment of urinary diseases.

The fibers used for textiles and paper production come from the hairs of the seeds of one or an other species.

In the case of paper, fibers tend to come from rags, they are rarely used raw. But in this case, the linters or more rarely, lints are used.

China:

Culture really starts in the Song dynasty (960-1279) provided by two routes:

The south, from Indochina to Guangdong, Fujian.

The west to Gansu and Shanxi, through Turkestan. It is the variety Herbaceum that will not exceed the north boarders. The other will spread everywhere and quickly.

At the end of the 13th century, cotton has come to Chang Jiang (Yangzi River or blue River) and becomes a real industry.

As the culture takes a lot of water, it is planted in rotation with rice in the south and wheat in the north.

In the late Ming (1368-1644) it is the most important crop in the delta of the Chang Jiang.

Japan:

Cotton has been used in Japon since the Meiji period (1868-1912).

Korea:

In Korea, stem is also used.

Preparation process for making paper

Cotton tree bears flowers and fruits at the same time, so harvesting lasts several months when the fruit is ripe: the capsules burst and release the fibers which are torn.

Cotton is dried in the air for several days. The long fibers are separated from the seeds and waste and will then go through a further cleaning. The short fibers are collected with gins.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Fruit

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Korean

Local scripture:

면

Identification

Fibre type	Fruit
Average fibre lenght	16mm (10-40mm)
Average fibre width	20μm (12-38μm)
Fibre ends	Variable, usually broken or tapering.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Flat ribbon-like twisted fibers When fibers have been mercerized, they swell and the convolutions are no longer visible. Immature fibers often are not twisted. Transverse cut : Kidney bean shape, clear lumen. Prominent fiber wall.
Herzberg staining	Red light purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Yellow.

Botanical classification

Gossypium arboreum L.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Malvaceae

Plant growing area

Gossypium arboreum L. is cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World; it is supposed to be native from India and Sri Lanka.

All species have been introduced to China.

China (Cultivated. Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan), Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

The cultivated species (triploid) are Gossypium barbadense L, Gossypium hirsutum L., Gossypium religiosum L.

Gossypium arboreum is a perennial shrub up to 1.50m in height; other species can be perennial herbs or shrubs.

There are two types of fibers: long fibers (lints), and shorter hairs (linters).

The seeds, after removal of the fibers can produce oil. The roots are used as decoctions in the Indian pharmacopoeia for the treatment of urinary diseases.

The fibers used for textiles and paper production come from the hairs of the seeds of one or an other species.

In the case of paper, fibers tend to come from rags, they are rarely used raw. But in this case, the linters or more rarely, lints are used.

China:

Culture really starts in the Song dynasty (960-1279) provided by two routes:

The south, from Indochina to Guangdong, Fujian.

The west to Gansu and Shanxi, through Turkestan. It is the variety Herbaceum that will not exceed the north boarders. The other will spread everywhere and quickly.

At the end of the 13th century, cotton has come to Chang Jiang (Yangzi River or blue River) and becomes a real industry.

As the culture takes a lot of water, it is planted in rotation with rice in the south and wheat in the north.

In the late Ming (1368-1644) it is the most important crop in the delta of the Chang Jiang.

Japan:

Cotton has been used in Japon since the Meiji period (1868-1912).

Korea:

In Korea, stem is also used.

Preparation process for making paper

Cotton tree bears flowers and fruits at the same time, so harvesting lasts several months when the fruit is ripe: the capsules burst and release the fibers which are torn.

Cotton is dried in the air for several days. The long fibers are separated from the seeds and waste and will then go through a further cleaning. The short fibers are collected with gins.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Fruit

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Chinese

Local scripture:

树棉

Identification

Fibre type	Fruit
Average fibre lenght	16mm (10-40mm)
Average fibre width	20μm (12-38μm)
Fibre ends	Variable, usually broken or tapering.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Flat ribbon-like twisted fibers When fibers have been mercerized, they swell and the convolutions are no longer visible. Immature fibers often are not twisted. Transverse cut : Kidney bean shape, clear lumen. Prominent fiber wall.
Herzberg staining	Red light purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Yellow.

Botanical classification

Gossypium arboreum L.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Malvaceae

Plant growing area

Gossypium arboreum L. is cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World; it is supposed to be native from India and Sri Lanka.

All species have been introduced to China.

China (Cultivated. Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan), Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

The cultivated species (triploid) are Gossypium barbadense L, Gossypium hirsutum L., Gossypium religiosum L.

Gossypium arboreum is a perennial shrub up to 1.50m in height; other species can be perennial herbs or shrubs.

There are two types of fibers: long fibers (lints), and shorter hairs (linters).

The seeds, after removal of the fibers can produce oil. The roots are used as decoctions in the Indian pharmacopoeia for the treatment of urinary diseases.

The fibers used for textiles and paper production come from the hairs of the seeds of one or an other species.

In the case of paper, fibers tend to come from rags, they are rarely used raw. But in this case, the linters or more rarely, lints are used.

China:

Culture really starts in the Song dynasty (960-1279) provided by two routes:

The south, from Indochina to Guangdong, Fujian.

The west to Gansu and Shanxi, through Turkestan. It is the variety Herbaceum that will not exceed the north boarders. The other will spread everywhere and quickly.

At the end of the 13th century, cotton has come to Chang Jiang (Yangzi River or blue River) and becomes a real industry.

As the culture takes a lot of water, it is planted in rotation with rice in the south and wheat in the north.

In the late Ming (1368-1644) it is the most important crop in the delta of the Chang Jiang.

Japan:

Cotton has been used in Japon since the Meiji period (1868-1912).

Korea:

In Korea, stem is also used.

Preparation process for making paper

Cotton tree bears flowers and fruits at the same time, so harvesting lasts several months when the fruit is ripe: the capsules burst and release the fibers which are torn.

Cotton is dried in the air for several days. The long fibers are separated from the seeds and waste and will then go through a further cleaning. The short fibers are collected with gins.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Fruit

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

English

Identification

Fibre type	Fruit
Average fibre lenght	16mm (10-40mm)
Average fibre width	20μm (12-38μm)
Fibre ends	Variable, usually broken or tapering.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases
Associated cells
Special features	Flat ribbon-like twisted fibers When fibers have been mercerized, they swell and the convolutions are no longer visible. Immature fibers often are not twisted. Transverse cut : Kidney bean shape, clear lumen. Prominent fiber wall.
Herzberg staining	Red light purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Yellow.

Botanical classification

Gossypium arboreum L.

Order:

Malvales

Family:

Malvaceae

Plant growing area

Gossypium arboreum L. is cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World; it is supposed to be native from India and Sri Lanka.

All species have been introduced to China.

China (Cultivated. Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan), Taiwan.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Korea, Japan.

Plant cultivation and use

The cultivated species (triploid) are Gossypium barbadense L, Gossypium hirsutum L., Gossypium religiosum L.

Gossypium arboreum is a perennial shrub up to 1.50m in height; other species can be perennial herbs or shrubs.

There are two types of fibers: long fibers (lints), and shorter hairs (linters).

The seeds, after removal of the fibers can produce oil. The roots are used as decoctions in the Indian pharmacopoeia for the treatment of urinary diseases.

The fibers used for textiles and paper production come from the hairs of the seeds of one or an other species.

In the case of paper, fibers tend to come from rags, they are rarely used raw. But in this case, the linters or more rarely, lints are used.

China:

Culture really starts in the Song dynasty (960-1279) provided by two routes:

The south, from Indochina to Guangdong, Fujian.

The west to Gansu and Shanxi, through Turkestan. It is the variety Herbaceum that will not exceed the north boarders. The other will spread everywhere and quickly.

At the end of the 13th century, cotton has come to Chang Jiang (Yangzi River or blue River) and becomes a real industry.

As the culture takes a lot of water, it is planted in rotation with rice in the south and wheat in the north.

In the late Ming (1368-1644) it is the most important crop in the delta of the Chang Jiang.

Japan:

Cotton has been used in Japon since the Meiji period (1868-1912).

Korea:

In Korea, stem is also used.

Preparation process for making paper

Cotton tree bears flowers and fruits at the same time, so harvesting lasts several months when the fruit is ripe: the capsules burst and release the fibers which are torn.

Cotton is dried in the air for several days. The long fibers are separated from the seeds and waste and will then go through a further cleaning. The short fibers are collected with gins.

Paper names

China:

Suffixes zhi or chih = paper.

In China, unlike Korea and Japan, papers made with paper mulberry fibers are not prominent, the production of paper from bamboo fiber being the most important.

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Fruit

Use for paper making:

Fiber

Language:

Korean

Local scripture:

강황

Botanical classification

Curcuma longa L.

Order:

Zingiberales

Family:

Zingiberaceae

Synonyms:

Amomum curcuma Jacq.

Curcuma domestica Valeton

Stissera curcuma Raeusch.

Kua domestica (L.) Medik.

Plant growing area

Native origin unknown but probably from India. Cultivated throughout tropical Asia (South-East Asia).

Afghanistan (Hazarajat), China (Cultivated in Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang/Tibet, Yunnan), India (Punjab), Pakistan.

Plant of forest edges.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Curcuma longa is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant and can reach a height of about 1m tall. It requests a hot and humid tropical climate, rich and well drained soils.

It is used as a spice, cosmetic and dye and also as tonic and diuretic.

The yellow dye contained in the roots is a mixture of curcuminoids, demethoxycurcumin and bis-demethoxycurcumin. The dye content is variable depending on the season and the cultivar.

It assumes protective properties throughout Asia. It has always had a symbolic place in the ceremonies and religious uses in India, Malaysia, Indonesia, Pacific islands (marriage, birth, initiation, death ...). In particular, it is used for dyeing the dress of the Buddhist monks. It makes a poor fabric dye, as it fades with exposure to sunlight; however, it is commonly used in Indian clothing.

China:

Its use is mentioned in the "Jiangxi sheng dashi" or "Main annals of Jiangxi province" by Wang Zongmu (1523-1591) and Lu Wangmai (1515-1600).

Japan:

The first uses date back to the Heian period (794-1185). The dye was used to dye cotton canvas bags in which were stored the screens because it contains an insecticide. The color is pale yellow. It is used in printing ukiyo-e.

Korea:

It is mainly used in dyeing fabrics.

Preparation process for making paper

When harvesting the lateral rhizomes are taken to be cut into pieces and serve for replanting. The harvest takes place at the end of the first year when the leaves are withered.

The plants are gathered annually. They can be used fresh or prepared as a powder. In that instance, they must be boiled for several hours, then peeled from their skin and dried in the sun or in an oven. After complete drying they will be ground into powder. Fresh, they are crushed into a paste for immediate use.

Mordants used are aluminum (orange-yellow), iron (brown-black).

China:

Harvesting takes place when the leaves wilt, when the plant is about 1 year old.

The rhizomes are boiled and then dried in the sun.

They are ground into powder when they are dry or in paste when they are fresh for immediate use.

Japan:

To extract the dye, the plant is immerged in alcohol.

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by their small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Usually the pulp is dyed in the vat before making the sheet.

Korea:

Harvesting takes places in autumn. The roots are cut into small pieces and left to swell in water; then they are crushed. Le dye bath is prepared in three infusions of 10 to 20 minutes. After filtering the three infusions are mixed.

The papers are dyed in three ways: dyeing of the pulp (Seonyeombeop), dyeing of the sheet by dipping, brushing and spraying (Huyeombeop ), combination of the both methods (Honyeombeop). Then the paper can be hammered.

Paper names

Korea:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Used part of the plant:

Root

Use for paper making:

Dye

Curcuma aromatica Salisb. © Flora of China

Botanical classification

Curcuma aromatica Salisb.

Order:

Zingiberales

Family:

Zingiberaceae

Plant growing area

Curcuma aromatica occurs wild and cultivated mainly in Indo-Malesian region.

Bhutan, Burma, China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan, Xizang/Tibet, Yunnan, Zhejiang), India, Nepal, Sri Lanka.

It grows between 700-1100m and needs temperatures between 20 °C and 30 °C and a considerable amount of water.

Use area in the manufacture of paper

China, Japan, Korea.

Plant cultivation and use

Curcuma aromatica is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant. The foliage dies down in late autumn and the rhizomes remain dormant in winter. During summer monsoon season, the plant grows fast and can reach a height of about 40 cm tall.

Curcuma aromatica is used as a culinary ingredient, dye, cosmetic and herbal medicine with strong antibiotic properties.

The rhizome contains an essential oil and curcumin, a polyphenol, which is the active substance.

Curcumin is a pH indicator: in acidic solutions it turns yellow, whereas in basic solutions it turns red.

Turmeric has always had a symbolic place in the ceremonies and religious uses in India, Malaysia, Indonesia, Pacific islands (marriage, birth, initiation, death ...). In particular, it is used for dyeing in yellow the dress of the Buddhist monks. It makes a poor fabric dye, as it fades with exposure to sunlight; however, it is commonly used in Indian clothing.

Preparation process for making paper

When harvesting the lateral rhizomes are taken to be cut into pieces and serve for replanting. The plants are gathered annually. They can be used fresh or prepared as a powder. In that instance, they must be boiled for several hours, then peeled from their skin and dried in the sun or in an oven. After complete drying they will be ground into powder. Fresh, they are crushed into a paste for immediate use.

Mordants used are aluminum (orange-yellow), iron (brown-black).

China:

Harvesting takes place when the leaves wilt, when the plant is about 1 year old.

The rhizomes are boiled and then dried in the sun.

They are ground into powder when they are dry or in paste when they are fresh for immediate use.

Japan:

To extract the dye, the plant is immerged in alcohol.

Dyeing of papers is performed in two ways: pulp dyeing (sukizome) or sheet dyeing (hitashizome by dipping or hikizome by brushing).

To dye paper by soaking, the sheets are plucked one by one between two wooden sticks by their small side. This will keep the sheet flat during soaking.

Usually the pulp is dyed in the vat before making the sheet.

Korea:

The roots are boiled and the extract is filtered before using it for dyeing.

Paper names

Used part of the plant:

Root

Use for paper making:

Dye

Primary tabs

Daphne odora Thunb.

Gossypium arboreum L.

Gossypium arboreum L.

Gossypium arboreum L.

Gossypium arboreum L.

Gossypium arboreum L.

Gossypium arboreum L.

Gossypium arboreum L.

Gossypium arboreum L.

Curcuma longa L.

Curcuma aromatica Salisb.

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Primary tabs

Daphne odora Thunb.

Gossypium arboreum L.

Gossypium arboreum L.

Gossypium arboreum L.

Gossypium arboreum L.

Gossypium arboreum L.

Gossypium arboreum L.

Gossypium arboreum L.

Gossypium arboreum L.

Curcuma longa L.

Curcuma aromatica Salisb.

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