Recherche

Langue:

Korean

Local scripture:

닥나무

Broussonetia Kazinoki Siebold & Zucc. © Flora of China

Broussonetia Kazinoki Siebold & Zucc. © C.Laroque

Broussonetia Kazinoki Siebold & Zucc. © T.H. Choi

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre lenght	8,7 mm
Average fibre width	22,5 µm
Fibre ends	Variable.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Cross markings. Less prominent fiber wall.
Associated cells
Special features	Transparent membrane around fibers.
Herzberg staining	Purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Reddish brown.

Classification botanique

Broussonetia kazinoki Siebold & Zucc.

Ordre:

Rosales

Famille:

Moraceae

Synonymes:

Broussonetia kazinoki var. ruyangensis P.H. Ling & X.W. Wei

Broussonetia monoica Hance

Aire de croissance de la plante

Can be traced along migration routes from China through Southeast Asia and into the Pacific regions.

Native or cultivated in China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Japan, Korea,Taiwan.

Grows on forest margins, low mountains.

Aire d’utilisation dans la fabrication des papiers

China, Korea, Japan.

Japon:

Tohoku (Fukushima and Miyagi Prefectures).

Corée:

Gyeongsang, Jeolla.

Culture et usages de la plante

Brousonnetias are a genus of the Moraceae family, which includes several species which the main are papyrifera, B. kazinoki, B. kaempferi, B. kurzii.

Brousonnetia kazinoki is a deciduous shrub which grows in the wild but can be cultivated; it can reach 15m in height. The species is dioecious. Flowering occurs from April to May. The fruits are edible. It grows as well on flat ground, allowing an easy harvest, as on hillside, where land is less desirable for other cultures. It accommodates both dry lands as wetlands.

Cultivation of Brousonnetia kazinoki is easier than that of Broussonnetia payrifera and the two species are often planted in mixed fields.

Shrubs provide bark used for ever in East Asia and the Pacific arc. They are mainly used in paper manufacturing, but also in traditional medicine as are the leaves and fruits of the shrub.

The leaves of Broussonetia Kazinoki are wider than those of Broussonetia papyrifera. In Japan, they were used during the summer festivals of Tanabata to write poems.

Cultivated shrubs provide better fiber than the wild ones; they are thick, long and strong. The fibers of Kazinoki are longer and stronger than those of Broussonetia papyrifera. Its growth is slow, however, the harvest can take place each year.

Chine:

Paper mulberry in the past and until now grows or is cultivated throughout China.

Japon:

The main production areas of the bark are in the Fukushima Prefecture.

It is difficult to separate the use of kozo from the use of kazinoki in the manufacture of paper, their use having evolved over time (analysis of ancient documents does not provide information because it is impossible to determine both species by analyzing fiber). However, it seems that Broussonetia papyrifera is the most commonly used. Currently the both species are often grown together and used as a mixture. The method of preparation does not change from one species to another.
Refer to Broussonetia payrifera for historical elements.

The pure kozo paper (choshi) is used for calligraphy, official documents, printing.

Papers for calligraphy are sized to prevent the ink to spread and appear dull and flat. At present papers for calligraphy may contain other fibers such as bamboo or rice straw to expand the range of aesthetic effects to be obtained.

In the arts, kozo papers are used as support for painting, prints, scroll paintings mounting, screens or sliding doors.

They are widely used in homes to cover windows, sliding doors, walls and floors and in different crafts where they are used to make domestic purpose objects, boxes, jars, umbrellas, lanterns, fans, textiles, toys etc

Finally, they are also found in religious or ceremonial articles.

They are also used for making fabrics: the paper sheet is used directly after being treated to increase its strength (Kamiko) or after making threads. The fabric is obtained by weaving mixed threads, paper threads and textiles threads such as silk, cotton or hemp (Shifu).

Corée:

The word "dak" in Korean is a generic term for "paper mulberry". The two species Broussonetia papyrifera and Broussonetia Kazinoki were hybridized early and the two names "Daknamu” (Broussonetia Kazinoki) and “Kkujinamu” (Broussonetia papyrifera) are often confused; the term Daknamu is most often used but may designate one or other of the two species. However, it seems that Broussonetia Kazinoki is most commonly used.

The plant grew throughout Korea and its cultivation increased with the development of the paper industry.

Dak fibers appear to have been used early in the manufacture of paper between the second and fourth centuries AD. The rough surface of the first papers is flattened by hammering or "dochim", a practice that seems to rise in the 8th century.

During the Goryeo period (918-1392) the government encourages the development of the paper industry and Buddhism introduced in the fourth century became in this period, the dominant religion; sacred texts are widely copied and then printed. The development of printing that allows the publication of numerous books, enhance the need to produce more paper.

The Joseon government (1392-1910) before the magnitude of demand will encourage the diversification of raw materials. Gradually fibers of various kinds are mixed with dak fibers and quality that made the reputation of Korean paper at the beginning of the Joseon period, decreased significantly from the 16th century.

The mulberry papers are used for calligraphy, official documents, printing. In the arts, they serve as support for painting, prints, scroll paintings mounting, screens or sliding doors. They are widely used in homes to cover windows, sliding doors, walls and floors and in different crafts where they are used to make domestic purpose objects, boxes, jars, umbrellas, lanterns, fans, textiles, toys etc. Finally, they are also found in religious or ceremonial articles.

Thailande:

In Thailand, the use of Broussonetia started with the Japanese occupation (linked to a growing demand for paper from Japanese) during the Second World War. It replaced the Streblus asper (Khoi), fiber traditionally used in Thailand, which was missing while Broussonetia was abundant in Northern Thailand.

Procédés de fabrication

Japon:

Harvesting begins when the leaves have fallen in November, December. The branches are cut into equal pieces of one meter in length to form bundles. These bundles are placed in an oven for two to three hours to facilitate the peeling of the bark. The bark at this stage is called "black bark" because of its outside layer to be removed before ensiling. It is scraped with a knife.
The bark is then rinsed and allowed to dry on rack. The bark is ready to make paper after two or three years of storage.
Before cooking, the bark can be bleached: it is exposed to sunlight in the cold water of a river or on the snow. Cooking in an alkaline solution allows the removal of lignin, pectins, gums and waxes, which would block the separation of fibers during the beating. Alcaline solutions are either wood ash or alkaline chemicals (sodium hydroxide or lime). Cooking lasts about two hours but the duration varies depending on the age of the bark and the alkali used. After cooking the barks are rinsed to remove alkali residues. Removing of foreign particles is done by hands in cold water.

The pulp is then beaten manually with mallets or sticks, or in the Japanese hollander, the naginata.
The pulp is poured into a wooden tub already filled with water and the dispersing agent is added to the paste which is whipped using a wooden rake.
Two methods are used to make the sheet: nagashizuki or tamezuki. In the tamezuki method the amount of needed pulp is taken at once to form the sheet. In the nagashizuki method the sheet is made by superimposing layers of fibers successively until the desired thickness.
The sheets are laid one by one on a board equipped with marks, with or without spacer (thread, stems) for better separation after pressing. The pressing is done by placing the paper stack under load or in a lever press, at the end of the workday; it lasts usually one night. To make them dry, the sheets are brushed on wooden boards which will be placed outdoors or indoors. Currently heated metal plates are also used.
Finally, the sheets are sorted and usually trimmed with a knife using a template.

Corée:

Harvesting takes place between November and February. One year shrubs are preferably chosen for their soft fibers. The branches are cut to a length of 1.20m; to facilitate the peeling of the bark, the bundles are spread in a metal pot filled with water and are covered with a thick coarse cloth which will retain the steam. The device is heated for 5-7 hours.

After steaming the bark can be directly separated from the wood and then dried in the sun. The bark is called at this stage "black bark" because of its outer layer which should be removed. It is scraped with a knife.

The white bark is left to soak for a whole day to facilitate the removal of soluble elements and penetration into the fibers of the alkaline solution. Then the bark is cut and assembled into bunches for an alkaline cooking. The barks are placed in a tub containing a caustic lye and are boiled for three to four hours. This operation removes lignin and non desirable materials (pectins, starches). Alkaline agents are either plant ashes or alkaline chemicals (soda, lime or sodium carbonate).

After cooking, the barks are rinsed in running water for half a day to remove detergent and dissolved substances.

The barks can be also immersed longer in running water, for several days in order to expose them to sunlight and to bleach them.

The removal of impurities is done by hand in cold water.

The pulp is then beaten by various methods: using sticks on a flat stone or a wooden disk, a vertical beater and more recently in the Japanese hollander, naginata.

To proceed to sheet making, the tank is first filled with water and the pulp is poured into the vat. The dispersing agent is added and the pulp is whipped. The methods used are called webal, ssangbal and jangpanji. In the webal method, the sheet is usually formed of two layers. The sheet is couched on a wooden board; either one sheet is couched alone, or a second sheet is laid on its surface, head to tail to form a single sheet.

The Ssangbal method is derived from Japanese nagashizuki returned after 1900 (the method had been imported in the early 15th century when production should be accelerated).

In Jangpanji, which is used for the manufacture of large format sheets, the mold is maintained by two people at each large end. The sheet is formed by successive layers of pulp.

In all cases, the sheets are couched with the movable screen in a stack and are separated or not by an intermediate element (thread, stems) to facilitate separation after pressing. Before lifting the screen, the pile of sheets is pressed with a wooden roller to eliminate air bubbles.

The pressing is carried out under load or in a lever press. The draining is slow (12 hours).

To be dried, the sheets are brushed on a smooth surface: wood plank on the floor made with oiled papers, on a steam heated metal plate.

Calendering or Dochim is the step that makes paper more compact, less porous and gives it a smooth surface. The sheets are moistened into small packs of ten and are then hammered on a flat stone with a foot hammer (currently a motorized hammer).

Thailande:

Harvesting takes place when the shrub has reached a certain maturity. The bark is peeled directly from the branches. The barks are first placed in clean water for a day to soften them. Then they are boiled in water with lime or in wood ash lye for 5 hours and finally rinsed. The removal of impurities is done by hand.Beating is done manually using wooden mallets on a wooden table or in the Japanese hollander (naginata). The dye is added to the pulp.The paper mold used to make the sheet is non movable, it is a cotton canvas stretched over bamboo bars. Two methods are used to form the sheets: the mold is immersed and agitated to allow the distribution of the paste, ot the mold is set to float on the surface of the tank and the pulp measured in the right quantity and diluted in a container is poured over the mold to be evenly distributed by hand.For drying, the mold is placed at an angle in the sun. After complete drying the sheet will be detached by peeling.

Noms de papiers

In Asia and particularly in China, Korea and Japan, the papers are intended for a wide range of use: Papers for calligraphy and art, Papers for ceremonies, Paper as a medium of exchange, money paper, Papers for making clothes, wall hangings and bedding, Papers for architecture, interior design, Papers for crafts of various kinds, for domestic purposes and leisure. The names assigned to the paper refers to different notions: The material used, The place of production, The method of production, Appearance, Dimensions, Use, The name of an artist or a studio etc.

Japon:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Corée:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Thailande:

The papers made from paper mulberry fibers are a modern production in Thailand.

Partie utilisée de la plante:

Bark

Utilisation dans la fabrication du papier:

Fiber

Langue:

English

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre lenght	8,7 mm
Average fibre width	22,5 µm
Fibre ends	Variable.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Cross markings. Less prominent fiber wall.
Associated cells
Special features	Transparent membrane around fibers.
Herzberg staining	Purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Reddish brown.

Classification botanique

Broussonetia kazinoki Siebold & Zucc.

Ordre:

Rosales

Famille:

Moraceae

Synonymes:

Broussonetia kazinoki var. ruyangensis P.H. Ling & X.W. Wei

Broussonetia monoica Hance

Aire de croissance de la plante

Can be traced along migration routes from China through Southeast Asia and into the Pacific regions.

Native or cultivated in China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Japan, Korea,Taiwan.

Grows on forest margins, low mountains.

Aire d’utilisation dans la fabrication des papiers

China, Korea, Japan.

Japon:

Tohoku (Fukushima and Miyagi Prefectures).

Corée:

Gyeongsang, Jeolla.

Culture et usages de la plante

Brousonnetias are a genus of the Moraceae family, which includes several species which the main are papyrifera, B. kazinoki, B. kaempferi, B. kurzii.

Cultivation of Brousonnetia kazinoki is easier than that of Broussonnetia payrifera and the two species are often planted in mixed fields.

Shrubs provide bark used for ever in East Asia and the Pacific arc. They are mainly used in paper manufacturing, but also in traditional medicine as are the leaves and fruits of the shrub.

The leaves of Broussonetia Kazinoki are wider than those of Broussonetia papyrifera. In Japan, they were used during the summer festivals of Tanabata to write poems.

Chine:

Paper mulberry in the past and until now grows or is cultivated throughout China.

Japon:

The main production areas of the bark are in the Fukushima Prefecture.

The pure kozo paper (choshi) is used for calligraphy, official documents, printing.

In the arts, kozo papers are used as support for painting, prints, scroll paintings mounting, screens or sliding doors.

Finally, they are also found in religious or ceremonial articles.

Corée:

The plant grew throughout Korea and its cultivation increased with the development of the paper industry.

Thailande:

Procédés de fabrication

Japon:

Corée:

After cooking, the barks are rinsed in running water for half a day to remove detergent and dissolved substances.

The barks can be also immersed longer in running water, for several days in order to expose them to sunlight and to bleach them.

The removal of impurities is done by hand in cold water.

The pulp is then beaten by various methods: using sticks on a flat stone or a wooden disk, a vertical beater and more recently in the Japanese hollander, naginata.

The Ssangbal method is derived from Japanese nagashizuki returned after 1900 (the method had been imported in the early 15th century when production should be accelerated).

In Jangpanji, which is used for the manufacture of large format sheets, the mold is maintained by two people at each large end. The sheet is formed by successive layers of pulp.

The pressing is carried out under load or in a lever press. The draining is slow (12 hours).

To be dried, the sheets are brushed on a smooth surface: wood plank on the floor made with oiled papers, on a steam heated metal plate.

Thailande:

Noms de papiers

Japon:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Corée:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Thailande:

The papers made from paper mulberry fibers are a modern production in Thailand.

Partie utilisée de la plante:

Bark

Utilisation dans la fabrication du papier:

Fiber

Langue:

Japanese

Local scripture:

ヒメコウゾ

Identification

Fibre type	Bast fiber
Average fibre lenght	8,7 mm
Average fibre width	22,5 µm
Fibre ends	Variable.
Striations, cross-markings, flexion creases	Cross markings. Less prominent fiber wall.
Associated cells
Special features	Transparent membrane around fibers.
Herzberg staining	Purple.
Graff 'C' staining	Reddish brown.

Classification botanique

Broussonetia kazinoki Siebold & Zucc.

Ordre:

Rosales

Famille:

Moraceae

Synonymes:

Broussonetia kazinoki var. ruyangensis P.H. Ling & X.W. Wei

Broussonetia monoica Hance

Aire de croissance de la plante

Can be traced along migration routes from China through Southeast Asia and into the Pacific regions.

Native or cultivated in China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Japan, Korea,Taiwan.

Grows on forest margins, low mountains.

Aire d’utilisation dans la fabrication des papiers

China, Korea, Japan.

Japon:

Tohoku (Fukushima and Miyagi Prefectures).

Corée:

Gyeongsang, Jeolla.

Culture et usages de la plante

Brousonnetias are a genus of the Moraceae family, which includes several species which the main are papyrifera, B. kazinoki, B. kaempferi, B. kurzii.

Cultivation of Brousonnetia kazinoki is easier than that of Broussonnetia payrifera and the two species are often planted in mixed fields.

Shrubs provide bark used for ever in East Asia and the Pacific arc. They are mainly used in paper manufacturing, but also in traditional medicine as are the leaves and fruits of the shrub.

The leaves of Broussonetia Kazinoki are wider than those of Broussonetia papyrifera. In Japan, they were used during the summer festivals of Tanabata to write poems.

Chine:

Paper mulberry in the past and until now grows or is cultivated throughout China.

Japon:

The main production areas of the bark are in the Fukushima Prefecture.

The pure kozo paper (choshi) is used for calligraphy, official documents, printing.

In the arts, kozo papers are used as support for painting, prints, scroll paintings mounting, screens or sliding doors.

Finally, they are also found in religious or ceremonial articles.

Corée:

The plant grew throughout Korea and its cultivation increased with the development of the paper industry.

Thailande:

Procédés de fabrication

Japon:

Corée:

After cooking, the barks are rinsed in running water for half a day to remove detergent and dissolved substances.

The barks can be also immersed longer in running water, for several days in order to expose them to sunlight and to bleach them.

The removal of impurities is done by hand in cold water.

The pulp is then beaten by various methods: using sticks on a flat stone or a wooden disk, a vertical beater and more recently in the Japanese hollander, naginata.

The Ssangbal method is derived from Japanese nagashizuki returned after 1900 (the method had been imported in the early 15th century when production should be accelerated).

In Jangpanji, which is used for the manufacture of large format sheets, the mold is maintained by two people at each large end. The sheet is formed by successive layers of pulp.

The pressing is carried out under load or in a lever press. The draining is slow (12 hours).

To be dried, the sheets are brushed on a smooth surface: wood plank on the floor made with oiled papers, on a steam heated metal plate.

Thailande:

Noms de papiers

Japon:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = paper.

In Japan kozo papers are the most numerous.

Corée:

Suffix ji = paper.

In Korea papers made with paper mulberry bark are the most numerous.

Thailande:

The papers made from paper mulberry fibers are a modern production in Thailand.

Partie utilisée de la plante:

Bark

Utilisation dans la fabrication du papier:

Fiber

Langue:

Japonais

Local scripture:

みつまた

ミツマタ

Edgeworthia chrysantha Lindl. © C. Laroque

Edgeworthia chrysantha Lindl. © L.B. Vilmont

Identification

Type de fibres	Fibre libérienne
Longueur moyenne des fibres	3,5mm (1,5-5)
Largeur moyenne des fibres	19µm (7-30µm)
Extrémités des fibres	Extrémités de diverses formes: émoussées, rondes, en fourchette.
Striations, noeuds, plis de flexion	Faibles striations.
Cellules associées	Nombreuses cellules parenchymateuses de diverses formes et qui se teintent en bleu. Elles contiennent un mucilage.
Caractéristiques particulières	Fibres assez courtes avec des marques en surface et de larges zones centrales. Cristaux dans le parenchyme qui n’existent pas dans le gampi.
Coloration Herzberg	Jaune/bleu vert.
Coloration Graff 'C'	Vert olive brillant.

Classification botanique

Edgeworthia chrysantha Lindl.

Ordre:

Malvales

Famille:

Thymelaeaceae

Synonymes:

Edgeworthia papyrifera Siebold & Zucc.

Edgeworthia tomentosa (Thunb) Nakai

Magnolia tomentosa Thunb.

Aire de croissance de la plante

Chine (Sauvage ou cultivé. Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Corée (Sauvage ou cultivé), Japon (Cultivé et naturalisé), Géorgie.

Il pousse à l’état sauvage en forêts, sur les pentes broussailleuses mais il est aussi cultivé.

Aire d’utilisation dans la fabrication des papiers

Chine, Corée, Japon.

Japon:

Chubu (Préfectures de Fukui, Gifu, Ishikawa, Shizuoka, Yamanashi), Chugoku (Préfectures d'Okayama,Shimane,Tottori), Kanto (Préfecture de Saitama), Shikoku (Préfectures de Ehime, Kochi, Tokushima), Kyushu (Préfectures de Miyazaki, Saga), Okinawa.

Corée:

Jeolla (sud), Gyeongsang (sud).

Culture et usages de la plante

Les Edgeworthias sont des arbustes de la famille desThymélacées, famille qui comprend près de 500 espèces réparties en 44 genres. Les Thymélacées sont les plantes de base des papiers au pied de l’Himalaya. Les plantes sont appréciées pour la grande quantité d’hémicelluloses que contiennent les écorces. Elles sont aussi beaucoup utilisées dans la pharmacopée chinoise.

Il existe une grande confusion entre les divers Daphnés et les Edgeworthias ; les arbustes sont très proches morphologiquement et les noms sont attribués indifféremment. Cependant l’écorce de l’Edgeworthia est plus blanche et molle que celle des daphnés.

Edgeworthia chrysantha est un arbuste à feuilles caduques, à croissance lente pouvant atteindre une hauteur de 1,5m. Les fleurs sont de couleur jaune ou rouge. La floraison a lieu de mars à avril. Il pousse à l’état sauvage en forêts, sur les pentes arbustives mais il peut être également cultivé sur les pentes des collines en mélange avec cèdres et cyprès. Sa croissance est plus rapide dans des climats plus chauds et humides. Au bout de 8 à 12 ans les arbustes ne sont plus aptes à fournir des écorces de suffisamment bonne qualité pour le papier.

Ses fruits ne sont pas comestibles. Ses racines sont utilisées en médecine pour le traitement des problèmes oculaires. L’écorce contient un insectifuge.

Les tiges très souples peuvent être tressées ou employées comme des cordes.

Japon:

Le terme Mitsumata signifie triple (mitsu) branche (mata) et fait référence à la morphologie de l’arbuste.

Les papiers de fibres de mitsumata sont beaucoup plus coûteux que ceux de kozo (Cf. ce terme) car la culture des arbustes est plus difficile. Elle est cependant plus facile que celle du gampi (Cf. ce terme).

Généralement culture, récolte et préparation des écorces sont effectuées par des paysans qui livrent les écorces brutes, prêtes pour la cuisson, aux papetiers.

Les papiers de mitsumata ont divers usages mais ils sont plus particulièrement prisés pour la calligraphie et l’impression car ils permettent un tracé incisif.

Les fibres de mitsumata remplacent celles de chanvre au cours de la période Edo (1603-1867), mais leur utilisation avait débuté dès l’époque Momoyama (1573-1615).

La culture du mitsumata, ainsi que celle du kozo, est encouragée au début de la période Edo dans la préfecture de Fukui.

La production de papier avec des fibres de mitsumata commencera avec les papiers appelés shuzenjigami du nom de la localité ou Suruga hanshi du nom de l’ancienne province, dans les préfectures de Shizuoka et Yamanashi. Ces papiers sont un mélange de fibres de gampi et de mitsumata mais ces termes désignent également des papiers de fibres de gampi ou de kozo.

Shizuoka est aussi le centre de production du papier de mitsumata destiné à la fabrication des billets de banque dès l’époque Meiji (1868-1912).

La vallée de la Saji (préfecture de Tottori ) est devenue une grande région de production de mitsumata et de papier de mitsumata pendant la période Meiji.

Actuellement, la production annuelle est d’environ 360 tonnes. Les principales préfectures produisant des écorces sont celles d’Ehime, Kochi, Tokushima dans la région de Shikoku, Okayama, Shimane dans la région de Chugoku.

Cent kilogrammes de mitsumata récolté donne de trois à cinq kilos de papier.

Corée:

Le terme samji daknamu signifie trois branches et fait référence à la morphologie de l’arbuste.

Il n’existe pas de mentions précises sur le début de son utilisation comme fibres papetières ou sur sa culture. Il pousse à l’état sauvage sur les côtes méridionales de Corée.

Les papiers de samjidak ont été surtout utilisés pour l’impression des livres et des sutras.

Procédés de fabrication

Japon:

La récolte a lieu tous les trois ans au début de l’hiver quand les feuilles sont tombées. Les branches sont étuvées pour faciliter l’écorçage.

Elles sont ensuite séchées avant d’être stockées. A ce stade l’écorce est appelée « écorce noire » ou "kurokawa".

Les écorces sont mises à tremper puis grattées au couteau ; à ce stade l’écorce est appelée « écorce non blanchie » ou "jikegawa". Elle est laissée à tremper dans l’eau claire pendant plusieurs jours pour blanchir. Ce blanchiment se fait au soleil mais actuellement on emploie souvent le chlore. L’écorce est alors appelée « écorce blanchie » ou "shirokawa".

La cuisson alcaline est effectuée au stade jikegawa. Elle dure 2 à 3 heures. L’agent alcalin est soit une lessive de cendres, soit de la chaux, soit de la soude caustique

Après la cuisson les écorces sont placées dans l’eau courante pendant plusieurs jours afin d’éliminer les résidus de la cuisson. Cela permet aussi d’achever le blanchiment. Le battage est effectué manuellement ou à l’aide d’une pile hollandaise japonaise ou naginata de petite taille. Le tri des impuretés est réalisé manuellement.

La formation des feuilles est réalisée par la méthode du nagashizuki qui consiste à superposer des couches de fibres par prélèvements successifs jusqu’à obtention de l’épaisseur désirée.

Noms de papiers

En Asie et plus particulièrement en Chine, Corée et Japon, les papiers sont destinés à une grande variété d’usage : Papiers pour la calligraphie et les arts, Papiers pour les cérémonies, Papiers comme moyen d’échange, papier monnaie Papiers pour la confection des vêtements, de tentures murales et la literie, Papiers pour l’architecture, la décoration intérieure, Papiers pour les objets d’artisanat de diverses natures, destinés à des usages domestiques ou de loisirs. Les noms attribués aux papiers se réfèrent à diverses notions : Le matériau utilisé, Le lieu de production, La méthode de production, L’apparence, Les dimensions, L’utilisation, Le nom d’un artiste ou d’un atelier etc.

Japon:

Suffixes kami, gami, shi = papier.

Au Japon les papiers de kozo sont les plus nombreux.

Partie utilisée de la plante:

Écorce

Utilisation dans la fabrication du papier:

Fibre

Langue:

Français

Identification

Type de fibres	Fibre libérienne
Longueur moyenne des fibres	3,5mm (1,5-5)
Largeur moyenne des fibres	19µm (7-30µm)
Extrémités des fibres	Extrémités de diverses formes: émoussées, rondes, en fourchette.
Striations, noeuds, plis de flexion	Faibles striations.
Cellules associées	Nombreuses cellules parenchymateuses de diverses formes et qui se teintent en bleu. Elles contiennent un mucilage.
Caractéristiques particulières	Fibres assez courtes avec des marques en surface et de larges zones centrales. Cristaux dans le parenchyme qui n’existent pas dans le gampi.
Coloration Herzberg	Jaune/bleu vert.
Coloration Graff 'C'	Vert olive brillant.